-Ketoconazole(oral)-Clotrimazole(all forms)-Fluconazlo/Itraconazloe-New/more effective/less toxic-oral/topical for systematic infections-Skin/hair infections-Oral/topical-safe-systematic infections-IV mainly-ToxicLarge circular molecule consisting of hydrophilic & hydrophobic regions-Ex:INH+streptomycinEthambutol+rifampin

-peniciliinase R-Broad spectrum-IV/IM-for serious/nosocomial Infections-Mainly against gram ve Enteric bacteria.-used against: E.coli/Klebsiella/enterobacter/acinobacter/pseudomonas aeruginosa

-IV/IM-For Nosocomial infections-mainly against gram veBacteria-bacteriocidal-used against:Pseudomonas aeruginosa-More effective than group*D*-broad spectrum-polyenes-bacteriocidal-beaks down phospholipids of bacterial cell membrane changing membrane permeability.-very toxic( has side effects)-has amino & nitro groups-used against:MR-pathogens &Acinobacter(causing septicemia)-nephrotoxic-oral/topical except on systematic infections IV-used against:*ORSA*MRSA*Multi R-enterococci(E.fecalis)*but not gram Ve bacteria.-interfere with enzymes responsible for cross linking of peptidoglycan layer.-Inject able not oral.-useful in clinical practice.

-similar activity to ampicillin & amoxicillin-decreased usage by time-They have narrower spectrum than other drugs.-not effective with developing bacteria-Broad spectrum-broad spectrum-affect Facultative anaerobic bacteria-used especially in surgeries

-Mainly against G-ve bacteria-They are expected to be unavailable in the next 5 years.-Affect mainly G-ve bacteria like pseudomonas-used in hospitals.-originated from orange filamentous fungus called (cephalosporium)-used for treatment of UT/RT/CSF/blood/intestinal/wound infections-They cant affect Anaerobic bacteria-They cant affect enterococcus group (UT infecting/naturally resistant to cephalosporin's)

B lactam drugs side effects :sensitization/fever/serum sickness/penicillin allergy/anaphylactic shock/nephritis

-Bactericidal-Affect + Anaerobic/narrow spec.-Injected (not orally since its inactivated by stomach acids)-1940-1941-From organsim penicillium notatum

-Bactericidal-Affect +Anaerobic/narrow spec.-can be taken orally (not inactivated)-1942-1943-its a modified penicillin G

-broad spectrum-1965-Affect facultative anaerobic bacteria found in intestine.-Narrow spectrum(-Ve)-mid 70s-B lactamase susceptible.-For nosocomial infections.*C*MethicillinOxacillinCloxacillinAugmentin-first drug produced to resist penicillinases-1960s-not used any more-unstable/inactivated at room temperature-has side effects-modified to oxacillin & cloxacillin

-narrow spectrum(+ve)-used in laboratory and Clinical Practise-used against ampicillinamoxicillinPenicllin G,V resistant bacteria-1960s-Amoxacillin+clavulanic acid-Broad spectrum-Penicillinase resistant(due to The presenece of Clavulanic acid)

Anti fungal drugs: F/Cl/H/N groups.for Fungal infections caused bu yeast(candidaintestinal flora) & filamentous fungi (molds)toxic drugs

-Can be inhibited by bacterial Enzymes-IV/acid unstable

TuberculosisIntestinal infectionMeningitissepsis-Broad spectrum.-Orally or injected(orally more common)-Not given to cildrenUnder 8-For Ut/Rt infections Caused by mycoplasma,clamydia and Legionella.-Broad spectrum-block peptide bond formation-For intestinal/skin/respiratory/CNS infectionsIe:Meningitis /septicemia/thyoid fever/Aplastic anemia-can cross the blood brain barrier

-For UT/RT infections like Pneumonia & diphtheria-For mycoplasma/clamydia/Staphylococcus/legionellaInfections-inhibit peptidyl transferase activity& translocation of growing peptide to Ribosome-most applied orally/less IV

-For oral/bone infections-promotes the growth of colstridium Difficile causing pseudo-Membranous colitis blood diarrhea( in colon)-used against strpt./staphy.infections-applied topically(creams/eye drops)-for skin infections-steroidal/prevent t-RNA translocationTo ribosomes-not used in system.Infections very toxic-metronidazol(flagyl) is an example.

UT/RT infectionsUT/RT(pneumonia)/Intestinal/blood(septicemia)infectionsUpper RT infections-prevent transcription by binding to RNA Polymerase-Broad spectrum-effective in killing IC Bacteria-used for serious infectionMeningitis /brucellosisNot for simple RT infection(WHO)-Bacteria May produce enzyme affect B Subunits in RNA Polymerase Developing resistance to these drugs-less toxic then aminoglysocides.

-affect mainly G-Ve Bacteria inUT.-for UT infections-used agains E.coli (responsibleFor 70%-80% of UT Infections)-Acts on DNA gyrase(type of DNAPolymerase)