Ancient Rome2012

Gloucester Township Public SchoolsSubmitted by

C. Stephen Ingraham 11

Social Studies Block # ___ Name ______________________Mrs. Ross & Mr. Ingraham Date _______

Ancient Rome Table of Contents

1. Roman Vocabulary2. Roman Song3. Peninsula of Italy & The Founding of Rome4. Monarchy to Republic5. The Path of Roman Conquest6. Republic to Dictatorship7. Rome Becomes an Empire & The Age of Augustus8. Pride in Rome & Literature, Arts, and Language9. Religion and the Roman Empire10. The Rise of Christianity & Rome Reacts to the New Religion11. Constantine Accepts Christianity & the Decline of Rome

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King- a ruler of a monarchyPatricians- the social class of people who were the descendants of

Rome’s earliest settlers.Republic – a type of government when citizens elect leaders to make all

the decisions.Senate – a council of representatives elected to make laws.Consuls – two members of the senate elected to run the daily affairs of

Rome.Dictator – a person appointed in an emergency to rule with absolute

authority for six months.Plebeians – the social class of people made up of farmers, workers,

merchants, and craftworkers, whose families came to Rome later.

Tribunes- ten special officials elected by the plebeians, who could veto any law they didn’t agree with.

Veto – the right to refuse to approve.Emperor- an absolute ruler of many conquered lands and peoples.Provinces – self governing regions ruled by a Roman governor.

Roman VocabularyGovernmental Terms 1a

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aqueduct - a stone bridge like canal which the Romans used to carry water from far off rivers.

census - a count of the people of a country or empire.citizen - A member of a town, state, or country.Consuls – two members of the senate elected to run the daily affairs of Rome.Christianity - The religion of the followers of Jesus who believed he was the messiah.dictator – a person appointed in an emergency to rule with absolute authority for six

months.forum - A synonym for a public square.gladiator - a slave or prisoner who was forced to fight, often to the death.legion - a large group of well-trained soldiers (as many as 6,000 men).monotheistic - adj. regarding the belief in one supreme being or God.Patricians- the social class of people who were the descendants of Rome’s earliest

settlers.Plebeians – the social class of people made up of farmers, workers,merchants, and

craftworkers, whose families came to Rome later.Province – self governing region ruled by a Roman governor.Republic – a type of government when citizens elect leaders to make all the decisions.Senate – a council of representatives elected to make laws.Tribunes- ten special officials elected by the plebeians, who could veto any law they

didn’t agree with.Veto – the right to refuse to approve.

Roman Vocabulary 1a

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Forum - a public squarePolicies - the plans or ideas of a leader.census – a count of the people of a country or empire.basilicas – huge marble government buildings.legions – a large group of well-trained soldiers (as many as 6,000 men).gladiators –a slave or prisoner who was forced to fight, often to the death.aqueduct – a stone bridge like canal which the Romans used to carry

water from far off rivers.messiah- a wise, Jewish leader who would establish god’s kingdom on

earth.crucifixion – a type of execution involving being nailed to a cross and left

to die.apostles- the twelve trusted followers of Jesus.Gospels – the “good news” about Jesus’s life written by his followers after his death.Christianity – the religion of the followers of Jesus who believed he was

the messiah.Old Testament – the first part of the Bible and the same as the Jewish

Bible.New Testament – the second part of the Christian Bible telling of Jesus’s

teachings and about his followers.martyrs – people who suffer or die for their beliefs.

Roman Vocabulary #21b

The Patricians founded Romealong the Tiber riveron the Italian peninsula.They elected SenatorsWho elected two consulsAnd in case of emergencyAnd appointed a dictator for everyone to see.

Chorus: Oh Roman artists copy GreekPhilosophy, writing, and artThe Greek and the Roman godsyou can’t tell them apart.Gladiators fight to the deathwhile all the Romans cheer.Aqueducts will bring in waterif no water’s near.

The Patricians excluded the Plebeians,but after they threaten to leave,the Plebeians elected ten tribunes,who had the veto power. Julius Caesar tried to help the poor,but the Senate stabbed him in the back.Even his best friend, Oh what do you think of that?

The Rom

e Song B

y Mr. Ingraham

Sung to “Jingle Bells”

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Octavian and Mark AntonyDivide up the Roman empire,but Cleopatra loved Mark Antonyand they decided to set up their own kingdom.Octavian became Augustus after defeating them.He was Rome’s first Emperor,but the citizens still thought they had a Republic.

Chorus: Oh Roman artists copy GreekPhilosophy, writing, and art The Greek and the Roman godsyou can’t tell them apart.Gladiators fight to the deathwhile all the Romans cheer.Aqueducts will bring in waterif no water’s near.

Some Hebrews thought that Jesus was the messiah.He said he was God’s son; His kingdom it would come.The twelve apostles and St. Paulspread the good news He had to say.Constantine painted crosses on his shieldsand Christianity saved the day!!!

The Rom

e Song B

y Mr. Ingraham

Sung to “Jingle Bells”

2a

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The Essential Questions - RomeWhat are the qualities of effective leaders?How does a civilization become an empire?What factors lead to the decline of an empire?Where do we see this repeating pattern in history of decline and fall?What were the contributions of the Roman Empire?What are the ways that religion influences a diverse society?What happens when religious or political ideas clash?What evidence of Roman culture exists today?What are the long term affects of war on a empire?How does conquest change the government of a civilization?How do times of peace in a civilization affect laws?What rights and responsibilities do citizens have?

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Performance AssessmentGreco-Roman Time Capsule - Students will research and identify 5 Greek

& 5 Roman achievements that have had a lasting influence to our civilization. They will place symbols of those achievements in a time capsule to share with the class. This time capsule should include the symbols, an explanation of each symbol and provide evidence showing it has Passed the “test of time” (there is proof of this achievement in American culture). Examples of student time capsules can include a shoebox or other container approved by the teacher.

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*Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Africa

AsiaMinor

Europe

Greece

Black Sea

Ionian Sea

Tyrrhenian Sea

Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea

A.The Peninsula of Italy The Roman Republic1. The Italian Peninsula looks like a long, high-heeled boot.2. It is less than 100 miles from _________ ___ ___________.3. Halfway up the peninsula is the ___________ flowing East to West4. Greater travel, trade, and communication within the peninsula is

possible, because _______________________________________ .5. The peninsula has fertile soil, but few good _________, which

makes overseas trade and travel difficult.6. The ____________ mountains in the North isolates the peninsula

from the rest of Europe and the __________ mountain range in the Northeast.B. The Founding of Rome

1. Around 1000 B.C.E. a people known as the _________migrated. 2. They built villages along the _________ ___________.3. Among seven hills a small farming village known as ____________ developed.

a) physical features: good soil & rolling farmlandb) natural resources: stone & wood

4. The legend of the founding of Rome.a) a cruel uncle left twin boys to die along the Tiber River.b) a mother wolf saves and raises ____________________ and

_______________________, who found Rome in 753 B.C.E.

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I. The Roman RepublicC. From Monarchy to Republic

1. In about 600 B.C. a neighboring trading people, the____________ took control of Rome and introduced Greek customs and ideas.

2. After 100 years the Romans rebelled against their King, Tarquin the Proud, and started a new type of government called a

___________________, where citizens elect leaders to make all government decisions.

3. The Romans called this council of representatives the________________. 4. Two members of the Senate called _______________ran the daily

affairs of Rome on behalf of the citizens.5. In an emergency a ________________ could be appointed for six

months, who had absolute authority.6. Roman society had two groups: a) ____________ were the descendents of Rome’s earliest settlers b) _______________ were the farmers, workers, merchants, and

craftworkers, whose families came to Rome later. 7. In 494 after the plebeians rebelled and threatened to leave, They

were allowed to elect ten ________________ who had the right to refuse to approve, or __________ any law they did not agree with.

8. In 451 and 450 B.C. the Roman government began recording its laws in a document called the ________ __________

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I. The Roman RepublicC. From Monarchy to Republic

1. Romulus was Rome’s legendary first king2. 600 B.C. The Etruscans ruled Rome for 100 years

took control of Rome and introduced Greek customs and ideas.3. Romans rebel and start a new type of government a Republic, where citizens elect leaders to make all government decisions.4. Roman council of representatives called the Senate. 5. Two Senate members, the Consuls the daily affairs of Rome 6. In an emergency a dictator could be appointed for six months7. Roman society had two groups: a) Patricians = descendants earliest settler’s families b) Plebeians = farmers, workers, merchants, and

craftworkers, whose families came to Rome later. 8. In 494 after plebeians rebelled , they elected 10 Tribunes with veto power9. In 451 and 450 B.C. the Roman laws documented in Twelve Tables.

Important Changes in the Army1. Originally only citizens who owned land could serve in army2. General & Consul Gaius Marius allows landless poor to serve in the army.

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Assembly of Citizens All free 20 year old malescan vote.All decisions are made bymajority rule

Women & slaves werenot considered citizens

Assembly of 500 They set the agenda for the next meeting.

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Athenian DemocracyParticipatory Citizenship

The Roman RepublicConsul Consul

SenateA council of representatives

elected by the Patricians

Ten TribunesSpecial officials

with the veto powerelected by the

Plebeians

Citizens were divided into two classes

The Patricians who founded Romeand The Plebeians the farmers,

workers, merchants, and craftworkerswho settled in Rome later.

Some men & all women and slaves were not citizens.

*

Elected yearlyby the Senate

A DictatorWith absolute

authoritywas appointed

In time of emergency

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Patricians Plebeians

Education Level

Political Influence

Job Description

Living Quarters

I. The Roman RepublicD. The Path of Roman Conquest

1. By 274 B.C. the Romans had conquered their neighbors and the Italian peninsula was theirs. 2. Rome fought three wars with ____________________

which are called the Punic Wars fought over sea trade.a) Rome won the first Punic War.b) Hannibal with soldiers and war elephants

attacked Rome, but a Roman general

__________________ attacked Carthage in North Africa and forced Hannibal to return. The 2nd war was a draw.c) In 146 B.C. the 3rd war left Carthage in ruins and its citizens were sold as ________________.

3. Now Greece, Macedonia, and parts of Southwest Asia were under ________________ control. This area was

divided into self-governing regions called ________________.

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I. The Roman RepublicE. From Republic to Dictatorship

1. Taxes from the provinces and slaves made the patricians richer, but the _________________ poorer.

2. Conflicts arose and after a civil war, in 82 B.C. Lucius Sulla became a _______________________. He ruled for three years, not six months.3. The Office of Consul was restored, but in 59 B.C.

one consul, _________________________, formed an army and captured Gaul (France).

a) He became governor of the province of Gaul.b) In 49 B.C. he march upon Rome with his army.c) In 45 B.C. he declared himself _______ of all

Rome.d) He immediately made changes creating laws to

help the poor and gave ___________ to more people.e) In 44 B.C. on March 15th he was stabbed to death

in the Roman Senate.

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I. The Roman RepublicE. From Republic to Dictatorship

1. After the Punic Wars slaves made patricians richer, but plebeians became poorer.2. In 82 B.C.E. Civil unrest & civil war, in 82 B.C.Lucius Sulla becomes

dictator for 3 years.3. In 59 B.C. Julius Caesar is Consul4. Julius Caesar forms an army & conquerors Gaul (France).5. He is named provincial governor of Gaul.6. Fearing his growing power the Senate recalls him to Rome7. In 49 B.C. he march upon Rome with his army. (Civil War)8. In 45 B.C. he become Dictator of Rome.9. He immediately made changes creating laws to help the poor and gave citizenship to more people.10. In 44 B.C. on March 15th fearing the changes he brought Julius Caesar was stabbed to death in the Roman Senate.11. Civil War breaks out between Octavian and Mark Antony (Cleopatra)12. Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar & Emperor13. 200 years of reforms & the Pax Romana.

(Use with United Streaming “Leaders of Ancient Rome” <10:44>)

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The End of the Roman RepublicTHE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE 60 B.C.E.

Formed by three important politicians and generals,Pompey, Crassus, & Julius Caesar53 B.C.E. Crassus killed (Battle of Carrhae)48 B.C.E. Pompey killed in Egypt (Battle of Pharsalus)46-44 B.C.E. Caesar becomes dictator of Rome.

THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE 43 B.C.E.Formed by three important politicians and generals,Marc Anthony, Lepidus, & Octavian Caesar36 B.C.E. Lepidus accused of usurping power & rebellion. He is forced into exile.31 B.C.E. Marc Anthony & Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeated (the battles of Actium & Alexandria) They commit suicide.27 B.C.E. Augustus (Octavian) becomes emperor of Rome.

The Roman Republic has Ended.

II. The Roman Empire TEXT REVIEW B. The Age of Augustus

1. Augustus was such a strong leader that it brought about 200 years of peace known as ________________.

a) The empire grew two and a half million sq. miles.b) He choose the people for top government jobs.c) He made more men eligible for _________________.d) He created laws that were more equal and fair.

(All are innocent till proven guilty and people could not be forced to speak in court against themselves)2. The count of a country’s people or a ________________ for tax purposes. 3. The Romans also created ______________, or armies of 6,000 men.

a) keep out enemy invadersb) to keep peace among citizens.c) to build roads.

C. Pride in Rome 1. Augustus wanted the city of Rome to be greater. So he had built huge Greek-like

marble government basilicas. a) straight columns and beams b) arches borrowed from the Etruscans.

2. In the Colosseum 50,000 Romans could watch gladiator battle to the death. 3. The Romans also built bridges and canals called aqueducts for water.D. Literature, Arts, and Language 1. Romans looked to Greece for cultural ideas, art, writing styles, and philosophy. 2. Augustus asked Roman artists and writers to create works that would bring out patriotic feelings and glorify Rome.

a) the Poet Virgil wrote the “Aeneid” an early story of Rome. b) The language of Latin became used in all the

Roman province for government and education.

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III. The Beginnings of ChristianityA. Religion and the Roman Empire 1. Augustus Caesar was not only a ruler of an empire, but a leader of religion. They worshipped a) ____________ was the oldest.

many gods. b) ____________ the god of warc) ____________ The goddess of harvest & farming.d) ____________ The god of beginnings & endings.

2.The Romans accepted the beliefs of other peoples. Often only changed the names. Greek Goddess Hera becomes ___________ & Greek God Zeus becomes_________.

3. The Romans think the empire would be harmed if people did not respect Roman gods. 4. The Romans allowed the ___________ people in the province of Judaea to follow

their own religious leaders, laws, and teachers.B. The Rise of Christianity 1. Judaism believed that a ___________________, or wise leader would come to

establish god’s kingdom on earth. 2. Roman and Jewish leaders began to worry when some claimed Jesus was the messiah. 3. In about 30 A.D. Jesus is executed by ____________, or being nailed to a cross. 4. The Spread of Christianity: Twelve followers, or ____________________.

Travelers & Merchants Jesus’s life “good news”, or _________________. St. Paul Jesus’s life is written in the ___________________.

C. Rome Reacts To The New Religion 1. Since Roman officials feared the growth of Christianity, They arrested,

persecuted, or mistreated Christians who refused to worship Roman gods. 2. Many early Christians became _________________, or people who suffer or die

for their beliefs. 3. Their sacrifice influences more Romans to become ______________.

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III. The Beginnings of Christianity TEXT REVIEWD. Constantine Accepts Christianity 1. As Christianity was growing stronger, __________________became weaker. 2. The empire is expensive and increased taxes causes hardships. 3. Outsiders attacked the empire.

a) invaders attacked from the north. b) Persians tried to seize Roman lands in ________________. c) The _______________ raided Roman lands in North Africa.

4. Emperors governed badly and lose the citizens’ respect. 5. Many citizens had never been to Rome and even the soldiers felt little loyalty to Rome. Instead they were loyal to their ___________________. 6. In 312 A.D. two Roman generals fought wanting to be emperor. 7. Constantine was not a Christian, but he had a vision. He had crosses painted on

his soldiers’ shields and won the battle. Christianity becomes accepted.E. The Decline Of Rome 1. Constantine felt that Rome was unsafe and too far from the center of things. 2. He chose a new capital Byzantium which was renamed ________________, or city of Constantine in 330 A.D. 3. In 410 A.D. the __________________ crossed the Alps and attacked Rome. 4. Rome was a capital no longer, but it was the headquarters of the ________. 5. The Roman Empire split apart.

a) The eastern part of the former empire would keep Roman ways alive for centuries.

b) The western part broke into small _____________.

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Reasons for Decline of Rome

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL

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Performance AssessmentRome’s Lasting Influence – Students will research and present a project on one of the many contributions of ancient Rome. Some examples include: Roman Numerals, Tools, Trade, Entertainment (Circus, Theater, Chariot Racing, Gladiatorial Games, etc.), Public Baths, Education, Foods, Housing, Legions, and Roads etc. This project may be presented in a variety of formats such as a PowerPoint, poster, commercial, video, game, brochure, newspaper, or other form approved by the teacher. The research should include background information and make connections to today’s society. This project should demonstrate how Rome has had a lasting influence in the world. Additionally, students will present their research to the class and evaluate how the classroom projects show Rome’s lasting influences.

II. The Roman EmpireA. Rome Becomes An Empire

1. Romans gathered in Rome’s public square, or ______ and listened to the plans, or ______________ of people wanting to be the leader.2. Octavian and Mark Anthony divide up the Roman lands, but Mark Anthony

and the Egyptian Queen,__________, plan to set up their own kingdom.3. In 31 B.C. Octavian defeats them and gains absolute leadership of all Roman lands.4. Augustus Caesar becomes Rome’s first _________________, but he made

sure his government still seemed to be a representative republic.B. The Age of Augustus

1. Augustus was such a strong leader that it brought about 200 years of peace known as ________________.

a) The empire grew two and a half million sq. miles.b) He choose the people for top government jobs.c) He made more men eligible for _________________.d) He created laws that were more equal and fair. (All are innocent till proven guilty and people could not be forced to

speak in court against themselves.)2. The count of a country’s people or a ________________ for tax purposes. 3. The Romans also created ______________, or armies of 6,000 men.

a) keep out enemy invadersb) to keep peace among citizens.c) to build roads.

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The Roman RepublicConsul Consul

SenateA council of representatives

elected by the Patricians

Ten TribunesSpecial officials

with the veto powerelected by the

Plebeians

Citizens were divided into two classes

The Patricians who founded Romeand The Plebeians the farmers,

workers, merchants, and craftworkerswho settled in Rome later.

Some men & all women and slaves were not citizens.

Elected yearlyby the Senate

A DictatorWith absolute

authoritywas appointed

In time of emergency

Roman Monarchy

The EtruscansTook control ofRome in 600 BC.They traded with the Greeks andgave to the people of Rome Greek ideasand customs.

King

Etruscan Nobles

Roman People

Roman Dictatorship

Citizens Julius Caesar and later emperors sieze control and rule with absolute power

Emperoror Dictator

Roman Senate

carried outthe wishes

of the Dictator

About 500 BCE The Romans Overthrew their Etruscan KingsAnd set up a Republic

II. The Roman EmpireC. Pride in Rome 1. Augustus wanted the city of Rome to be greater. So he had built in the center of Rome huge government buildings called _______________________. 2 New temples and building arose and the influence of ____________ culture could be seen in every building.

a) straight columns and beams b) arches they borrowed from the ________________.

3. The largest entertainment arena was the ___________ where as many as 50,000 Romans could watch slaves and prisoners, or ___________________, fight to the death. 4. The Romans also built bridges and canals called _______________ to carry water from distance rivers.D. Literature, Arts, and Language 1. Rome was the Leader, but Romans looked to _____________for cultural ideas and copied its art, writing styles, and philosophy. 2. Augustus asked Roman artists and writers to create works that would bring out ____________ feelings and glorify Rome.

a) the Poet Virgil wrote the “Aeneid” an early story of Rome. b) The language of _____________ became used in all the Roman provinces

for government and education.

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III. The Beginnings of ChristianityA. Religion and the Roman Empire

1. Augustus Caesar was not only a ruler of an empire, but a leader of religion. They worshipped many gods.

a) ____________ was the oldest.b) ____________ the god of warc) ____________ The goddess of harvest & farming.d) ____________ The god of beginnings & endings.

2. The Romans accepted the beliefs of other peoples.Often only the names were changed.Greek Goddess Hera becomes ____________.Greek God Zeus becomes __________________.

3. The Romans believed that harm would come to the empire if people did not respect the Roman gods.4. The Romans allowed the ___________ people in the

province of Judaea to follow their own religious leaders, laws, and teachers.

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III. The Beginnings of ChristianityB. The Rise of Christianity 1. Judaism believed that a ___________________, or wise leader would

come to establish god’s kingdom on earth. 2. It was reported that a Jewish teacher, Jesus, claimed to be God’s son and

was performing miracles. 3. Roman and Jewish leaders began to worry when some claimed Jesus was the messiah. 4. In about 30 A.D. Jesus was executed by ____________, or being nailed to a cross and left to die. 5. Twelve followers, or ____________________, claimed that Jesus rose after being

dead 3 days. They spread the belief of this resurrection throughout the Roman Empire.

6. This new religion became _____________________. The life of “Jesus Christus” was written in the _______________________. 7. Jesus’s life and actions are called the “good news”, or ________________, 8. This was added to the Jewish first part of the Bible called the ___________.

C. Rome Reacts To The New Religion 1. The Roman officials feared the growth of Christianity a threat. 2. They arrested, persecuted, or mistreated Christians who refused to worship Roman gods. Many early Christians became _________________, or people

who suffer or die for their beliefs. 3. Romans are impressed by their sacrifice and become __________________.

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III. The Beginnings of Christianity TEXT REVIEWB. The Rise of Christianity 1. Romans allowed Jewish people to follow their own religious

leaders, teachings, & laws 2. Judaism awaited for a Messiah. 3. A Jewish teacher, Jesus, claimed to be God’s son and performed miracles. 4. Roman and Jewish leaders began to worry that Jesus was the messiah. 5. About 30 A.D. Jesus was crucifixed. 6. Twelve apostles claimed that Jesus rose from the dead 7. St. Paul started Christian Churches in Greece. 8. The “good news” of Jesus is written in the Gospels 9. The life of “Jesus Christus” was written in the New Testament. 10. Merchants & travelers on Roman roads spread the news.

C. Rome Reacts To The New Religion 1. The Roman officials feared the growth of Christianity a threat. 2. They arrested, persecuted, or mistreated Christians 3. Many early Christians die becoming martyrs. 4. Impressed by their sacrifice many Romans become Christians.

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How ChristianitySpread so quickly

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Changes in Democracy(Rule By The People)

Woman & Slaves are not Citizens andHave not voice in the government.

The Greek City-State of AthensAll male citizens overthe age of twenty votes in the Ecclesia, or assembly every 14 days making a lawsand decisions for thecommunity.

The Roman RepublicAncient RomeAll male citizensCould vote in an annualElection for SenatorsTo represent them andMake all laws andDecisions in theRoman Republic.Patrician elect Senators& Plebeians elect tenTribunes with a veto power.

The United States Of AmericaA Democratic RepublicAll people registeredas citizen voters andover the age of 18elect government officials to representthem.House of Representatives every 2 years.President every 4 years.Senators every 6 years.

II. Life in the Roman RepublicA. Education: 1.Before the age of seven, mothers taught their sons and

daughters. After seven the girls were taught to spin, weave, and sew.

2. After seven the boys came under the control of their fathers. The father decided what their son needed to know to be successful in life.

a) Roman law, history, and customs.b) physical trainingc) preparation for ward) reverence for the gods.

3. Boys learned by example and accompanied their father on all important occasions.

4. Only the wealthy families could afford a fully bi-lingual education. Their sons had to learn Greek because it was the “International language”.

II. Life in the Roman RepublicB. Housing in Rome: 1.Before the Roman Empire expanded to the East private houses, or “domus” were small simple designs.

2. The Patricians became wealthier as money poured into Rome as the Empire grew.

a) their house became immense adorned with columns, painting, and statues.b) slave quarters were added or expanded

3. The Plebeians became poorer as the number of slaves in Rome increased. Many were forced to live in

“insulas” or apartment houses owned by Patrician landlords.

a. Three stories high around an open courtyard. b. built originally of timber & mud brick, but later fired brick and concrete.c. Apartments outnumber “domus” style houses 25 to 1.

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Same gods different names 1) Religion Greek gods____________to______________ 2) Leadership Monarchy & Democracy

___________ to ______________

Latin 3) Language Greek

4) KnowledgeROME*

*GREECE

Legend: Hellen flood survivor

Epic Poems: Iliad & Odysseus

Plays: Comedies & Tragedies

Philosophers:

Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle

Writers: Herodotus said History is cause & effect

Scientists: Hippocrates said

Illnesses came from natural causes.

Comparing Rome & Greece

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ROME* Athens*

Alexandra*Carthage*

Jerusalem*

Byzantium*

* New CarthageSPAIN

GAUL

EGYPT

ASIA MINOR

EUROPE

AFRICA

Mediterranean Sea

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

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