AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE PERCEPTIONS, PREVENTIONS STRATEGIES, TREATMENT AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF...
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Transcript of AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE PERCEPTIONS, PREVENTIONS STRATEGIES, TREATMENT AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF...
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE PERCEPTIONS, PREVENTIONS PERCEPTIONS, PREVENTIONS STRATEGIES, TREATMENT AND STRATEGIES, TREATMENT AND
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EQUINE WEST ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EQUINE WEST NILE VIRUSNILE VIRUS
R. GALVAN, A. Rene, S. Bae, K. SinghR. GALVAN, A. Rene, S. Bae, K. Singh
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
West Nile Virus Transmission CycleWest Nile Virus Transmission Cycle
Source: Pennsylvania State University, 2002
1999 Coverage
1999 Coverage2000 Coverage
1999 Coverage
2000 Coverage
2001 Coverage
1999 Coverage2000 Coverage2001 Coverage2002 Coverage
WNV 1999 - 2002
PURPOSEPURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to focus on The purpose of this study is to focus on gathering information regarding the gathering information regarding the perception, knowledge, concerns and perception, knowledge, concerns and treatment of the WNV among Texas treatment of the WNV among Texas VeterinariansVeterinarians
To determine the economic impact of the To determine the economic impact of the WNV on the equine population in TexasWNV on the equine population in Texas
No other study regarding equine WNV has No other study regarding equine WNV has been undertaken in the State of Texasbeen undertaken in the State of Texas
Epidemiology of West Nile VirusEpidemiology of West Nile Virus
Horses are affected by WNV more Horses are affected by WNV more than other animalsthan other animals
Annual Summary of WNV Annual Summary of WNV CasesCases
20022002 %% 20032003 %%
BirdBird 519519 19.419.4 534534 19.419.4
HumanHuman 202202 7.57.5 437437 15.915.9
MosquitoMosquito 260260 9.79.7 10581058 38.438.4
HorseHorse 16991699 63.463.4 717717 26.026.0
OtherOther 00 00 1111 0.40.4
TOTALTOTAL 26802680 27572757Source: Texas Department of Health, Zoonosis Control Division 2004
Equine Population in TexasEquine Population in Texas
Home to over 1 million horsesHome to over 1 million horses 280,000+ horse owners280,000+ horse owners $13 billion invested in horse industry $13 billion invested in horse industry
(barns, vehicles etc.)(barns, vehicles etc.) Texas horses valued at $4.2 billionTexas horses valued at $4.2 billion Horse industry impact to Texas Horse industry impact to Texas
economy is $11 billion per yeareconomy is $11 billion per year
Source :Texas A&M University; Animal Science 1998
Economic Impact:Economic Impact: WNV and Equines WNV and Equines
Colorado and Nebraska Equine Study Colorado and Nebraska Equine Study Estimates of $163,000 lost revenueEstimates of $163,000 lost revenueEstimates of $600,000 due to deathsEstimates of $600,000 due to deaths
(estimates for 1478 equines)(estimates for 1478 equines) Cost of vaccination vs. effectiveness in Cost of vaccination vs. effectiveness in
equine populationequine population Colorado/Nebraska $2.75 million on Colorado/Nebraska $2.75 million on
preventionprevention Further studies need to be conducted for Further studies need to be conducted for
clarityclarity
Source: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2003 (www.aphis.usda.gov)
Research MethodsResearch Methods
Study PurposeStudy Purpose
Collect data on cases of West Nile Virus Collect data on cases of West Nile Virus (WNV)(WNV)
Collect information regarding the Collect information regarding the knowledge, concerns and treatment WNV knowledge, concerns and treatment WNV by veterinarians in Texasby veterinarians in Texas
Estimate the economic impact of WNV on Estimate the economic impact of WNV on the equine population in Texasthe equine population in Texas
HypothesesHypotheses
Veterinarians who have treated West Nile Veterinarians who have treated West Nile Virus have the same perceptions, Virus have the same perceptions, understanding and awareness as the understanding and awareness as the Veterinarians who have not treated West Veterinarians who have not treated West Nile VirusNile Virus
There is no difference among There is no difference among Veterinarians that recommend different Veterinarians that recommend different treatment regimens with respect to treatment regimens with respect to perceptions of the West Nile Virusperceptions of the West Nile Virus
HypothesesHypotheses
There is no difference among There is no difference among Veterinarians that recommend different Veterinarians that recommend different treatment regimens with respect to treatment regimens with respect to recommendations on mosquito mitigation recommendations on mosquito mitigation of West Nile Virusof West Nile Virus
There is no difference among There is no difference among Veterinarians that recommend different Veterinarians that recommend different treatment regimens with respect to treatment regimens with respect to recommendations on prevention strategies recommendations on prevention strategies for West Nile Virusfor West Nile Virus
Survey DesignSurvey Design
Tools used in the development of the Tools used in the development of the surveysurvey
InstrumentInstrument
2002 Veterinarian Survey2002 Veterinarian Survey
West Nile SurveyWest Nile Survey
Survey includedSurvey included
13 close-ended questions and 1 13 close-ended questions and 1 open-open- ended questionended question
Data CollectionData Collection
4,177 total surveys were sent out4,177 total surveys were sent out Two options were given for survey Two options were given for survey
responseresponse
Online responseOnline response
Paper surveyPaper survey responseresponse
Data EntryData Entry
A numbering system was created to A numbering system was created to distinguish between surveys entered distinguish between surveys entered manually and online by the manually and online by the respondentrespondent
700 surveys were completed700 surveys were completed
Data AnalysisData Analysis
Descriptive AnalysesDescriptive AnalysesSummationsSummations
FrequenciesFrequencies
Cross-tabulationsCross-tabulations
ResultsResults
ResultsResults
700 Surveys were returned700 Surveys were returned684 were mailed in (98%)684 were mailed in (98%)
16 were completed online (2%)16 were completed online (2%) Response rate of 16.8%Response rate of 16.8%
73.4% of respondents believed they were 73.4% of respondents believed they were knowledgeable about WNVknowledgeable about WNV
I am Knowledgeable about WNV
Responses
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
Pe
rce
nt
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
49.7% of respondents believed they are 49.7% of respondents believed they are receiving enough education and training receiving enough education and training
Veterinarians get Enough WNV Education
Responses
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
Pe
rce
nt
50
40
30
20
10
0
56.1% of respondents believed a 56.1% of respondents believed a vaccination regimen is effective and reliablevaccination regimen is effective and reliable
The Vaccination Regimen is Effective
q3
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
missing
Fre
qu
en
cy400
300
200
100
0
Logistic RegressionLogistic Regression Veterinarians that did not treat for WNV Veterinarians that did not treat for WNV
were 95% less likely to agree that they were 95% less likely to agree that they were knowledgeable about WNVwere knowledgeable about WNV
Veterinarians that did not treat for WNV Veterinarians that did not treat for WNV were 82% less likely to agree that were 82% less likely to agree that Veterinarians were receiving enough Veterinarians were receiving enough training training
Eighty percent (80%) of practicing Eighty percent (80%) of practicing Veterinarians that did not treat horses for Veterinarians that did not treat horses for WNV did not agree that the treatment WNV did not agree that the treatment regimen for WNV was effective and regimen for WNV was effective and reliablereliable
ResultsResults
Respondents reported 2022 cases of Respondents reported 2022 cases of WNVWNV
1256 were laboratory confirmed1256 were laboratory confirmed
766 were not confirmed by 766 were not confirmed by laboratory testinglaboratory testing
441 horses died441 horses died418 by euthanasia418 by euthanasia
23 as a direct result of the disease23 as a direct result of the disease
Criteria for EuthanasiaCriteria for Euthanasia
Criterion
Other
No Resoultion
Prolonged Recumbency
Quality of Life
Perceived Cost
To
tal N
um
be
r o
f C
rite
rio
n U
sed
100
80
60
40
20
0
48% of respondents recommend prevention 48% of respondents recommend prevention strategies for equine ownersstrategies for equine owners
Recommend Prevention Strategies
52.0%
48.0%
no
yes
38.8% of the respondents recommended 38.8% of the respondents recommended control strategies to equine ownerscontrol strategies to equine owners
Recommend Control Strategies
61.2%
38.8%
no
yes
Results of Cross-TabulationResults of Cross-Tabulation
97.2% of 97.2% of respondents who respondents who treated WNV treated WNV agree that they are agree that they are knowledgeable knowledgeable about WNVabout WNV
65.5% of 65.5% of respondents who respondents who did not treat agreedid not treat agree
Responses to Question 1
SDA/DisagreeSA/AgreeNeutral
400
300
200
100
0
Treated for WNV
Did Not Treat
Did Treat
Results of Cross-TabulationResults of Cross-Tabulation
78.4 % of veterinarians who treated 78.4 % of veterinarians who treated WNV believe they are receiving WNV believe they are receiving enough education/trainingenough education/training
Only 40.1 % of veterinarians who did Only 40.1 % of veterinarians who did not treat believe they are receiving not treat believe they are receiving enough education/trainingenough education/training
Results of Cross-TabulationResults of Cross-Tabulation
81.8 % of 81.8 % of veterinarians who veterinarians who treated WNV treated WNV believe the vaccine believe the vaccine is effective and is effective and reliable compared reliable compared to 47.5 % of those to 47.5 % of those who did not treat who did not treat WNVWNV Responses to Question 3
SDA/DisagreeSA/AgreeNeutral
300
200
100
0
Treated for WNV
Did Treat
Did Not Treat
Cost of vaccination regimen for equine Cost of vaccination regimen for equine WNVWNV
Cost of Vaccination Regimen
Cost
$101 or greater$51-$100$25-$50$25 or less
Pe
rce
nt
50
40
30
20
10
0
ResultsResults Anti-inflammatory drugs were the main type of Anti-inflammatory drugs were the main type of
treatment used in all stages of WNVtreatment used in all stages of WNV63.4% for mild WNV63.4% for mild WNV57.76% for moderate WNV57.76% for moderate WNV44.2% for severe WNV44.2% for severe WNV
Other treatments reported for all stages of WNV Other treatments reported for all stages of WNV includedincluded
antibioticsantibioticsfluidsfluidssteroidssteroids
Implications of ResultsImplications of Results
Equine WNV case fatality rate of Equine WNV case fatality rate of 40.0%40.0%
Need for equine WNV education Need for equine WNV education among veterinarians among veterinarians
Future research may include Future research may include knowledge/beliefs of equine ownersknowledge/beliefs of equine owners
Implications of ResultsImplications of Results Estimated Economic ImpactEstimated Economic Impact
Equine WNV fatalities- Equine WNV fatalities-
2002 - $2,856,0002002 - $2,856,000
2003 - $1,205,4002003 - $1,205,400average purchase price of horse average purchase price of horse total number of horses lost total number of horses lost
due to WNV due to WNV
Vaccination against equine WNV- Vaccination against equine WNV- 2002 - $6,250,0002002 - $6,250,000
2003 - $6,250,0002003 - $6,250,000average cost of vaccination for equine WNV average cost of vaccination for equine WNV 25% of the 25% of the
equine population in Texasequine population in Texas
Implications of ResultsImplications of Results
Estimated Combined Economic Estimated Combined Economic Impact for 2002-2003Impact for 2002-2003
2002- $9,106,0002002- $9,106,000 2003 - $7,455,4002003 - $7,455,400
Total - 16,561,400Total - 16,561,400
DiscussionDiscussion
Understanding the effects and treatment Understanding the effects and treatment of the WNV is essentialof the WNV is essential
More WNV research and education is More WNV research and education is needed needed
This study can be used as a benchmark in This study can be used as a benchmark in future WNV studiesfuture WNV studies
Additional WNV education is needed Additional WNV education is needed among Veterinarians in areas of among Veterinarians in areas of prevention strategies, control and prevention strategies, control and treatment.treatment.
DiscussionDiscussion
Less than one half of the Less than one half of the Veterinarians who have treated WNV Veterinarians who have treated WNV believed they were receiving enough believed they were receiving enough education on the diseaseeducation on the disease
One half of the Veterinarians One half of the Veterinarians recommended prevention strategiesrecommended prevention strategies
One half of the Veterinarians One half of the Veterinarians believed the vaccination regimen believed the vaccination regimen was effective was effective
DiscussionDiscussion
The economic impact to horse The economic impact to horse owners in 2002 was estimated at owners in 2002 was estimated at $9,106,000$9,106,000
The economic impact to horse The economic impact to horse owners for 2003 was estimated at owners for 2003 was estimated at $7,455,400$7,455,400
Limitations of StudyLimitations of Study
Information in surveys is self-reported Information in surveys is self-reported but still an effective method but still an effective method
Values given for number of cases in Values given for number of cases in the survey were rangesthe survey were ranges
Full economic impact of equine WNV Full economic impact of equine WNV could not be determinedcould not be determined
Many respondents had small animal Many respondents had small animal practicespractices
QUESTIONS????QUESTIONS????