Alternate Fuel for IC Engines
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Transcript of Alternate Fuel for IC Engines
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Alternative fuels for Internal Combustion Engines: An eventual freedom from Energy-Environment Crises Prof. L. M. DasCenter for Energy StudiesIndian Institute of Technology-Delhi
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Internal Combustion EnginesBackbone of Transportation System
Victim of Energy-Environment Crises
Spark Ignition Engines and Compression Ignition Engine
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Estimated World Oil SupplySource: EIA, Long Term World Oil Supply
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THE DUAL CHALLENGE
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NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
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Natural GasPetroleumNuclearCoalNonhydro renewablesHydropowerProjectionsHistoryEnergy Consumption by Fuel, 1980-2030quadrillion BtuEIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2007
Chart1
34.2023620.394115.387792.7391692.9001442.594276
31.9310419.9277615.891583.0075892.7579682.712606
30.2316118.5050915.299933.1311483.2655582.719794
30.0539217.3567915.878823.2025493.527262.960638
31.0513318.5069917.059143.5525313.3858113.044835
30.9221517.8339317.464944.0755632.9701923.062536
32.1960816.7079317.243674.3801093.0711793.060363
32.8650517.7443418.017084.7539332.6345083.052424
34.2219918.5524418.885875.5869682.3342653.154384
34.2111119.7116919.100175.6021612.8372633.456946
33.5525319.7295919.177426.104353.0463913.086181
32.8453620.1489319.001376.4221323.0159433.142144
33.5265920.8350819.157096.4792062.6174363.289711
33.8414821.3511719.862256.4104992.8916133.264345
34.6702721.8420219.967796.6938772.6834573.381322
34.5534722.7842720.149797.0754363.2053073.463953
35.7568523.1969221.024737.0866743.5896563.547143
36.2656523.3285121.491866.5969923.6404583.434695
36.9335422.9355821.722837.0678093.2970543.263578
37.9596523.0100921.680237.6102563.2675753.331056
38.4036223.9164522.644887.8623492.8111163.347116
38.3331522.9057821.943538.0326972.2418583.086492
38.4013523.628221.964758.1430892.6890173.146319
39.047323.0687222.371457.9588582.8245333.257195
40.1300922.9910522.527868.2317322.7252193.391071
40.2235822.8641323.366638.0805442.6843483.199024
40.3708622.8255823.441478.2192252.94463.411935
41.3183823.0449723.835948.4093973.026493.681045
41.839623.5484824.286138.4229533.0267173.746748
42.4315823.7311324.824228.4380033.0267913.837737
43.1403524.0434325.085218.4419653.0267914.053943
43.7795624.5441125.192798.4533473.0267914.083359
44.3302825.1441525.521248.4633693.0267914.102375
44.7991825.6577125.5418.4660473.0267894.187376
45.2809926.0683725.593858.540783.0293124.282938
45.6850226.6664925.662148.6585753.0293124.397181
46.1858927.0854525.895548.7959673.0293134.519976
46.7018627.2544226.232028.9446533.0293134.610708
47.2350927.4378726.642829.0386813.0293134.699439
47.7238627.6378627.018129.0852793.0293134.817065
48.1433227.7035827.646289.0892173.0381464.964722
48.5891827.7214528.240599.0892173.0381465.073628
49.0389527.7126428.912749.0892173.0381465.210188
49.4622527.779129.544349.0892173.0381465.323104
50.0431427.7887730.267829.0892173.0381475.476065
50.5726827.7785130.889059.0892173.0381465.569607
51.1770127.7835831.570129.0892173.0381455.703391
51.8190227.7094532.332499.0892173.0381465.782818
52.4275427.6384233.147929.0892163.0381455.868527
53.0197327.540133.929789.0892163.0381455.911229
53.578427.6566434.487179.08813.0381455.985361
Petroleum....................
Natural Gas..................
Coal.........................
Nuclear......................
Hydropower...................
Renewable/Other(excl. Hydro.)
Sheet1
1980199020002005201020202030
Petroleum....................34.2023631.9310430.2316130.0539231.0513330.9221532.1960832.8650534.2219934.2111133.5525332.8453633.5265933.8414834.6702734.5534735.7568536.2656536.9335437.9596538.4036238.3331538.4013539.047340.1300940.2235840.3708641.3183841.839642.4315843.1403543.7795644.3302844.7991845.2809945.6850246.1858946.7018647.2350947.7238648.1433248.5891849.0389549.4622550.0431450.5726851.1770151.8190252.4275453.0197353.5784
Natural Gas..................20.394119.9277618.5050917.3567918.5069917.8339316.7079317.7443418.5524419.7116919.7295920.1489320.8350821.3511721.8420222.7842723.1969223.3285122.9355823.0100923.9164522.9057823.628223.0687222.9910522.8641322.8255823.0449723.5484823.7311324.0434324.5441125.1441525.6577126.0683726.6664927.0854527.2544227.4378727.6378627.7035827.7214527.7126427.779127.7887727.7785127.7835827.7094527.6384227.540127.65664
Coal.........................15.3877915.8915815.2999315.8788217.0591417.4649417.2436718.0170818.8858719.1001719.1774219.0013719.1570919.8622519.9677920.1497921.0247321.4918621.7228321.6802322.6448821.9435321.9647522.3714522.5278623.3666323.4414723.8359424.2861324.8242225.0852125.1927925.5212425.54125.5938525.6621425.8955426.2320226.6428227.0181227.6462828.2405928.9127429.5443430.2678230.8890531.5701232.3324933.1479233.9297834.48717
Nuclear......................2.7391693.0075893.1311483.2025493.5525314.0755634.3801094.7539335.5869685.6021616.104356.4221326.4792066.4104996.6938777.0754367.0866746.5969927.0678097.6102567.8623498.0326978.1430897.9588588.2317328.0805448.2192258.4093978.4229538.4380038.4419658.4533478.4633698.4660478.540788.6585758.7959678.9446539.0386819.0852799.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892169.0892169.0881
Hydropower...................2.9001442.7579683.2655583.527263.3858112.9701923.0711792.6345082.3342652.8372633.0463913.0159432.6174362.8916132.6834573.2053073.5896563.6404583.2970543.2675752.8111162.2418582.6890172.8245332.7252192.6843482.94463.026493.0267173.0267913.0267913.0267913.0267913.0267893.0293123.0293123.0293133.0293133.0293133.0293133.0381463.0381463.0381463.0381463.0381473.0381463.0381453.0381463.0381453.0381453.038145
Renewable/Other(excl. Hydro.)2.5942762.7126062.7197942.9606383.0448353.0625363.0603633.0524243.1543843.4569463.0861813.1421443.2897113.2643453.3813223.4639533.5471433.4346953.2635783.3310563.3471163.0864923.1463193.2571953.3910713.1990243.4119353.6810453.7467483.8377374.0539434.0833594.1023754.1873764.2829384.3971814.5199764.6107084.6994394.8170654.9647225.0736285.2101885.3231045.4760655.5696075.7033915.7828185.8685275.9112295.985361
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Transportation Share of EmissionsStill a major contributor, despite reductions in new vehicle emissions achieved over the last decadeCONOxLeadVOCsCO2Particulates79%53%13%44%33%25%SO27%Source: EPA
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Relative Greenhouse Gases255075100ZeroZero or a CreditZero
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Alternative Transportation Fuels Are at the Intersection of Key ObjectivesNational SecurityHealthy EnvironmentEconomic ViabilityAlternative Fuels
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HydrogenCompressed Natural Gas(CNG)Bio-DieselHydrogen Added Natural GasEthanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)BiogasProducer GasBtL ( Biomass to Liquid)GtL ( Gas to Liquid)and CTL( coal to-liquid
Prospective Alternative Fuels
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ETHANOLIn 1880 Henry Ford designed a car solely on ethanolSubsequently popular model t operated on ethanol and or gasolineEthanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose that have been converted into simple sugarsEthanol made from cellulosic biomass materials instead of traditional feedstocks (starch crops) is called bio-ethanol
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ETHANOL Bio-ethanol is one of the lowest-cost, most consumer-friendly ways to reduce gasoline consumption and CO2 emissions from vehicles
Higher octane number than gasoline reduces engine knock and allows higher Compression Ratio resulting in higher energy efficiency
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EMISSIONS
Emissions vary with engine designE85 with respect to gasoline -produces fewer toxics like benzene and toluene-15% reduction in ozone forming voc -40%co reduction -particulate reduction 20% -10% reduction in NOx emissions-Sulfate emissions reduced by 80% -Higher acetaldehyde emissions
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METHANOLMethanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 -a blend of 85% Methanol and 15% Gasoline
Methanol used to produce an oxygenate which is blended to gasoline to enhance octane number
The benefits include lower emissions, higher performance, and lower risk of flammability than gasoline
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Methanol It is not a commonly used fuel at this time as methanol produces a high amount of formaldehyde in emissions
Methanol is extremely corrosive, requiring special materials for delivery and storage. Methyl-Tertiary-Butyl Ether(MTBE) production and use has declined due to the fact that it has been found to contaminate ground water
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Transportation Fuels from Natural gas
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NATURAL GASNatural gas is abundant.Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied state CNG-Compressed Natural GasLNG-Liquefied Natural GasComposition Methane and other hydrocarbons such as Ethane, Propane. -gases such as nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and water vapor
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Conversion of Natural Gas to Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) needs a compressor. Natural gas is compressed to a pressure of 200 bar Conversion of Natural Gas to Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) needs cryogenic setup to maintain to maintain the Natural Gas at 40CLiquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) is the byproduct of crude petroleum CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS TO CNG AND LNG
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NATURAL GAS (Predominantly METHANE)
Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles emit low levels of toxics and ozone-forming hydrocarbons. But CNG fuel must be stored under pressure in heavy tanks, and the cost of accommodating these tanks must be considered.
There are significant tradeoffs for CNG vehicles among emissions, vehicle power, efficiency, and range.
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CNG - AvailabilityTwo types of CNG fuel systems are on the market:dedicated vehicles, which operate exclusively on natural gas, anddual-fuel vehicles, which can use both natural gas and gasoline.
Auto manufacturers offer a variety of both dedicated and dual-fuel CNG vehicles, including trucks, vans, and buses and Autos.
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CNG Emission CharacteristicsActual emissions will vary with engine design; these numbers reflect the potential reductions offered by compressed natural gas, relative to conventional gasoline.Reductions in CO emissions of 90-97%, and reductions in CO2 emissions of 25%.Reductions in NOx emissions of 35-60%.Potential reductions in non-methane hydrocarbon emissions of 50-75%.Fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, and little to no particulate matter produced.No evaporative emissions in dedicated engines (such as those associated with gasoline or diesel).
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CNG Safety
Although CNG is a flammable gas, it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fuel.Strict safety standards make CNG vehicles as safe as gasoline-powered vehicles. In the event of a spill or accidental release, CNG poses no threat to land or water; it is nontoxic.CNG also disperses rapidly, minimizing ignition risk relative to gasoline.Natural gas is lighter than air and will not pool as a liquid or vapor on the ground. Nevertheless, leaks indoors may form a flammable mixture in the vicinity of an ignition source.CNG is primarily methane, however, which is a greenhouse gas that could contribute to global climate change if leaked.
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PROPANE / LPGPropane is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining.Main constituents - Propane, Propylene, Butane and Butylene in various mixturesPropane is being used as a transportation fuel for more than sixty years
Carbon build-up compared to gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles
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LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS(LPG)Colorless and Odorless.Nontoxic. LPG is a liquid under pressure but a gas at ambient conditions. Ethyl Mercaptan is added as an odorant to detect LPG in case of leaks. It is lightly anesthetic and can cause suffocation, if present in sufficiently high concentrations. Liquid LPG can cause severe cold burns to the skin owing to rapid vaporization and the consequent lowering
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MASS-BASED STORAGE DENSITY OF DIFFERENT FUELS
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IMPROVEMENT OF LPG COMBUSTION ADDITIVES & COMBUSTION TECHNIQUEHigh anti knock qualityAddition of high octane number fuels, such as H2, Methane, Methanol, CO to LPG may further increase its octane numberTo reduce energy & achieve high power output, the best additives must be selected by considering both octane & energy densityBy adding H2 to LPG, unburned HCs, CO & aldehydes can be suppressed in exhaust gas due to max velocity of flame propagationMethanol sprayed into mixture of LPG-air reduces temperature thus increasing charge density of LPG because of high latent heat of vaporization (262 Kcal/Kg)
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DME DiMethyl Ether (CH3-O-CH3)
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High Cetane numberlow auto ignition temperatureNo additive such as Cetane improver or ignition aidOxygen containing fuelMixed with most Hydrocarbon fuel in any ratioReduced particulate matters. Low soot Emissionan excellent diesel fuel
DME
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH NEAT VEGETABLE OIL Clogging of Fuel Lines
Carbonization of injector tips
Deposit on Cylinder Walls
Poor Ignition and combustion due to improper atomization
Lube oil Contamination
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CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL
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Biodiesel studied in IITD Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME)Linseed Oil Methyl Ester (LOME)Mahua Oil Methyl Ester (MOME)Neem Oil Methyl Ester(NOME)Polangamia Oil Methyl Ester(POME)Rubberseed Oil Methyl Ester(ROME)Simaruba Oil Methyl Ester(SOME)
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(Catalyst)Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling Washing with waterMoisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heatingNeat or blended with dieselRemoval of excess alcohol by vacuum distillationTransesterification of typical non-edible Oil (in Lab)Contd
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Transesterification
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TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT)Methanol/oil molarratio: 12:1Volume ratio: 1:2Catalyst: 1% KOH (w/v)Temperature: 60oCReaction time: 3 hrs
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Biodiesel production unitOne & Ten liter biodiesel extraction unit installed at the laboratory50 liters/batch biodiesel Pilot Plant installed at IIT Delhi, Sponsored by General Motor, USA
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50 Litres/batch Pilot Plant for producing Biodiesel at IIT, DelhiWater storage tank for boiler, 2. Boiler, 3. Steam supply lineMixing tank, 5. Settling tanks, 6. Reactor vessel, 7. Alcohol condenser & recovery unit
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VISCOSITY EFFECT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES
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Biodiesel Setup-IITD
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Biodiesel pump installed at KARAD (SITARA)
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BSFC Vs BMEP
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Thermal Efficiency Vs BMEP
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Emission Testing Long range road test of Tavera vehicle to KANYAKUMARI from DELHI with biodiesel blend
Emission testing of TATA SUMO fueled with biodiesel blendSingle cylinder research engine in the lab, (Sponsored by General Motor, USA)TATA Indica car fueled with Biodiesel blend (Sponsored by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, New Delhi)Tavera vehicle fueled with Biodiesel blend (Sponsored by General Motors, USA)ESCORT tractor fueled with biodiesel blend
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Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of B 100 is highest and B 50, B 20 and deisel follow in decreasing order due to presence of oxygen content in fuel
BTE
0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019
0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266
0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277
0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake thermal efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency
BSEC
23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471
15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528
13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778
13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Brake Specific Energy Consumption (kJ/kWh)
BSFC
0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033
0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967
0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444
0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific fuel consumtion (kg/kWh)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)
Smoke
7.515.67.56.8
14.523.49.512.9
28.126.91421.9
36.435.327.734
64.558.164.158.4
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Smoke Opacity (%)
Smoke Opacity (%) vs Engine power (kW)
NOx
7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072
5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431
4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178
4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen
HC
0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264
0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885
0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758
0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbons
CO2
1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904
889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069
810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451
775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-dioxide
Raw data
CI Engine (Kirloskar 6.25 kW)
Diesel (baseline test)
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649
280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264
560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459
760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991
940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583
Diesel (baseline test) - 2nd set
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5
290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9
510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6
720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4
910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269
B20
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042
250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306
540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452
760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912
980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574
B50
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478
250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327
470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605
670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160
920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604
B100
Performance
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756
270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32
540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48
760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928
940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556
CO
13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462
5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644
8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019
24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-monoxide
Storage stability
Effect of amount of antioxidants on storage stability of KOME biodiesel
TBHQ concentration (ppm)
10018.2
50093.5
1000140.7
BHA concentration (ppm)
100098.9196.7
Emission
Emissions in g/kWh
Diesel Baseline
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowDiesel density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649
1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264
3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459
4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991
5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB20 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042
1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306
3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452
4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912
6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574
B 50
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 50 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478
1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327
2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605
4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160
5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604
B 100
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 100 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756
1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32
3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48
4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928
5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Performance
Performance parameters
Diesel
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015510.63134.056
1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688
3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008
4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991
5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67834.056
1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139
3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583
4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991
6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989
B50
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015440.6734.056
1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676
2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391
4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046
5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599
B100
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67933.666
1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792
3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952
4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829
5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
-
Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of Diesel is highest and B 20, B 50 and B 100 follow in decreasing order due to high calorific value
BTE
0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019
0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266
0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277
0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake thermal efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency
BSEC
23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471
15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528
13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778
13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Brake Specific Energy Consumption (kJ/kWh)
BSFC
0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033
0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967
0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444
0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific fuel consumtion (kg/kWh)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)
Smoke
7.515.67.56.8
14.523.49.512.9
28.126.91421.9
36.435.327.734
64.558.164.158.4
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Smoke Opacity (%)
Smoke Opacity (%) vs Engine power (kW)
NOx
7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072
5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431
4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178
4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen
HC
0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264
0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885
0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758
0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbons
CO2
1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904
889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069
810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451
775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-dioxide
Raw data
CI Engine (Kirloskar 6.25 kW)
Diesel (baseline test)
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649
280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264
560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459
760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991
940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583
Diesel (baseline test) - 2nd set
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5
290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9
510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6
720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4
910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269
B20
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042
250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306
540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452
760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912
980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574
B50
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478
250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327
470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605
670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160
920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604
B100
Performance
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756
270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32
540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48
760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928
940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556
CO
13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462
5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644
8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019
24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-monoxide
Storage stability
Effect of amount of antioxidants on storage stability of KOME biodiesel
TBHQ concentration (ppm)
10018.2
50093.5
1000140.7
BHA concentration (ppm)
100098.9196.7
Emission
Emissions in g/kWh
Diesel Baseline
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowDiesel density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649
1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264
3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459
4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991
5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB20 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042
1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306
3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452
4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912
6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574
B 50
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 50 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478
1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327
2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605
4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160
5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604
B 100
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 100 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756
1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32
3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48
4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928
5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Performance
Performance parameters
Diesel
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015510.63134.056
1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688
3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008
4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991
5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67834.056
1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139
3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583
4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991
6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989
B50
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015440.6734.056
1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676
2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391
4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046
5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599
B100
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67933.666
1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792
3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952
4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829
5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
-
BTE
0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019
0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266
0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277
0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake thermal efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency
BSEC
23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471
15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528
13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778
13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Brake Specific Energy Consumption (kJ/kWh)
BSFC
0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033
0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967
0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444
0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific fuel consumtion (kg/kWh)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)
Smoke
7.515.67.56.8
14.523.49.512.9
28.126.91421.9
36.435.327.734
64.558.164.158.4
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Smoke Opacity (%)
Smoke Opacity (%) vs Engine power (kW)
NOx
7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072
5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431
4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178
4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen
HC
0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264
0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885
0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758
0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbons
CO2
1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904
889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069
810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451
775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-dioxide
Raw data
CI Engine (Kirloskar 6.25 kW)
Diesel (baseline test)
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649
280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264
560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459
760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991
940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583
Diesel (baseline test) - 2nd set
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5
290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9
510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6
720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4
910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269
B20
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042
250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306
540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452
760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912
980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574
B50
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478
250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327
470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605
670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160
920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604
B100
Performance
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756
270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32
540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48
760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928
940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556
CO
13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462
5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644
8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019
24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-monoxide
Storage stability
Effect of amount of antioxidants on storage stability of KOME biodiesel
TBHQ concentration (ppm)
10018.2
50093.5
1000140.7
BHA concentration (ppm)
100098.9196.7
Emission
Emissions in g/kWh
Diesel Baseline
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowDiesel density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649
1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264
3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459
4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991
5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB20 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042
1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306
3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452
4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912
6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574
B 50
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 50 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478
1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327
2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605
4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160
5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604
B 100
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 100 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756
1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32
3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48
4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928
5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Performance
Performance parameters
Diesel
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015510.63134.056
1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688
3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008
4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991
5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67834.056
1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139
3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583
4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991
6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989
B50
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015440.6734.056
1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676
2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391
4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046
5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599
B100
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67933.666
1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792
3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952
4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829
5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
-
Carbon monoxide emissions increase with load because fuel burning gets hindered at high loads due to which more fuel goes and doesnt get time to get completely burned. B 20 has minimum CO emissions
-
Hydrocarbon emissions are due to incomplete combustion and poor atomization. Therefore, B 20 is having minimum HC emissions as compared to other blends and diesel.
BTE
0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019
0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266
0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277
0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake thermal efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency
BSEC
23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471
15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528
13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778
13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Brake Specific Energy Consumption (kJ/kWh)
BSFC
0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033
0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967
0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444
0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific fuel consumtion (kg/kWh)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)
Smoke
7.515.67.56.8
14.523.49.512.9
28.126.91421.9
36.435.327.734
64.558.164.158.4
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Smoke Opacity (%)
Smoke Opacity (%) vs Engine power (kW)
NOx
7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072
5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431
4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178
4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen
HC
0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264
0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885
0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758
0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbons
CO2
1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904
889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069
810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451
775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-dioxide
Raw data
CI Engine (Kirloskar 6.25 kW)
Diesel (baseline test)
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649
280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264
560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459
760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991
940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583
Diesel (baseline test) - 2nd set
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5
290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9
510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6
720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4
910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269
B20
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042
250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306
540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452
760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912
980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574
B50
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478
250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327
470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605
670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160
920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604
B100
Performance
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756
270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32
540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48
760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928
940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556
CO
13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462
5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644
8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019
24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-monoxide
Storage stability
Effect of amount of antioxidants on storage stability of KOME biodiesel
TBHQ concentration (ppm)
10018.2
50093.5
1000140.7
BHA concentration (ppm)
100098.9196.7
Emission
Emissions in g/kWh
Diesel Baseline
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowDiesel density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649
1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264
3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459
4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991
5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB20 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042
1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306
3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452
4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912
6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574
B 50
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 50 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478
1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327
2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605
4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160
5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604
B 100
Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 100 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda
% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh
0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756
1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32
3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48
4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928
5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
Performance
Performance parameters
Diesel
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015510.63134.056
1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688
3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008
4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991
5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592
B 20
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67834.056
1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139
3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583
4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991
6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989
B50
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015440.6734.056
1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676
2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391
4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046
5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599
B100
Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.
0.00015550.67933.666
1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792
3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952
4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829
5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)
Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml
Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5
d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter
-
NOx is temperature dependent and biodiesel blends has after combustion temperature due to presence of oxygen molecules. Hence more NOx wih with increasing % of biodiesel
BTE
0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019
0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266
0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277
0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake thermal efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency
BSEC
23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471
15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528
13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778
13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Brake Specific Energy Consumption (kJ/kWh)
BSFC
0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033
0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967
0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444
0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Brake specific fuel consumtion (kg/kWh)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)
Smoke
7.515.67.56.8
14.523.49.512.9
28.126.91421.9
36.435.327.734
64.558.164.158.4
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Smoke Opacity (%)
Smoke Opacity (%) vs Engine power (kW)
NOx
7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072
5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431
4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178
4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen
HC
0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264
0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885
0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758
0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbons
CO2
1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904
889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069
810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451
775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Engine Power Output (kW)
Emissions in g/kWh
Emission of Carbon-dioxide
Raw data
CI Engine (Kirloskar 6.25 kW)
Diesel (baseline test)
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649
280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264
560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459
760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991
940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583
Diesel (baseline test) - 2nd set
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5
290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9
510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6
720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4
910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269
B20
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042
250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306
540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452
760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912
980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574
B50
PerformanceEmissions
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478
250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327
470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605
670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160
920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604
B100
Performance
% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda
00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756
270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32
540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48
760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928
940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556
CO
13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462
5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644
8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019
24.955541160826.757438545221.18439