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![Page 1: Alan Eife and Jake Cramer. What We Did We wanted to see how many people would pick up a recyclable at different locations and see if the environment.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649dd85503460f94acdce7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Eat, Sleep, RecycleAlan Eife and Jake Cramer
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What We Did We wanted to see how many people would pick up a
recyclable at different locations and see if the environment (Valley Square, Montgomery Mall and Meyer Way Park) had any affect on the number of people who picked up the recyclable. We also tested to see if the type of recyclable (water bottle and can) had any affect on whether people were more inclined to pick up the litter.
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Procedure To do this we placed a recyclable near its
respected waste bin and watched pedestrians as they walked by and recorded the gender of the person and whether or not they picked up the recyclable
Because of the nature of our data, all of our data was qualitative
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History of Recycling Definition-the processing of used or waste material so
that it can be used again, instead of being wasted Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction or the Three R’s “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle”
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics
Recycling has been a common practice for most of human history, dating as far back as 400 b.c.
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History Recycling has been a common practice for most of
human history, dating as far back as 400 b.c. Back when new materials were scarce, households had
less waste, meaning that they recycled waste as new goods
Recycling is encouraged even more during wartimes when most resources were focused towards the war
First recycling mill in USA was Waste Techniques, built in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania in 1972
FirstEnergy's recycling facility at the Bruce Mansfield Plant in Shippingport, Pennsylvania is the largest in the USA
Philadelphia has been rated as the #1 most recycling city in the nation
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Government Involvement National Government oversees national
recycling goals and regulations More specific regulation and goals come from
a state level Some states ban recyclable goods in landfills Some even offer rewards for recycling bottled
goods at 5 cents a can American Recycles Day- November 15 Earth Day- April 22
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Recycling Stats 251 million – tons of trash in the United States 53.4 – percentage of all paper products recycled in the United
States 32.5 – percentage of total waste that is recycled in the United States 100 – approximate percentage of increase in total recycling in the
United States during the past decade 8,660 – number of curbside recycling programs in the United States
in 2006 8,875 – number of curbside recycling programs in the United States
in 2003 95 – percentage of energy saved by recycling an aluminum can,
compared with manufacturing a new one 4.6 – pounds of trash per person per day in the United States (most
in the world) 1.5 – pounds of recycled materials per person per day in the United
States
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Valley Square-Bottle
VS BOTTLE
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
47 21
43 17
90 38
68
60
128
S1 = count
YN
Frequency of Pick_UpSex
10 20 30 40 50F
0 10 20 30 40 50M
count
VS BOTTLE Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence
• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up
recyclable
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Chi-Square Test for Independence
Test of VS BOTTLE Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Second attribute (categorical): Sex
First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex
The test statistic, chi-square, is 0.09922. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.75.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
47 (47.8) 21 (20.2)
43 (42.2) 17 (17.8)
90 38
68
60
128
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(47-47.8)²+ (21-20.2)²+…=.0992
47.8 20.2
P(sdf >.0992|DF=1)=.75277
• We fail to reject Ho because P-value of .75277 is > alpha=.05
• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and picking up recyclable
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Valley Square-Can VS CAN
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
39 27
46 14
85 41
66
60
126
S1 = countN
Y
Frequency of Pick_UpSex
10 20 30 40 50F
0 10 20 30 40 50M
count
VS CAN Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence
• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up
recyclable
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Chi-Square Test for IndependenceTest of VS CAN Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Second attribute (categorical): Sex
First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex
The test statistic, chi-square, is 4.423. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.035.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
39 (44.5) 27 (21.5)
46 (40.5) 14 (19.5)
85 41
66
60
126
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(39-44.5)²+ (27-21.5)²+…=4.4227 44.5 21.5
P(sdf >4.4227|DF=1)=.03546
• We reject Ho because p-value of .03456 < alpha = .05
• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and picking up a recyclable
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Mall- BottleMALL BOTTLE
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
61 22
53 12
114 34
83
65
148
S1 = count
NY
Frequency of Pick_UpSex
10 20 30 40 50 60 70F
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70M
count
MALL BOTTLE Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence
• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up
recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independence
Test of MALL BOTTLE Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Second attribute (categorical): Sex
First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex
The test statistic, chi-square, is 1.333. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.25.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
61 (63.9) 22 (19.1)
53 (50.1) 12 (14.9)
114 34
83
65
148
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(61-63.9)²+ (22-19.1)²+…=1.333 63.9 19.1
P(sdf >1.333|DF=1)=.2483
• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .2483> alpha= .05
• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and picking up a recyclable
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Mall- Can
NY
Frequency of Pick_UpSex
10 20 30 40 50 60 70F
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70M
count
MALL CAN Bar ChartMALL CAN
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
62 13
56 9
118 22
75
65
140
S1 = count
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CHECKState Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence • Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independence
Test of MALL CAN Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Second attribute (categorical): Sex
First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex
The test statistic, chi-square, is 0.3197. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.57.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
62 (63.2) 13 (11.8)
56 (54.8) 9 (10.2)
118 22
75
65
140
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(62-63.2)²+ (13-11.8)²+…=.3197 63.2 11.8
P(sdf<.3197|DF=1)=.57
• We fail to reject Ho because p=value of .57 >alpha= .05• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association
between gender and picking up a recyclable
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Park- Bottle
PARK BOTTLE
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
26 19
22 14
48 33
45
36
81
S1 = countN
Y
Frequency of Pick_UpSex
5 10 15 20 25 30F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30M
count
PARK BOTTLE Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Indepndence
• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independence
Test of PARK BOTTLE Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Second attribute (categorical): Sex
First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex
The test statistic, chi-square, is 0.09205. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.76.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
26 (26.7) 19 (18.3)
22 (21.3) 14 (14.7)
48 33
45
36
81
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(26-26.7)²+ (19-18.3)²+…=.09205 26.7 18.3
P(sdf<.09205|DF=1)=.76
• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .76> alpha=.05
• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and picking up a recyclable
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Park- Can
PARK CAN
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
31 12
25 17
56 29
43
42
85
S1 = count
NY
Frequency of Pick_UpSex
5 10 15 20 25 30 35F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35M
count
PARK CAN Bar Chart
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CHECKState Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence
• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independence
Test of PARK CAN Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Second attribute (categorical): Sex
First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex
The test statistic, chi-square, is 1.493. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.22.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
31 (28.3) 12 (14.7)
25 (27.7) 17 (14.3)
56 29
43
42
85
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(31-28.3)²+ (12-14.7)²+…=1.493 28.3 14.7
P(sdf>1.493|DF=1)=.22
• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .22>alpha=.05• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender
and picking up a recyclable
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Sex Vs. Pick-up
Collection 1
RowSummary
Column Summary
Pick_Up
Y
Pick_Up
N
F
MSex
262 118
245 83
507 201
380
328
708
S1 = count
FM
Frequency of SexPick_Up
100 200 300N
0 100 200 300Y
count
Collection 1 Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence
• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independence
Test of Collection 1 Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Sex
Second attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
First attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Sex and Pick_Up
The test statistic, chi-square, is 2.861. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Sex w ere independent of Pick_Up (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.091.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
Sex
M
Sex
F
N
YPick_Up
262 (272.1) 245 (234.9)
118 (107.9) 83 (93.1)
380 328
507
201
708
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(262-272.1)²+ (245-234.9)²+…=2.861 272.1 234.9
P(sdf>2.861|DF=1)=.091
• We fail to rejcect Ho because p-value of .091> alpha=.05• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association
between gender and picking up a recyclable
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CHECK
State Check 1. 2 Independent
Simple Random Sample
2.
1. Assumed 2.252.99
106.00 >10
254.00
94.99 >10 3. More than 3590
bottles and 3490 cans
mm
ff
mm
mm
ff
ff
npop
npop
pn
pn
pn
pn
10
10
)1(
)1(
3.
10
10
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2-Proportion Z TestTest of Collection 1 Compare Proportions
Attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Attribute (categorical or grouping): Sex
In Pick_Up where Sex is F 262 out of 380, or 0.689474, are N In Pick_Up where Sex is M 245 out of 328, or 0.746951, are N Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for N in Pick_Up where Sex is F is not equal to that for N in Pick_Up where Sex is M
The test statistic, z, is -1.691.
If it w ere true that the tw o population proportions w ere equal (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value of z with an absolute value this great or greater w ould be 0.091. Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.
-1.891
2xP(Z<-1.891)=.091
Ho: PM = PW
Ha: PM ≠ PW
• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .091>alpha=.05
• We have sufficient evidence that average recyclables picked up by women is equal to the average recyclables picked up by men
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Conclusion-Gender
There is no association between gender and picking up a recyclable
No gender is more inclined to pick up recyclables according to our research
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Location Vs. Pick-upCollection 1
RowSummary
Column Summary
LocationLocation
P V
Location
M
N
YPick_Up
227 105 175
61 61 79
288 166 254
507
201
708
S1 = count
NY
Frequency of Pick_UpLocation
40 80 120 160 200 240M
0 40 80 120 160 200 240P
0 40 80 120 160 200 240V
count
Collection 1 Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence • Ho: No association between location and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between location and picking up recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independece
Test of Collection 1 Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Location
Second attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
First attribute: Location Number of categories: 3Second attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Location and Pick_Up
The test statistic, chi-square, is 13.98. There are 2 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Location w ere independent of Pick_Up (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.00092.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
LocationLocation
P V
Location
M
N
YPick_Up
227 (206.2) 105 (118.9) 175 (181.9)
61 (81.8) 61 (47.1) 79 (72.1)
288 166 254
507
201
708
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(227-206.2)²+ (105-118.9)²+…=13.98 206.2 234.9
P(sdf>13.98|DF=2)=.00092
• We reject Ho because p-value of .00092< alpha=.05• We have sufficient evidence that there is an association
between location and picking up a recyclable
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CHECK
State Check 1. 2 Independent
Simple Random Sample
2.
1. Assumed 2.252.99
106.00 >10
254.00
94.99 >10 3. More than 3590
bottles and 3490 cans
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2 Proportion Z testTest of Collection 1 Compare Proportions
Attribute (categorical): Location
Attribute (categorical or grouping): Pick_Up
In Location where Pick_Up is N 227 out of 507, or 0.447732, are M In Location where Pick_Up is Y 61 out of 201, or 0.303483, are M Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for M in Location where Pick_Up is N is not equal to that for M in Location where Pick_Up is Y
The test statistic, z, is 3.523.
If it w ere true that the tw o population proportions w ere equal (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value of z with an absolute value this great or greater w ould be 0.00043. Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.
Ho: Py = Pn
Ha: Py < Pn
3.523
P(Z>3.523)=.00043
• We reject Ho because p-value of .00043<alpha=.05
• We have sufficient evidence that the average pick ups per location is less than the average walk bys per location
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Conclusion-Location
There is an association between location and picking up a recyclable, according to our research
The number of picking up a recyclable is less than the number of walk bys of a recyclable
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Type of Recyclable Vs. Pick-up
Collection 1
RowSummary
Column Summary
Recycible
C
Recycible
B
N
YPick_Up
253 254
106 95
359 349
507
201
708
S1 = count
BC
Frequency of RecyciblePick_Up
100 200 300N
0 100 200 300Y
count
Collection 1 Bar Chart
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CHECK
State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random
Sample 3. All expected values
greater than or equal to 5
1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values
greater than 5
All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence
• Ho: No association between type of recyclable and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between type of recyclable and picking up
recyclable
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Chi Square Test for Independence
Test of Collection 1 Test for Independence
First attribute (categorical): Recycible
Second attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
First attribute: Recycible Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Recycible and Pick_Up
The test statistic, chi-square, is 0.4628. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).
If it w ere true that Recycible w ere independent of Pick_Up (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.5.
The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.
RowSummary
Column Summary
Recycible
C
Recycible
B
N
YPick_Up
253 (257.1) 254 (249.9)
106 (101.9) 95 (99.1)
359 349
507
201
708
exp
exp)( 22 obsx
(253-257.1)²+ (254-249.9)²+…=.4628 257.1 249.9
P(sdf>.4628|DF=1)=.5
• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .5> alpha=.05
• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between type of recyclable and picking up a recyclable
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CHECK
State Check 1. 2 Independent
Simple Random Sample
2.
1. Assumed 2.252.99
106.00 >10
254.00
94.99 >10 3. More than 3590
bottles and 3490 cans
mm
ff
mm
mm
ff
ff
npop
npop
pn
pn
pn
pn
10
10
)1(
)1(
3.
10
10
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2 Proportion Z TestTest of Collection 1 Compare Proportions
Attribute (categorical): Pick_Up
Attribute (categorical or grouping): Recycible
In Pick_Up where Recycible is B 253 out of 359, or 0.704735, are N In Pick_Up where Recycible is C 254 out of 349, or 0.727794, are N Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for N in Pick_Up where Recycible is B is not equal to that for N in Pick_Up where Recycible is C
The test statistic, z, is -0.6803.
If it w ere true that the tw o population proportions w ere equal (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value of z with an absolute value this great or greater w ould be 0.5. Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.
Ho: PB= PC
Ha: PB ≠ PC
-.6803
2xP(Z<-.6803)=.5
• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .05<alpha=.5
• We have sufficient evidence that the average number of bottles picked up is equal to the average number of cans picked up
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Conclusion-Type of Recyclable
There is no association between the type of recyclable and picking up a recyclable, according to our research
The type of litter should not impact whether or not it is picked up
The average number of bottles picked up should match the average number of cans picked up
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Application
Everyone is encouraged to recycle/ not pollute
There is a lot of pollution/litter Some people are conscious about this
issue Keep an eye out for litter, pick it up and
dispose of it in its correct container
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Sources of Bias/Error People may not have seen the recyclable People may not know what to do with
recyclable Not enough data Only surveyed for one day at each place More “green” people may have stayed home
due to the weather/vacation People may have their hands full People may think the trash is dirty and not
want to get germs
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Personal Opinions We had a lot of data, maybe too much
Tough to keep organized and make sure we watched everyone
Took the entire first day to enter everything into fathom
We had a lot of tests Having only categorical data limited the
number of tests we could use Less people recycle than we thought
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Sources of Data/Information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Recycles_Day#Government_involvement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling Valley Square Montgomery Mall Meyer Way Park
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Question & Answer