AGRIVITA · 2019. 12. 24. · AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2019. 41(3): 544–560....
Transcript of AGRIVITA · 2019. 12. 24. · AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2019. 41(3): 544–560....
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AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2019. 41(3): 544–560
AGRIVITAJournal of Agricultural Science
www.agrivita.ub.ac.id
544
INTRODUCTION
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a member of genus Solanum and becomes the most important vegetable crop in the world after tomato (Knapp, Vorontsova, & Prohens, 2013; Samuels, 2015). The eggplant fruits have become widely used as a food, food supplement, and the vegetative plant parts like peduncles, roots, stalks, and leaves are used for curing diverse ailments such as abscesses, intestinal haemorrhages, and toothache (Daunay & Janick, 2007; Meyer, Bamshad, Fuller, & Litt, 2014; Scorsatto et al., 2019). This plant has been cultivated from wild forms since a long time ago in various continent like Africa, Europe, America and Asia (Weese & Bohs, 2010), with thousands of
localized landraces and many commercial cultivars (Samuels, 2015).
In Asia continent, the greatest genetic diversity of eggplant is found in South and Southeast Asia (Samuels, 2015) and India or Indo-China is considered to be the center of eggplant diversity (Behera et al., 2006). Eggplant is warm season crop mostly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The distribution of S. melongena is cosmopolitan by abiotic factors such as water flow and biotic factors by human as a vegetable crop and cultivation (Daunay & Janick, 2007). The eggplant was domesticated in India, southern China, and the Malay islands, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and other countries in the Malay
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:EggplantMorphology Non-formal classificationVariation
Article History:Received: October 13, 2018Accepted: September 9, 2019
*) Corresponding author:E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Indonesia has a variety of eggplant germplasms and is considered as one of the largest producing countries in the world. The study was conducted to assess the variation of 21 accessions and 2 commercial cultivars of eggplant from Indonesia based on 30 macromorphological and 8 leaves micromorphological characters. Cluster analysis was conducted by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Methods with Arithmetic averages) to create a dendrogram and construct eggplants grouping. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was also performed to define the role of each character in the group by using MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Program) v.3.1 software. Results showed that eggplant accessions have macromorphological variation in fruit curvature, fruit shape, fruit apex, and fruit color, as well as leaves micromorphological characters such as the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type. Dendrogram based on macromorphological characters divided the accessions into 2 groups: curved and non-curved fruit groups. The non-curved fruit group divided into more spiny and less spiny leaves sub groups. Dendrogram based on leaves micromorphological characters divided the accessions into 2 groups based on the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type. Eggplant grouping doesn’t occur based on the origin of collection areas indicating that its variability isn’t affected by the environment.
ISSN: 0126-0537 Accredited First Grade by Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia, Decree No: 30/E/KPT/2018
Cite this as: Husnudin, U. B., Suharyanto, Daryono, B. S., & Purnomo. (2019). Variation and non-formal classification of Indonesia eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) accessions based on macro and micro-morphological characters. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 41(3), 544–560. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v41i3.2039
Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Accessions Based on Macro and Micro-morphological CharactersUni Baroroh Husnudin1), Suharyanto2), Budi Setiadi Daryono3) and Purnomo4*)
1) Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia2) Laboratory of Plant Structure and Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia3) Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia4) Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Peninsula and Malay Archipelago (Meyer, Karol, Little, Nee, & Litt, 2012).
Indonesia is one of the largest eggplants producing countries after China, India, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, and Japan (FAO, 2016). Indonesia has a diversity of eggplant germplasm, the database involves more than 200 accessions collected by The Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) gene bank and 78 eggplant cultivars have been registered in the information system of plant varieties protection of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture (Ditbenih, 2017). Eggplant varieties obtained from domestication, mutation, natural intercrossing, human selection and hybridization have brought an extensive genetic diversity to improve eggplant varieties for sustainable production and adaptation to climate change challenges (Sękara, Cebula, & Kunicki, 2007).
Screening of available accessions for desirable traits and morphological description of the accessions are key issues for the breeding processes (Kaushik, Prohens, Vilanova, Gramazio, & Plazas, 2016). Characterization using conventional morphological descriptors has been proven useful for describing and establishing relationships among local eggplant genetic resources (Plazas et al., 2014). Morphological characters have been the major criteria for classification, although the other characters such as anatomical features, phytochemical contents, embryology, cytology, and molecular features have played important role in plant classification (Singh, 2010). The classification based on morphological feature is also a common reference that contributes specifically to plant groupings.
Morphological characters are divided into macromorphological and micromorphological characters (Stace, 1991). Study of macro-morphological characters of eggplant conducted by Kumar et al. (2008) show the diversity of India accessions of eggplant. Begum, Islam, Rasul, Mian, & Hossain (2013) study also reported groping of Bangladesh eggplant accessions based on macromorphological characters for selecting genotypes as parents for crossing. Micromorphological is characters of plant organs, such as very small seed skin, epidermis on leaves, petals trichomes and papillae (Singh, 2010). Micromorphological characters is important for supporting plant classification. This study
used a combination of macromorphological and some micromorphological characters of eggplant leaf epidermis, such as distribution and type of trichomes, the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, also the type and distribution of stomata. Leaf epidermis characters are useful in distinguishing the Solanum species (Nurit-Silva, Costa-Silva, Basílio, & de Fátima Agra, 2012; Sampaio, Araújo, & Agra, 2014).
The classification of cultivated plants is different from the wild ones, it’s usually known as an non-formal classification which is set in The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). The categories which are based on the species level are cultivar, group, graft chimaera and hybrid (Hetterscheid & Brandenburg, 1995). Systematic groups in cultivated plants are called culton which consists of categories of cultivars and groups of cultivar (Spooner, Hetterscheid, van den Berg, & Brandenburg, 2003). Regarding the importance of eggplant as a vegetable crop, there are still limited informations on the morphology of the eggplant and moreover there is no study on leaf epidermal of eggplant accessions that has been previously carried out. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine variations and non-formal intraspesific classification of the Indonesian eggplant accessions based on macro and micro-morphological characters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted from December 2017 to March 2018. A total of 21 accessions and 2 commercial cultivars of eggplant were used in this study. Eggplant accessions collected from different provinces in Indonesia, were obtained from The Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Genetic Resources and Development (ICABIOGRAD), Bogor. The accession number, local name, and origin of samples are listed in Table 1. All of eggplant seeds were soaked in warm water for ± 60 minutes and then planted in the media of soil and compost in a ratio of 1:1 for germination. The newly growing plants were then maintained for 4-5 weeks. The eggplants were transplanted under greenhouse conditions at Pusat Antar Universitas (PAU) Universitas Gadjah Mada for 4-5 months until they produced fruits. Macro and micro-morphological observations were conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Laboratory of Plant Structure & Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
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Data was analyzed descriptively and numerically. The descriptive analysis aimed to illustrate the plant morphology based on each characters. The step for analysis was to put a score for each character that had been observed and measured. All plants were observed using 30 morphological characters based on the descriptor list (Table 2) adopted from the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (Lester & Niakan, 1988). Macromorphological characters were observed starting from seedling stages (4-5 weeks old plants), vegetative characters (leaf and stem) and reproductive characters (flower, fruit, seed).
The leaf epidermis (micromorphological) observation procedure was carried out based on Sampaio, Araújo, & Agra (2014), paradermal sections of fifth leaf from the terminal shoot were soaked for 2 minutes by commercial sodium hypochlorite, neutralized with 0.2% acetic acid for 30 seconds and the leaves were rinsed with distilled water. The leaves underwent staining process using 1% safranin by add safranin solution, then absorbed by tissue paper and mounted in 50% glycerinated gelatin. The observations and photomicrographs were performed by light microscope connected to the optilab. The observed leaf epidermis characters included the shape of anticlinal epidermal wall, distribution of stomata,
type of stomata, leaf trichome (grandullar and non-grandular) at adaxial and abaxial side (Table 3).
All macromorphological and micromor-phological characters were scored as binary data (0 for absent or 1 for present) and multistate data based on character coding eg. 0 (green), 1 (white), 2 (purple), etc. Cluster analysis was conducted by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Methods with Arithmetic averages) using Average Distance method analysis to create a dendrogram with MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Program) v.3.1 software (KCS, 2007). PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was also performed to defined the role of each morphological character in grouping of accessions in a scatter plot diagram.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphological VariationThe evaluated eggplant accessions show
variation in terms of macromorphological characters (Table 2). The variation appears on the characters of seedling, stem, leaf, flower, and fruits. In seedling stage, there are two variations in anthocyanin coloration at hypocotyl i.e. absent and present. Variation on the stem surface was related with the existence of anthocyanin coloration, which are sometimes present or absent.
Table 1. List of Indonesian eggplant accessions used in the study
No. A.N. Local name Code Origin1 9 Terong gelatik K14 Pandeglang, Banten, West Java2 32 Terong butuh K17 Serang, Banten, West Java3 49 Terong ungu K116 Bogor, West Java4 68 Terong gelatik; lalap K32 Ciamis, West Java5 94 Terong gelatik K20 Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta6 95 Terong K62 Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta7 156 Terong gelatik kecil K13 Cilacap, Central Java8 181 Terong telunjuk K88 Deli Serdang, North Sumatera9 199 Terong kecap K90 Deli Serdang, North Sumatera
10 217 Terong hijau K178 Tanah Karo, North Sumatera11 240 Terong manggis K110 Padang Pariaman, West Sumatera12 257 Terong talang K69 Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera13 267 Terong apel K50 Muara Enim, South Sumatera14 271 Terong lalap rebus K83 Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatera15 288 Terong kercil K135 Muara Enim, South Sumatera16 606 Terong gading K118 Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan17 615 Terong pinang K57 Singkawang, West Kalimantan18 637 Terong asam K51 Bengkayang, West Kalimantan19 759 Faimatak K82 Belu, West Nusa Tenggara20 801 Poki-poki K93 Minahasa, North Sulawesi21 150 Terong jawa K18 Cilacap, Central Java22 - Terong ungu TU Commercial cultivar23 - Kania F1 KF1 Commercial cultivar
Remarks: A.N. = accession number
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Uni B. Husnudin et al: Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant ..........................................
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Tabl
e 2.
Lis
t of m
acro
mor
phol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
of e
ggpl
ant a
cces
sion
s
No.
Acc
essi
on
Mac
rom
orph
olog
ical
cha
ract
ers
Cot
yled
on
colo
ur
Ant
hocy
anin
co
lora
tion
of
hypo
coty
l
Plan
t gr
owth
ha
bit
Ant
hocy
anin
co
lora
tion
of
stem
Leaf
ste
m
colo
urLe
af c
olou
r (a
daxi
al)*
Leaf
bla
de
lobi
ngLe
af ti
p
1Te
rong
gel
atik
(K14
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
NN
137A
In
term
edia
teAc
ute
2Te
rong
but
uh (K
17)
Gre
enPr
esen
tEr
ect
Pres
ent
Purp
lish
gree
n13
7BIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
3Te
rong
ung
u (K
116)
Gre
enPr
esen
tEr
ect
Pres
ent
Purp
lish
gree
n13
7BIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
4Te
rong
lala
p (K
32)
Gre
enAb
sent
Erec
tAb
sent
Gre
en13
7AIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
5Te
rong
gel
atik
(K20
)G
reen
Abse
ntEr
ect
Abse
ntG
reen
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e6
Tero
ng (K
62)
Gre
enAb
sent
Erec
tAb
sent
Gre
en13
7BIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
7Te
rong
gel
atik
kec
il (K
13)
Gre
enPr
esen
tEr
ect
Pres
ent
Purp
lish
gree
nN
N13
7AIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
8Te
rong
telu
njuk
(K88
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e9
Tero
ng k
ecap
(K90
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e10
Tero
ng h
ijau
(K17
8)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
NN
137A
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e11
Tero
ng m
angg
is (K
110)
Gre
enPr
esen
tEr
ect
Pres
ent
Purp
lish
gree
n13
7AIn
term
edia
teO
btus
e12
Tero
ng ta
lang
(K69
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137A
Inte
rmed
iate
Obt
use
13Te
rong
ape
l (K5
0)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e14
Tero
ng la
lap
rebu
s (K
83)
Gre
enAb
sent
Erec
tAb
sent
Gre
en13
7AIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
15Te
rong
ker
cil (
K135
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e16
Tero
ng g
adin
g (K
118)
Gre
enAb
sent
Erec
tAb
sent
Gre
en13
7AIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
17Te
rong
pin
ang
(K57
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e18
Tero
ng a
sam
(K51
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137B
Inte
rmed
iate
Obt
use
19Fa
imat
ak (K
82)
Gre
enAb
sent
Erec
tAb
sent
Gre
en13
7BIn
term
edia
teO
btus
e20
Pok
i-pok
i (K9
3)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
NN
137A
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e21
Tero
ng ja
wa
(K18
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tPu
rplis
h gr
een
137A
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e22
Tero
ng u
ngu
(TU
)G
reen
Pres
ent
Erec
tPr
esen
tVi
olet
137C
Inte
rmed
iate
Acut
e23
Kan
ia F
1 (K
F1)
Gre
enAb
sent
Erec
tAb
sent
Gre
en13
7AIn
term
edia
teAc
ute
Rem
arks
: *us
ing
6th
Roy
al H
ortic
ultu
re S
ocie
ty (R
HS)
col
our c
hart
(201
5)
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Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya
Tabl
e 2.
(con
tinue
d)
No.
Acc
essi
on
Mac
rom
orph
olog
ical
cha
ract
ers
Leaf
pr
ickl
esLe
af lo
be
tipLe
af b
ase
Num
ber o
f flo
wer
s pe
r in
flore
scen
ce
Cor
olla
co
lour
Num
ber o
f co
rolla
Num
ber o
f ca
lyx
Leaf
ca
lyx
pric
kles
1Te
rong
gel
atik
(K14
)Ve
ry fe
wAc
umin
ate
Rou
nded
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Abse
nt2
Tero
ng b
utuh
(K17
)Fe
wR
ound
edR
ound
edM
ore
than
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
3Te
rong
ung
u (K
116)
Few
Rou
nded
Emar
gina
teO
ne to
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
vePr
esen
t4
Tero
ng la
lap
(K32
)Ve
ry fe
wO
btus
eAc
ute
One
to th
ree
Whi
teM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
5Te
rong
gel
atik
(K20
)N
one
Rou
nded
Rou
nded
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Whi
teM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
6Te
rong
(K62
)N
one
Rou
nded
Rou
nded
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Five
Five
Abse
nt7
Tero
ng g
elat
ik k
ecil
(K13
)Ve
ry fe
wO
btus
eR
ound
edO
ne to
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
8Te
rong
telu
njuk
(K88
)Ve
ry fe
wR
ound
edEm
argi
nate
One
to th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Five
Five
Abse
nt9
Tero
ng k
ecap
(K90
)Ve
ry fe
wR
ound
edEm
argi
nate
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Five
Five
Abse
nt10
Tero
ng h
ijau
(K17
8)Ve
ry m
any
Rou
nded
Rou
nded
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Ligh
t vio
let
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Pres
ent
11Te
rong
man
ggis
(K11
0)Ve
ry fe
wR
ound
edEm
argi
nate
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Ligh
t vio
let
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Abse
nt12
Tero
ng ta
lang
(K69
)N
one
Rou
nded
Emar
gina
teO
ne to
thre
eD
ark
viol
etM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
13Te
rong
ape
l (K5
0)Fe
wR
ound
edR
ound
edM
ore
than
thre
eD
ark
viol
etM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
14Te
rong
lala
p re
bus
(K83
)Fe
wO
btus
eEm
argi
nate
One
to th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Abse
nt15
Tero
ng k
erci
l (K1
35)
Very
few
Obt
use
Acut
eO
ne to
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
16Te
rong
gad
ing
(K11
8)Fe
wR
ound
edEm
argi
nate
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Abse
nt17
Tero
ng p
inan
g (K
57)
Very
few
Rou
nded
Rou
nded
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Dar
k vi
olet
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Abse
nt18
Tero
ng a
sam
(K51
)Ve
ry fe
wR
ound
edR
ound
edM
ore
than
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tFi
veFi
veAb
sent
19Fa
imat
ak (K
82)
Few
Rou
nded
Emar
gina
teM
ore
than
thre
eW
hite
Five
Five
Abse
nt20
Pok
i-pok
i (K9
3)Fe
wR
ound
edR
ound
edM
ore
than
thre
eD
ark
viol
etFi
veFi
veAb
sent
21Te
rong
jaw
a (K
18)
Very
few
Rou
nded
Emar
gina
teM
ore
than
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
22Te
rong
ung
u (T
U)
Very
few
Obt
use
Acut
eO
ne to
thre
eLi
ght v
iole
tM
ore
than
five
Mor
e th
an fi
veAb
sent
23K
ania
F1 (K
F1)
Very
few
Obt
use
Rou
nded
Mor
e th
an th
ree
Ligh
t vio
let
Mor
e th
an fi
veM
ore
than
five
Abse
nt
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Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya
Tabl
e 2.
(con
tinue
d)
No.
Acc
essi
on
Mac
rom
orph
olog
ical
Cha
ract
ers
Frui
t sh
ape
Frui
t len
gth:
br
eadt
h ra
tioFr
uit c
ur-
vatu
reFr
uit
posi
tion
Frui
t ap
ex
Frui
t col
our
at c
omm
er-
cial
ripe
-ne
ss
Frui
t col
our
at p
hysi
-ol
ogic
al ri
pe-
ness
Frui
t gl
ossi
-ne
ss
1Te
rong
gel
atik
(K14
)G
lobu
lar
Broa
der t
han
long
Non
ePe
ndan
tFl
atte
ned
Gre
enO
rang
ePr
esen
t
2Te
rong
but
uh (K
17)
Obo
vate
Slig
htly
long
er th
an
broa
dN
one
Pend
ant
Inde
nted
Viol
etYe
llow
ish
purp
lePr
esen
t
3Te
rong
ung
u (K
116)
Ellip
soid
Thre
e tim
es a
s lo
ng
as b
road
Slig
htly
cu
rved
Pend
ant
Rou
nded
Viol
etYe
llow
Abse
nt4
Tero
ng la
lap
(K32
)G
lobu
lar
Broa
der t
han
long
Non
ePe
ndan
tFl
atte
ned
Gre
enO
rang
ePr
esen
t5
Tero
ng g
elat
ik (K
20)
Glo
bula
rBr
oade
r tha
n lo
ngN
one
Pend
ant
Flat
tene
dG
reen
Ora
nge
Pres
ent
6Te
rong
(K62
)G
lobu
lar
As lo
ng a
s br
oad
Non
ePe
ndan
tFl
atte
ned
Whi
teYe
llow
Pres
ent
7Te
rong
gel
atik
kec
il (K
13)
Glo
bula
rAs
long
as
broa
dN
one
Pend
ant
Flat
tene
dW
hite
Ora
nge
Abse
nt
8Te
rong
telu
njuk
(K88
)C
ilindr
ical
Seve
ral t
imes
as lo
ng
as b
road
Cur
ved
Pend
ant
Poin
ted
Gre
enO
rang
eAb
sent
9Te
rong
kec
ap (K
90)
Ovo
idSl
ight
ly lo
nger
than
br
oad
Non
ePe
ndan
tR
ound
edG
reen
Ora
nge
Abse
nt
10Te
rong
hija
u (K
178)
Obo
vate
Slig
htly
long
er th
an
broa
dN
one
Pend
ant
Inde
nted
Gre
enYe
llow
Abse
nt
11Te
rong
man
ggis
(K11
0)G
lobu
lar
Broa
der t
han
long
Non
ePe
ndan
tFl
atte
ned
Viol
etO
rang
ePr
esen
t
12Te
rong
tala
ng (K
69)
Obo
vate
Twic
e as
long
as
broa
dN
one
Pend
ant
Inde
nted
Viol
etYe
llow
ish
purp
leAb
sent
13Te
rong
ape
l (K5
0)G
lobu
lar
Broa
der t
han
long
Non
ePe
ndan
tR
ound
edW
hite
Ora
nge
Abse
nt14
Tero
ng la
lap
rebu
s (K
83)
Glo
bula
rAs
long
as
broa
dN
one
Pend
ant
Flat
tene
dG
reen
Ora
nge
Abse
nt15
Tero
ng k
erci
l (K1
35)
Glo
bula
rBr
oade
r tha
n lo
ngN
one
Pend
ant
Flat
tene
dVi
olet
Ora
nge
Pres
ent
16Te
rong
gad
ing
(K11
8)C
ilindr
ical
Seve
ral t
imes
as lo
ng
as b
road
Non
ePe
ndan
tPo
inte
dW
hite
Ora
nge
Abse
nt
17Te
rong
pin
ang
(K57
)O
bova
teSl
ight
ly lo
nger
than
br
oad
Non
ePe
ndan
tR
ound
edG
reen
Ora
nge
Abse
nt18
Tero
ng a
sam
(K51
)G
lobu
lar
As lo
ng a
s br
oad
Non
ePe
ndan
tR
ound
edW
hite
Yello
wAb
sent
19Fa
imat
ak (K
82)
Ovo
idSl
ight
ly lo
nger
than
br
oad
Non
ePe
ndan
tR
ound
edG
reen
Ora
nge
Abse
nt
20P
oki-p
oki (
K93)
Cilin
dric
alTh
ree
times
as
long
as
bro
adC
urve
dPe
ndan
tR
ound
edG
reen
Ora
nge
Pres
ent
21Te
rong
jaw
a (K
18)
Obo
vate
Twic
e as
long
as
broa
dN
one
Pend
ant
Inde
nted
Viol
etYe
llow
ish
purp
leAb
sent
22Te
rong
ung
u (T
U)
Cilin
dric
alSe
vera
l tim
esas
long
as
bro
adC
urve
dPe
ndan
tR
ound
edVi
olet
Yello
wis
h pu
rple
Pres
ent
23K
ania
F1 (K
F1)
Cilin
dric
alSe
vera
l tim
esas
long
as
bro
adC
urve
dPe
ndan
tPo
inte
dW
hite
Yello
wAb
sent
-
Uni B. Husnudin et al: Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant ..........................................
550
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya
Tabl
e 2.
(con
tinue
d)
No.
Acc
essi
onM
acro
mor
phol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
s
Frui
t str
ipes
Frui
t pat
ches
Frui
t fles
h de
nsity
Frui
t col
our o
f fles
hFr
uit c
ross
sec
tion
Seed
col
our*
1Te
rong
gel
atik
(K14
)Ab
sent
Pres
ent
Den
se
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Few
gro
oves
164C
2Te
rong
but
uh (K
17)
Pres
ent
Abse
ntD
ense
G
reen
ish
whi
teM
any
groo
ves
164B
3Te
rong
ung
u (K
116)
Pres
ent
Abse
ntSp
ongy
Whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
4C4
Tero
ng la
lap
(K32
)Ab
sent
Pres
ent
Den
se
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
5Te
rong
gel
atik
(K20
)Ab
sent
Pres
ent
Den
se
Whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
4B6
Tero
ng (K
62)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Den
se
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
7Te
rong
gel
atik
kec
il (K
13)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tD
ense
G
reen
ish
whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
4B8
Tero
ng te
lunj
uk (K
88)
Pres
ent
Abse
ntSp
ongy
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
9Te
rong
kec
ap (K
90)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tD
ense
G
reen
ish
whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
1B10
Tero
ng h
ijau
(K17
8)Ab
sent
Pres
ent
Den
se
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
11Te
rong
man
ggis
(K11
0)Ab
sent
Abse
ntD
ense
W
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
12Te
rong
tala
ng (K
69)
Pres
ent
Abse
ntSp
ongy
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
161B
13Te
rong
ape
l (K5
0)Ab
sent
Abse
ntD
ense
G
reen
ish
whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
4B14
Tero
ng la
lap
rebu
s (K
83)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tD
ense
G
reen
ish
whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
1B15
Tero
ng k
erci
l (K1
35)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Den
se
Whi
teC
ircul
ar, n
o gr
oove
s16
4B16
Tero
ng g
adin
g (K
118)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Spon
gyW
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164C
17Te
rong
pin
ang
(K57
)Ab
sent
Pres
ent
Spon
gyW
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
18Te
rong
asa
m (K
51)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Den
se
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
19Fa
imat
ak (K
82)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tD
ense
W
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164C
20P
oki-p
oki (
K93)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tD
ense
W
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
21Te
rong
jaw
a (K
18)
Pres
ent
Abse
ntSp
ongy
Gre
enis
h w
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
161B
22Te
rong
ung
u (T
U)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Spon
gyW
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
23K
ania
F1 (K
F1)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Spon
gyW
hite
Circ
ular
, no
groo
ves
164B
Rem
arks
: *us
ing
6th
Roy
al H
ortic
ultu
re S
ocie
ty (R
HS)
col
our c
hart
(201
5)
-
Uni B. Husnudin et al: Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant ..........................................
551
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya
Variations among the evaluated eggplant accessions were also observed on leaf petiole color, leaf color, leaf spines, leaf tip shape, leaf base shape, and leaf lobe tip. Leaf petiole color has three variations, i.e. green, purple-green, and purple. Some accessions have leaves with many spines, yet others have fewer. The spines have a function to protect the plants from herbivors that may damage the plant organ (War et al., 2012). The variation of the flower was observed on corolla color (white, light purple, dark purple) and number of flowers per inflorescence (1-3 or more than 3 flowers per inflorescence). Based on Kaushik, Prohens, Vilanova, Gramazio, & Plazas (2016) in eggplant breeding, the number of large flowers per inflorescences will be reduced in order to increase the uniformity of the fruit. The most distinguished characters among eggplant accessions are fruit appearance. The fruit variation is resulted from a characteristics of fruit shape, fruit length:breadth ratio, curved on fruit, fruit tip, and fruit skin color (Fig. 1). Fruit skin color of eggplant are divided into commercially ripe fruit with varied color (purple, white, green) mostly accumulate purple anthocyanins and physiologycally ripe fruits caused by biosynthesis orange-colored or caretenoid pigments (Liu et al., 2018; Barchi et al., 2019).
The micromorphological data (Table 3) shows variation of leaf surface features (Fig. 2). The shape of the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells in surfaces of adaxial and abaxial were varied from straight to curved. It was clearly observed on Terong Ungu (TU), Terong Apel (K50) and Terong Kecap (K90). The shape of walls on epidermal cells at the adaxial and abaxial surface was straight to curved, curved and sinuous, and they are dominant on the leaf surface. The shape of the curved wall is a common shape found in genus Solanum (Nurit-Silva & de Fátima Agra, 2011).
The characteristic of non-glandular trichome are sessile stellate, stalked stellate, unicellular hair and peltate. Stellate trichome is common found in all eggplant accessions and cultivars. The glandular trichome is not varied among the tested accessions. The amphistomatic patterns of stomata distribution were found in the leaves of all tested accessions. These patterns are resulted as an adaptation to increase the rate of photosynthesis in natural environment (Sampaio, Araújo, & Agra, 2014). The two different types of stomata were recognized on leaf epidermis, that is anisocytic and anomocytic.
the anomocytic type was predominant at the abaxial surface whereas the anisocytic type was predominant at the adaxial surface ofthe leaf (Nurit-Silva, Costa-Silva, Basílio, & de Fátima Agra, 2012).
Non-formal ClassificationThe dendrogram (Fig. 3) shows that S.
melongena is divided into 2 main groups based on 30 macromorphological characters. PCA analysis shows that the grouping was based on the combination of several characters such as the shape of the fruit, the ratio of fruit length:breadth, the curve of the fruit and leaf spines (Fig. 4). Group I consists of all accessions with average distance value of 0.557 that have curved fruit, the fruit length:breadth ratio are three times or more than the broad and the shape of fruit are ellipsoid or cylindrical. This group consisted of 6 accessions, i.e. K39, K116, K88, K118, KF1 and TU. Group II is the accession that has non-curved fruit, fruit length:breadth ratio are longer or the same as the broad and the shape of fruit are globular, ovoid or obovate. This second group composes of 17 accessions that divided into 2 sub-groups; II.A and II.B with average distance value of 0.990. Group II.A was composed of the accessionTerong Hijau (K178) which has total leaf spines more than 20. While group II.B was composed of 16 accessions i.e. K18, K69, K17, K14, K82, K90, K57, K62, K110, K51, K135, K50, K83, K32, K20, K13 that have lesser leaf spine (total of spine 1-5).
Intraspesific classification in cultivated plant based on morphological characters are considered appropriate for species which has great phenotypic variations. Earlier studies by Begum, Islam, Rasul, Mian, & Hossain (2013) showed that 92 eggplant genotypes from Bangladesh were grouped into ten different groups with the role of days to first harvested-fruit and days to first flowering indicating the important component of genetic divergence, Cakir, Balkaya, Saribas, & Kandemir (2017) was divided 42 Turkish eggpalnts into 9 group based on fruit characters, i.e. fruit shape, fruit curvature, fruit apex shape, fruit length and fruit diameter. Purnomo, Faizah, & Daryono (2017) and Sari, Purnomo, Daryono, Suryadiantina, & Setyowati (2016) also used morphological characters to create some group of cultivated plants. Based on macromorphological characters used in the study, S.melongena accessions of Indonesia can be divided into 2 groups.
-
Uni B. Husnudin et al: Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant ..........................................
552
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya
Tabl
e 3.
Lis
t of m
icro
mor
phol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
of e
ggpl
ant a
cces
sion
s
No.
Acc
essi
onA
ntic
linal
cel
l wal
lsD
itrib
utio
n of
st
omat
a
Gra
ndul
lar
tric
hom
eSt
ella
te s
essi
le t
richo
me
(non
-gra
ndul
lar)
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
1Te
rong
gel
atik
(K14
)C
urve
dSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t2
Tero
ng b
utuh
(K17
)St
raig
ht to
cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
3Te
rong
ung
u (K
116)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
4Te
rong
lala
p (K
32)
Cur
ved
Cur
ved
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t5
Tero
ng g
elat
ik (K
20)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
6Te
rong
(K62
)C
urve
dSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t7
Tero
ng g
elat
ik k
ecil
(K13
)C
urve
dSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t8
Tero
ng te
lunj
uk (K
88)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
9Te
rong
kec
ap (K
90)
Stra
ight
to c
urve
dSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t10
Tero
ng h
ijau
(K17
8)C
urve
dSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t11
Tero
ng m
angg
is (K
110)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
12Te
rong
tala
ng (K
69)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
13Te
rong
ape
l (K5
0)St
raig
ht to
cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
14Te
rong
lala
p re
bus
(K83
)C
urve
dSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t15
Tero
ng k
erci
l (K1
35)
Cur
ved
Cur
ved
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t16
Tero
ng g
adin
g (K
118)
Cur
ved
Cur
ved
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t17
Tero
ng p
inan
g (K
57)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
18Te
rong
asa
m (K
51)
Sino
usSi
nous
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t19
Faim
atak
(K82
)C
urve
dC
urve
dH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
20P
oki-p
oki (
K93)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
21Te
rong
jaw
a (K
18)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
22Te
rong
ung
u (T
U)
Stra
ight
to c
urve
dSt
raig
ht to
cur
ved
Hyp
osto
mat
icPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
t23
Kan
ia F
1 (K
F1)
Cur
ved
Sino
usH
ypos
tom
atic
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
-
Uni B. Husnudin et al: Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant ..........................................
553
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya
Tabl
e 3.
(con
tinue
d)
No.
Acc
essi
on
Stel
late
sta
lked
tr
icho
me
(non
-gr
andu
llar)
Spin
e tr
icho
me
(non
-gr
andu
llar)
Pelta
te tr
icho
me
(non
-gra
ndul
lar)
Type
of s
tom
ata
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
Ada
xial
Aba
xial
1Te
rong
gel
atik
(K14
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
2Te
rong
but
uh (K
17)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic3
Tero
ng u
ngu
(K11
6)Ab
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic4
Tero
ng la
lap
(K32
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntA
nom
ocyt
ic, A
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
5Te
rong
gel
atik
(K20
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic6
Tero
ng (K
62)
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
7Te
rong
gel
atik
kec
il (K
13)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
8Te
rong
telu
njuk
(K88
)Pr
esen
tAb
sent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
9Te
rong
kec
ap (K
90)
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic10
Tero
ng h
ijau
(K17
8)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntA
nom
ocyt
icA
nom
ocyt
ic11
Tero
ng m
angg
is (K
110)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic12
Tero
ng ta
lang
(K69
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic13
Tero
ng a
pel (
K50)
Pres
ent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic14
Tero
ng la
lap
rebu
s (K
83)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic15
Tero
ng k
erci
l (K1
35)
Abse
ntPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ano
moc
ytic
Ano
moc
ytic
16Te
rong
gad
ing
(K11
8)Ab
sent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
17Te
rong
pin
ang
(K57
)Pr
esen
tAb
sent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic18
Tero
ng a
sam
(K51
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ano
moc
ytic
Ano
moc
ytic
19Fa
imat
ak (K
82)
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ani
socy
tic20
Pok
i-pok
i (K9
3)Pr
esen
tPr
esen
tPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic21
Tero
ng ja
wa
(K18
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ani
socy
ticA
nom
ocyt
ic22
Tero
ng u
ngu
(TU
)Ab
sent
Abse
ntPr
esen
tAb
sent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Ano
moc
ytic
Ano
moc
ytic
23K
ania
F1 (K
F1)
Abse
ntAb
sent
Pres
ent
Abse
ntAb
sent
Abse
ntA
niso
cytic
Ano
moc
ytic
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Remarks: A. Terong Ungu (TU); B. Kania F1 (KF1); C.Terong Butuh (K17); D. Terong Jawa (K18); E. Terong Pinang (K57); F. Terong Talang (K69); G. Poki-poki (K93); H.Terong Telunjuk (K88); I. Terong Ungu (K116); J. Terong Gading (K118); K. Faimatak (K82); L.Terong Manggis (K110); M. Terong Gelatik Kecil (K13); N. Terong Gelatik (K14); O. Terong Gelatik (K20); P. Terong Lalap (K32); Q. Terong Apel (K50); R. Terong Asam (K51); S. Terong (K62); T. Terong Lalap Rebus (K83); U.Terong Kecap (K90); V. Terong Kercil (K135); W. Terong Hiijau (K178)
Fig. 1. Variation of shape and skin color of Indonesian eggplant fruits
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Remarks: A. Anticlinal walls ofepidermal cells straight to curved; B. Anticlinal walls of epidermal cellscurved; C. Anticlinal walls of epidermal cells sinuous; D. Stellate sessile (sts) and spine (sp) trichome; E. Stellate stalked (stlk) trichome; and F. Peltate (plt) trichome
Fig. 2. Variation of leaf micromorphological of eggplant accessions (at a magnification x100)
Fig. 3. Dendrogram of 23 eggplant accessions based on macromorphological characters using UPGMA analysis. Name of each accession listed in Table 1
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The two groups are curved, non-curved with more spiny leaves and non-curved with less spiny leaves. Both groups can be clearly recognized by some of the markable macromorphological characters. The grouping of 23 eggplant accessions based on macromorphological characters were presented in Table 4.
Group formation based on macromorphology is strongly influenced by a combination of several characters, there are fruit shape, ratio and fruit curvature. Group I consists of eggplant accessions with curved fruit and they have two fruit shapes (cylindrical or ellipsoid). Group II composes of accessions with non-curved fruit and three fruit shapes (globular, ovoid or obovate). The data also confirmed that the eggplant grouping does
not occur based on the origin of the collection area. These indicated that the used character is a steady character or its variability is not affected by the environmental factors (Sari, Suryadiantina, Daryono, & Purnomo, 2018). This can be due to the dominating character of grouping as a qualitative character that tends to be more stable towards environmental change (Engels, 1983). Similar findings was also reported by Caguiat & Hautea (2014) that also grouped 32 accession of Philippine eggplant become 4 main groups based on morphological and molecular characters without any correlation of their geographical origin.
Cluster analysis of 23 eggplant accessions based on micromorphological characters resulted in a dendrogram (Fig. 5) that formed 2 groups.
Fig. 4. Scatter plot of 23 eggplant accessions based on macromorphological characters Table 4. Intraspecific classification (non-formal) of eggplants
Group Sub-group Accession*I “Curved fruit” - K93, K116, K88, K118, KF1, TUII “Non-curved fruit” IIA more spiny leaves K178
IIB less spiny leaves K18, K69, K17, K14, K82, K90, K57, K62, K110, K51, K135, K50, K83, K32, K20, K13Remarks: *description of each accession was presented in Table 1
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PCA analysis shows that the grouping was based on the combination of several characters such as characters of stomatal type in the adaxial and the abaxial epidermal cell wall (Fig. 6). Group I consists of two accessions with average distance value of 0.818, namely Terong Lalap (K32) and Terong Ungu (TU). Group II is derived into 2 sub-groups. Sub group II.A consists of Faimatak (K82) and separated with average distance value of 0.912 based anisocytic stomatal type on adaxial and abaxial. While, subgroup II.B consists of 20 eggplant cultivar/accessions with variation in adaxial and
abaxial stomatal types. Sampaio, Araújo, & Agra (2014) stated that the characters of leaf epidermis and its annexes, mainly themorphology of trichomes, are useful in distinguishing the Solanum species (clade Brevantherum) from Northeastern Brazil. The result of cluster analysis based on macro and micro-morphological characters formed 2 main groups. However, the member of accessions within each group and number of characters to construct dendrogram based on macro and micro morphological (30 macro and 8 micromorphological characters) were different.
UPGMA
Average Distance
TUK32KF1K18K20K69K14K110K116K50K88K57K51K178K13K17K83K62K93K90K118K135K82
1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
Group II
Group I
A
B
Fig. 5. Dendrogram of 23 eggplant acessions based on micromorphological characters using UPGMA analysis. Name of each accession listed in Table 1
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CONCLUSION
The evaluated eggplant accessions have macromorphological variation especially in fruit characters. The variation of the accessions were also observed on micromorphological characters such as anticlinal walls epidermis, the shape of trichome and the type of stomata. The eggplant accessions are classified into 2 groups, namely “curved fruit group” and “non-curved fruit group” based on macromorphological characters. The phenetic relationship of eggplant accessions based on micromorphological characters was divided into 2 groups based on the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type characters.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express a gratitude to the head officer of The Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Genetic Resource and Development (ICABIOGRAD), Bogor for providing materials of this study and BPPTNBh Research Faculty of Biology UGM, No. UGM/BI/1689/M/01/05 and Student Thesis Recognition Grant, Universitas Gadjah Mada through Contract No. 2129/UNI/DITLIT/DIT-LIT/LT/2019 for funding this research.
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