AgendaAgenda

IntroductionsIntroductions Syllabus Syllabus Policy ReviewPolicy Review What is Biotechnology?What is Biotechnology? General BiologyGeneral Biology AssignmentAssignment

One who asks a question One who asks a question is a fool for five minutes; is a fool for five minutes;

One who does not ask a One who does not ask a question remains a fool question remains a fool foreverforever..

Have you ever...

… Had a “flu shot”?

… received an insulin injection?

… taken a home pregnancy test?

… taken penicillin?

… eaten bread or cheese?

The most exciting phrase to hear The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds in science, the one that heralds the most discoveries, is not the most discoveries, is not "Eureka!" (I found it!) but "That's "Eureka!" (I found it!) but "That's funny..."  ~Isaac Asimovfunny..."  ~Isaac Asimov

BIOTECHNOLOGY:

the use of

living organisms or

their products to …

Applications of BiotechApplications of Biotech1. Medical

• Treatment • Diagnosis• Cure?

2. Forensic

3. AgriculturalFood production

4. Evolutionary Studies

In US…In US…

1,473 biotechnology 1,473 biotechnology

companies companies

Biotech industry Biotech industry

employed 198,300 employed 198,300

20032003

The Biotech IndustryThe Biotech Industry

$51 billion a year industry (2005)$51 billion a year industry (2005)

165 drugs and vaccines 165 drugs and vaccines – (370 in clinical trials) (370 in clinical trials)

U.S. revenues $8 billion in 1992 - U.S. revenues $8 billion in 1992 - to $39.2 billion in 2003.to $39.2 billion in 2003.

Fig 22.2b Testing for the expanded trinucleotide Fig 22.2b Testing for the expanded trinucleotide repeat regions in the repeat regions in the huntingtinhuntingtin gene that are gene that are responsible for Huntington’s disease by PCR .responsible for Huntington’s disease by PCR .© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

Credit: from Cell 72:971-983 Fig. 7 March 26, 1993, Copyright © 1993 Cell Press

Diagnosis of Huntington’s Disease

Activase (tissue plasminogen activator) heart attack Humulin (Insulin) diabetes

Engerix-B (Hepatitis B Vaccine) hepatitis B infection

Epogen (erythropoietin) anemia

Herceptin Breast Cancer

Reopro cardiac ischemia

Benefix hemophilia

Rituxan non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Medicinal Applications -Approved DrugsProduct Indication

Study of genetic variation underlying differential responses to drugs

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/txg/members/2003/111-11/focus/header.jpg?section=toxicogenomics

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

Insert the working gene into the cells of patient

10 Plus years ago…Ashi DeSilvaEnzyme deficiencyNo Immune System

http://www.time.com/time/moy/runnerwilmut.html

Reproductive Cloning

An eight-cell human pre-embryo.An eight-cell human pre-embryo.

© 2003 John Wiley and

Sons Publishers

Credit: Courtesy Susan Lanzendorf, Ph.D., Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine/Eastern Virginia Medical School

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

Fig 22.11 DNA fingerprints Fig 22.11 DNA fingerprints prepared from DNA prepared from DNA isolated from a bloodstain isolated from a bloodstain at the site of a crime and at the site of a crime and from blood obtained from from blood obtained from three individuals three individuals suspected of committing suspected of committing the crime. the crime.

© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

Credit: Courtesy of Cellmark Diagnostics, Germantown, Maryland.

Forensic ApplicationsForensic Applications

Plant and Animal Plant and Animal ApplicationsApplications

•Pesticide

•Herbicide Resistance

•Growth

•Shelf-life

Resistance to infection

Production of ‘human’ protein

Better growth

Ecology and Ecology and Evolutionary Evolutionary StudiesStudies

EnvironmentEnvironment

Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications

Paper ProductionPaper Production

Food IndustryFood Industry

TanningTanning

FuelFuel

APPLICATIONSBread

Wine

Selective Breeding (Plants and Animals)

Cheese

Reproductive cloning

Genetic fingerprinting

Medicine

Agricultural purposes (food processing)

Applications Continued

Gene therapy

Pollution Control (Bioremediation)

Mining

Energy Production

Forestry

Aquaculture

A SHORT HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:

Neolithic Age: Move from hunting/gathering to agricultural lifestyle

save the seeds of the best specimens yeast for fermenting foods and beverages.

1665 Robert Hook coined term ‘cell’, thought the function of cell was transport

1675 Leeuwenhookenhanced microscopesfirst to observe bacteria and sperm‘mysterious male contribution stimulating egg to

grow’

1859 Charles Darwin Natural Selection as Means of Evolution

Galapagos Island

Populations change as they adapt to environment New species!

GENE – Never heard of it.

1866: Gregor Mendel Principles of Heredity

Originated the Science of Genetics

Two copies of each ‘factor’

GENE- What you talkin about Willis?

•1869 Miescher discovers/isolates DNA

•1928 Frederic Griffith DNA is ‘transforming principle’

•1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty genetic material is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

194? ChargaffA = T and G = C

1953 Wilkins and Franklin X-ray crystallographs of DNA

1953 Watson and Crickdouble helix structure of DNA

1971 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer , Paul BergRecombinant DNA technologyBoyer becomes co-founder of Genentech,Inc.

makes recombinant insulin.

1982. First rDNA pharmaceutical (insulin) approved for usein the U.S.

1983 Kary Mullis develops PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

1985: First environmental release of genetically engineeredmicroorganisms ("ice-minus" bacteria) approved in the U.S.

1997: Cloning of Dolly

2000: Human Genome Project Complete

AssignmentAssignment

Create a Profile in WebBoardCreate a Profile in WebBoard

Biotech NewsBiotech News

It is never to lateto becomeWhat you might have been.

-George Eliot

NumbersNumbers

10 billion10 billion– Number of cells humans replace Number of cells humans replace

every dayevery day

Scientific Thought for Scientific Thought for the Daythe Day

Causative?Causative?

Coincidental (Bystander)?Coincidental (Bystander)?

Consequence?Consequence?

QuoteQuote

A Mind Stretched by a New IdeaA Mind Stretched by a New IdeaNever Returns to Its Original Never Returns to Its Original

DimensionsDimensions

Oliver Wendell HolmesOliver Wendell Holmes