DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

NONRESIDENTTRAININGCOURSE

April 1999

Aerographer’s Mate

Module 4—EnvironmentalCommunications andAdministrationNAVEDTRA 14272

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Although the words “he,” “him,” and“his” are used sparingly in this course toenhance communication, they are notintended to be gender driven or to affront ordiscriminate against anyone.

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PREFACE

By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy.Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navy training program. Practicalexperience, schools, selected reading, and your desire to succeed are also necessary to successfully roundout a fully meaningful training program.

THE COURSE: This self-study course is organized into subject matter areas, each containing learningobjectives to help you determine what you should learn along with text and illustrations to help youunderstand the information. The subject matter reflects day-to-day requirements and experiences ofpersonnel in the rating or skill area. It also reflects guidance provided by Enlisted Community Managers(ECMs) and other senior personnel, technical references, instructions, etc., and either the occupational ornaval standards, which are listed in the Manual of Navy Enlisted Manpower Personnel Classificationsand Occupational Standards, NAVPERS 18068.

THE QUESTIONS: The questions that appear in this course are designed to help you understand thematerial in the text.

VALUE: In completing this course, you will improve your military and professional knowledge.Importantly, it can also help you study for the Navy-wide advancement in rate examination. If you arestudying and discover a reference in the text to another publication for further information, look it up.

1999 Edition Prepared byAGC(SW) Stephen M. Volpe

AGC(AW) Kristopher W. Blom

Published byNAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTAND TECHNOLOGY CENTER

NAVSUP Logistics Tracking Number0504-LP-026-9030

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Sailor’s Creed

“ I am a United States Sailor.

I will support and defend theConstitution of the United States ofAmerica and I will obey the ordersof those appointed over me.

I represent the fighting spirit of theNavy and those who have gonebefore me to defend freedom anddemocracy around the world.

I proudly serve my country’s Navycombat team with honor, courageand commitment.

I am committed to excellence andthe fair treatment of all.”

CONTENTS

CHAPTER Page

1. Environmental Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

2. Environmental Software Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

3. Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

APPENDIX

I. Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AI-1

II. MANOP Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AII-1

III. Reference List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIII-1

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX-l

Nonresident Training Course Follows The Index

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SUMMARY OF THEAEROGRAPHER’S MATE

TRAINING SERIES

The following modules of the AG training series are available:

AG MODULE 1, NAVEDTRA 14269, Surface Weather Observations

This module covers the basic procedures that are involved with conductingsurface weather observations. It begins with a discussion of surface observationelements, followed by a description of primary and backup observation equipmentthat is used aboard ships and at shore stations. Module 1 also includes a completeexplanation of how to record and encode surface METAR observations using WMOand NAVMETOCCOM guidelines. The module concludes with a description ofWMO plotting models and procedures.

AG MODULE 2, NAVEDTRA 14270, Miscellaneous Observations andCodes

This module concentrates on the observation procedures, equipment, and codesassociated with upper-air observations and bathythermograph observations.Module 2 also discusses aviation weather codes, such as TAFs and PIREPs, andincludes a chapter on surf observation procedures. Radiological fallout andchemical contamination plotting procedures are also explained.

AG MODULE 3, NAVEDTRA 14271, Environmental Satellites andWeather Radar

This module describes the various type of environmental satellites, satelliteimagery, and associated terminology. It also discusses satellite receivingequipment. In addition, Module 3 contains information on the WeatherSurveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). It includes a discussion ofelectromagnetic energy and radar propagation theory, and explains the basicprinciples of Doppler radar. The module also describes the configuration andoperation of the WSR-88D, as well as WSR-88D products.

AG MODULE 4, NAVEDTRA 14272, Environmental Communicationsand Administration

This module covers several of the most widely used environmentalcommunications systems within the METOC community. It also describes thesoftware programs and products associated with these systems. The moduleconcludes with a discussion of basic administration procedures.

NOTE

Additional modules of the AG training series are in development. Check theNETPDTC website for details at http://www.cnet.navy.mil/netpdtc/nac/neas.htmFor ordering information, check NAVEDTRA 12061, Catalog of NonresidentTraining Courses, which is also available on the NETPDTC website.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Safety is a paramount concern for all personnel. Many of the Naval Ship’sTechnical Manuals, manufacturer’s technical manuals, and every PlannedMaintenance System (PMS) maintenance requirement card (MRC) include safetyprecautions. Additionally, OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), Naval OccupationalSafety and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual for Forces Afloat, andOPNAVINST 5100.23 (series), NAVOSH Program Manual, provide safety andoccupational health information. The safety precautions are for your protection andto protect equipment.

During equipment operation and preventive or corrective maintenance, theprocedures may call for personal protective equipment (PPE), such as goggles,gloves, safety shoes, hard hats, hearing protection, and respirators. When specified,your use of PPE is mandatory. You must select PPE appropriate for the job since theequipment is manufactured and approved for different levels of protection. If theprocedure does not specify the PPE, and you aren’t sure, ask your safety officer.

Most machinery, spaces, and tools requiring you to wear hearing protection areposted with hazardous noise signs or labels. Eye hazardous areas requiring you towear goggles or safety glasses are also posted. In areas where corrosive chemicalsare mixed or used, an emergency eyewash station must be installed.

All lubricating agents, oil, cleaning material, and chemicals used inmaintenance and repair are hazardous materials. Examples of hazardous materialsare gasoline, coal distillates, and asphalt. Gasoline contains a small amount of leadand other toxic compounds. Ingestion of gasoline can cause lead poisoning. Coaldistillates, such as benzene or naphthalene in benzol, are suspected carcinogens.Avoid all skin contact and do not inhale the vapors and gases from these distillates.Asphalt contains components suspected of causing cancer. Anyone handlingasphalt must be trained to handle it in a safe manner.

Hazardous materials require careful handling, storage, and disposal. PMSdocumentation provides hazard warnings or refers the maintenance man to theHazardous Materials User’s Guide. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) alsoprovide safety precautions for hazardous materials. All commands are required tohave an MSDS for each hazardous material they have in their inventory. You mustbe familiar with the dangers associated with the hazardous materials you use in yourwork. Additional information is available from you command’s HazardousMaterial Coordinator. OPNAVINST 4110.2 (series), Hazardous Material Controland Management, contains detailed information on the hazardous materialprogram.

Recent legislation and updated Navy directives implemented tighter constraintson environmental pollution and hazardous waste disposal. OPNAVINST 5090.1(series), Environmental and Natural Resources Program Manual, provides detailedinformation. Your command must comply with federal, state, and localenvironmental regulations during any type of construction and demolition. Yoursupervisor will provide training on environmental compliance.

Cautions and warnings of potentially hazardous situations or conditions arehighlighted, where needed, in each chapter of this TRAMAN. Remember to besafety conscious at all times.

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR TAKING THE COURSE

ASSIGNMENTS

The text pages that you are to study are listed atthe beginning of each assignment. Study thesepages carefully before attempting to answer thequestions. Pay close attention to tables andillustrations and read the learning objectives.The learning objectives state what you should beable to do after studying the material. Answeringthe questions correctly helps you accomplish theobjectives.

SELECTING YOUR ANSWERS

Read each question carefully, then select theBEST answer. You may refer freely to the text.The answers must be the result of your ownwork and decisions. You are prohibited fromreferring to or copying the answers of others andfrom giving answers to anyone else taking thecourse.

SUBMITTING YOUR ASSIGNMENTS

To have your assignments graded, you must beenrolled in the course with the NonresidentTraining Course Administration Branch at theNaval Education and Training ProfessionalDevelopment and Technology Center(NETPDTC). Following enrollment, there aretwo ways of having your assignments graded:(1) use the Internet to submit your assignmentsas you complete them, or (2) send all theassignments at one time by mail to NETPDTC.

Grading on the Internet: Advantages toInternet grading are:

• you may submit your answers as soon asyou complete an assignment, and

• you get your results faster; usually by thenext working day (approximately 24 hours).

In addition to receiving grade results for eachassignment, you will receive course completionconfirmation once you have completed all the

assignments. To submit your assignmentanswers via the Internet, go to:

http://courses.cnet.navy.mil

Grading by Mail: When you submit answersheets by mail, send all of your assignments atone time. Do NOT submit individual answersheets for grading. Mail all of your assignmentsin an envelope, which you either provideyourself or obtain from your nearest EducationalServices Officer (ESO). Submit answer sheetsto:

COMMANDING OFFICERNETPDTC N3316490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROADPENSACOLA FL 32559-5000

Answer Sheets: All courses include one“scannable” answer sheet for each assignment.These answer sheets are preprinted with yourSSN, name, assignment number, and coursenumber. Explanations for completing the answersheets are on the answer sheet.

Do not use answer sheet reproductions: Useonly the original answer sheets that weprovide—reproductions will not work with ourscanning equipment and cannot be processed.

Follow the instructions for marking youranswers on the answer sheet. Be sure that blocks1, 2, and 3 are filled in correctly. Thisinformation is necessary for your course to beproperly processed and for you to receive creditfor your work.

COMPLETION TIME

Courses must be completed within 12 monthsfrom the date of enrollment. This includes timerequired to resubmit failed assignments.

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PASS/FAIL ASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES

If your overall course score is 3.2 or higher, youwill pass the course and will not be required toresubmit assignments. Once your assignmentshave been graded you will receive coursecompletion confirmation.

If you receive less than a 3.2 on any assignmentand your overall course score is below 3.2, youwill be given the opportunity to resubmit failedassignments. You may resubmit failedassignments only once. Internet students willreceive notification when they have failed anassignment--they may then resubmit failedassignments on the web site. Internet studentsmay view and print results for failedassignments from the web site. Students whosubmit by mail will receive a failing result letterand a new answer sheet for resubmission of eachfailed assignment.

COMPLETION CONFIRMATION

After successfully completing this course, youwill receive a letter of completion.

ERRATA

Errata are used to correct minor errors or deleteobsolete information in a course. Errata mayalso be used to provide instructions to thestudent. If a course has an errata, it will beincluded as the first page(s) after the front cover.Errata for all courses can be accessed andviewed/downloaded at:

http://www.cnet.navy.mil/netpdtc/nac/neas.htm

STUDENT FEEDBACK QUESTIONS

We value your suggestions, questions, andcriticisms on our courses. If you would like tocommunicate with us regarding this course, weencourage you, if possible, to use e-mail. If youwrite or fax, please use a copy of the StudentComment form that follows this page.

For subject matter questions:

E-mail: n315.products@cnet.navy.milPhone: Comm: (850) 452-1001, Ext. 1713

DSN: 922-1001, Ext. 1713FAX: (850) 452-1370(Do not fax answer sheets.)

Address: COMMANDING OFFICERNETPDTC (CODE N315)6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROADPENSACOLA FL 32509-5000

For enrollment, shipping, grading, orcompletion letter questions

E-mail: fleetservices@cnet.navy.milPhone: Toll Free: 877-264-8583

Comm: (850) 452-1511/1181/1859DSN: 922-1511/1181/1859FAX: (850) 452-1370(Do not fax answer sheets.)

Address: COMMANDING OFFICERNETPDTC (CODE N331)6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROADPENSACOLA FL 32559-5000

NAVAL RESERVE RETIREMENT CREDIT

If you are a member of the Naval Reserve, youwill receive retirement points if you areauthorized to receive them under currentdirectives governing retirement of NavalReserve personnel. For Naval Reserveretirement, this course is evaluated at 2 points.(Refer to Administrative Procedures for NavalReservists on Inactive Duty, BUPERSINST1001.39, for more information about retirementpoints.)

COURSE OBJECTIVES

In completing this nonresident training course,you will demonstrate a knowledge of thesubject matter by correctly answering questionson the following subjects: environmentalcommunications, environmental software pro-grams, and administration.

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Student Comments

Course Title: Aerographer's Mate, Module 4—Environmental Communications andAdministration

NAVEDTRA: 14272 Date:

We need some information about you:

Rate/Rank and Name: SSN: Command/Unit

Street Address: City: State/FPO: Zip

Your comments, suggestions, etc.:

Privacy Act Statement: Under authority of Title 5, USC 301, information regarding your military status isrequested in processing your comments and in preparing a reply. This information will not be divulged withoutwritten authorization to anyone other than those within DOD for official use in determining performance.

NETPDTC 1550/41 (Rev 4-00)

CHAPTER 1

ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

In the field of meteorology and oceanography, wedepend heavily on information to do our jobs. We mustcollect raw observation reports and processed data, andboth collect and disseminate forecast products. Today,we must rely heavily on computer systems to processinformation. Your responsibilities as an observer willinclude processing data received from variouscommunications systems and retrieving environmentaldata for the forecaster. In addition, you will be asked tocompose various types of message reports fortransmission to other activities. Most of these tasksinvolve the use of computers and computer systems.

In this chapter, we begin with a brief discussionabout communications security. We then take a look atseveral environmental communications systems, suchas telephone systems, computer networks, and digitalfacsimile. Next, we discuss environmental computerworkstations, naval message transmission networks,and voice radio systems. We complete the chapter witha discussion of environmental communications systemsdesigned specifically for use aboard ship.

COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify theclassification markings and special handlingmarkings authorized for naval correspondenceand message traffic. Identify the publicationthat outlines information and personnelsecurity procedures for the Navy.

Environmental information, for the most part, isfreely exchanged between countries of the world.Within the Navy and Marine Corps, someenvironmental information, if released to the wrongperson or country, could threaten the defenses of theUnited Stated or our allies. This type of informationmust be classified according to Department of Defenseand Department of the Navy security guidelines toprevent its unauthorized disclosure. Informationevaluated for its impact on the defense of the UnitedStates is defined as either "unclassified" or "classified."

Unclassified information has been evaluated, butdisclosure of the information would not effect thesecurity of the country. Classified information, ifdisclosed, could effect national security to some degree.Access restrictions are assigned to protect classifiedinformation.

The program to protect sensitive information and toprevent its intentional or inadvertent disclosure to othernations is discussed in depth in OPNAVINST 5510.1,Department of the Navy Information and PersonnelSecurity Program Regulation, often called the SecurityManual. The manual defines three general categories ofclassified information in increasing order of restriction:Confidential (C), Secret (S), and Top Secret (TS).Additionally, the Security Manual provides definitionsand guidelines for handling both unclassified andclassified information and information with special-handling markings.

The Naval Telecommunications Procedure--Three(NTP 3), Telecommunications Users Manual furtherexplains the use of special-handling markings. Some ofthe most common include the following:

EFTO (Encrypt For Transmission Only): Usedto identify and protect messages during electricaltransmission that do not meet the criteria forclassification but have potential value ifsubjected to analysis.

FOUO (For Official Use Only): Unclassifiedmaterial not given a security classification, butfor various reasons, may not be discussed orreleased to the public.

NATO RESTRICTED: Information treatedsimilar to FOUO with access only for officialpurposes to North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) member nations.

ALLIED RESTRICTED: Information so markedis treated as Confidential information whenreceived by U.S. activities.

NOFORN or NF (NOt releasable to FOReignNationals): Classified material that may not bereleased to any foreign government, foreignnational, or non-United States citizen, even if

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that person is employed by the U.S.Government.

SPECAT (SPEcial CATegory): Message trafficassociated with a special project or subject, withaccess and handling limited to only thosepersonnel designated in writing by thecommanding officer.

LIMDIS (LIMited DIStribution): Distributionwithin the receiving activity is limited only tothose personnel with specific access and need-to-know.

PERSONAL FOR: A classified or unclassifiedmessage with distribution limited only to thenamed recipient(s), normally commandingofficers or flag officers.

WNINTEL: This is a control marking thatdenotes "Warning Notice-Sensitive IntelligenceSources or Methods Involved." Classifiedintelligence so marked must not be disseminatedin any manner outside of authorized channelswithout the permission of the originator.

All classified information or information thatrequires special handling must be clearly marked.Normally, printed pages are marked at the top andbottom with a stamp or large machine-printed letters.Classified words, subjects, or titles are marked at theend of the subject line in parentheses. Informationwithin each paragraph or section of a narrative isidentified with the security classification and special

handling marking at the beginning of each paragraph orsection. Figure 1-1 shows an example of thesemarkings.

OPNAVINST 5510.1 also discusses requirementsfor granting a security clearance for access to classifiedinformation. Access to classified information isgranted only on a "need-to-know" basis. You will onlybe granted access to classified information that isnecessary to perform your assigned duties.

Within your command, the Security Officermaintains a list of all permanent party and visitorsecurity clearances and levels of access. Classifiedinformation may not be discussed with anyone whoseclearance and access level cannot be verified.

As we discuss communications systems in the nextsection, you will see that most of the environmentalinformation is handled and stored on computers andautomated systems. The Department of the Navy hasinstituted a special security program to protectautomated information systems. Your activity has anAutomatic Data Processing Security Officer (ADPSO)who is responsible for the security of all personalcomputers (PCs) and PC based data handling, dataprocessing, and communication systems. The ADPSOis also responsible for the security of other ADPsystems, such as the Tactical Environmental SupportSystem (TESS). The ADPSO will provide specialsecurity training for personnel that use automatedsystems as well as control access to these systems.

SECRET-NOFORN

Subj: THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CONFIDENTIAL NOFORN SUBJECT (C-NF)

Ref: (a) This is an example of an unclassified reference used in a classified message or other correspondence(U)

(b) This is an example of a confidential reference title (C)

1. (C) This is an example of a confidential paragraph within a narrative.

2. (U) The second paragraph in this example is unclassified. The (U) only precedes a paragraph of unclassifiedinformation in a document containing classified information.

3. (S-NF) This is an example of a secret, no forn paragraph. The entire document must be classified equal to thehighest classification and strictest special handling markings of any material contained within the document.

S E C R E T - NOFORN

(SECURITY MARKINGS FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY)

Figure 1-1.—Example of security markings in a Naval message.

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Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Which publication governs security proceduresfor the United States Navy?

What does the special-handling marking"FOUO" indicate?

What does the special-handling marking"NOFORN" indicate?

The area of telecommunications is the most rapidlychanging aspect of environmental support. Since manychanges will continue to occur in the future, theremainder of this chapter will only summarize the basiccomponents of the most widely used communicationssystems.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify thevarious telecommunications equipment andsystems used to transfer environmentalinformation. Discuss general procedures usedto transfer data on these systems.

Navy and Marine Corps weather personnel will usemany different telecommunications systems toexchange environmental information. These systemsmake use of dedicated landline, radio wave, andsatellite communications technology. The followingtelecommunications systems are discussed in thissection:

Telephone systems

Computer networks

Dedicated meteorological communicationssystems

Digital facsimile systems

TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS

Commercial telephone systems and the DefenseSwitched Network (DSN) in military communications,especially in the field of meteorology andoceanography, are the most common forms ofcommunication for official business ashore.

Navy and Marine Corps activities may provideenvironmental information to any Department ofDefense activity. However, there are restrictions on the

type of information that may be provided to othergovernment agencies, private companies, and to thepublic. Usually, a written request for information mustbe approved by the commanding officer before anyinformation may be transferred. All non-routinerequests for weather forecasts should be referred to theduty forecaster.

When answering the telephone, always speakclearly. In a standard military telephone greeting, firstidentify your command, then your rank and last name.Then ask, "May I help you, Sir/or Madam?" Youractivity may use a slight modification to this greeting.The caller should identify him/herself by name, rank,and command before proceeding with the conversation.Never discuss, or allow the caller to discuss, classifiedinformation on a standard telephone. Use telephoneconversation memo pads or record sheets to documentthe details of a telephone conversation.

When placing a telephone call, think about whatyou want to say before you dial the phone. Organizeyour thoughts to allow your phone call to be as brief aspossible. Unless you are transmitting data, your callshould be limited to 10 minutes or less.

Telephone System Access

Normally, you can access the local commercialnetwork, a commercial long-distance network, and theDefense Switched Network (DSN) from the telephoneinstrument provided with the local base telephonesystem. Many Navy and Marine Corps stations aresupported by a customized telephone system that allowson-base calls to be made by dialing only four- or five-digit numbers. Other networks are accessed by dialing aone- or two-digit access code.

Complete instructions on the use of your localtelephone system and how to access other availablesystems is normally provided in your base telephonebook. Your command will also provide additionalguidance on the use of the telephone. This guidance isusually found in a station instruction or in yourcommand’s standard operating procedures (SOPs).

COMMERCIAL LONG-DISTANCE SERV-ICE.—Commercial long-distance telephone service isavailable on all government telephone networks. Yourcommand must pay for all commercial long-distanceservices. Virtually all military activities require that along-distance phone call record slip or log entry becompleted by the person placing the call. Somecommands require specific authorization for each long-distance call before the call can be placed.

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Government telephones are intended for officialbusiness only. Most commands permit limited, brief,local telephone calls to be made to take care of personalmatters that cannot be conducted during off-duty hours.However, the use of commercial long-distance servicesfor personal business is prohibited and is alwaysinvestigated. Detailed records of every commerciallong-distance call (telephone bills) are forwardedmonthly to each command for verification with thelong-distance phone call records.

DEFENSE SWITCHED NETWORK.—TheDefense Switched Network (DSN) is a telephonenetwork servicing most military installations in thecontinental United States and overseas. This system isan upgraded, all-digital network that has replaced theformer Automatic Voice Network (AUTOVON). TheDSN incorporates many special features, such asautomatic callback, call forwarding, call transfer, andcall waiting. Instructions for use of the service andspecial options are included in the DSN User ServicesGuide, DISA Circular 310-225-1.

All telephone connections on the DSN areconnected and maintained on a precedence basis (seetable 1-1). Low precedence calls are initially connectedonly if there are free circuits available between the

caller and the destination. Higher precedence calls mayinitially be connected even if all circuits are in use by aprocess called "preemption." When no free circuits arefound, the computer checks the precedence on calls inprogress. A lower precedence call in progress will beterminated by the system to allow a higher precedencecall to proceed. The calling parties of the lowerprecedence call hear a brief high-pitched tone on theline just before the line goes dead to indicate that theircall has been preempted. The effectiveness of thissystem depends on the proper use of the precedencesystem. Each user should ensure that his or her call isnot assigned a precedence higher than that justified bythe circumstance or information involved.

Local command policy normally states that theDSN is to be used for official calls only. Personal orunofficial calls must never be initiated into the DSNsystem.

Telephone circuits, particularly those routed byhigh frequency and microwave, are susceptible tomonitoring and interception. The DSN is not a securesystem! Users must take care and use common sense toavoid divulging classified information. Giving hints ortalking "around" a classified subject can lead to thecompromise of classified information.

Table 1-1.—DSN Telephone Network Precedence System

PRECEDENCE

FLASH OVERRIDE (FO)

FLASH (F)

IMMEDIATE (O)

PRIORITY (P)

ROUTINE (R)

DESCRIPTION

Takes precedence over and preempts all calls on the DSN and is not preemptible.FO is reserved for the President of the United States, Secretary of Defense,Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, chiefs of military services, and others asspecified by the President .

Preempts lower precedence calls and can be preempted by FLASH OVERRIDEonly. Some of the uses for FLASH are initial enemy contact, major strategicdecisions of great urgency, and presidential action notices essential to nationalsurvival during attack or pre-attack conditions.

Preempts PRIORITY and ROUTINE calls and is reserved for calls pertaining tosituations that gravely affect the security of the United States. Examples ofIMMEDIATE calls are enemy contact, intelligence reports essential to nationalsecurity, widespread civil disturbance, and vital information concerning aircraft,spacecraft, or missile operations.

Preempts only ROUTINE calls. For calls requiring expeditious action orfurnishing essential information for the conduct of government operations.Examples of PRIORITY calls are intelligence reports, movement of naval, air,and ground forces, and important information concerning administrative militarysupport functions.

For official government communications that require rapid transmission bytelephone. These calls do not require preferential handling.

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Telephone Equipment

Most weather offices are equipped with multi-linetelephones to handle normal business. Multi-linetelephones contain six or more buttons in addition to thenormal keypad. Depressing a button will switch thetelephone to the number shown by the lighted button.Incoming calls activate a flashing light correspondingto the number of the incoming call. Normally, thesetelephones are on unprotected circuits, and classifiedinformation may not be discussed.

Additionally, secure telephones are found in manyoffices, and just about every weather activity has at leastone telephone facsimile send and receive terminal.

SECURE TELEPHONE.—The SecureTelephone Unit-Third Generation (STU-III) is acommunications system that meets the need for theprotection of vital and sensitive information over atelephone system. The STU-III is a compact, self-contained, desktop unit capable of providing the userwith both clear as well as secure voice and datatransmissions (fig. 1-2). The STU-III is unique in that itworks as an ordinary telephone and as a securetelephone network to other STU-III terminals. STU-IIIequipment may be used to provide securecommunications on all commercial and militarytelephone networks. Full feature STU-III telephoneterminals are equipped with modems that also allowclear and secure data transfer. However, some

telephone networks do not provide the high-quality,low-noise circuits necessary for data transmission.

The STU-III is operated the same way as anyregular telephone. That is, you pick up the handset, waitfor a dial tone, and then dial the number of the personyou want to call. Calls on the STU-III are alwaysinitiated in the clear voice mode. Once the party youhave called (at another STU-III terminal) has answered,you have the option of talking to that person in the clearvoice or secure voice mode.

The STU-III terminal uses special keys with adesignator of KSD-64A. The KSD-64A is a plasticdevice that resembles an ordinary key. Two types ofKSD-64A keys are used with the STU-III, the seed keyand the crypto ignition key (CIK). The seed key isspecial keying material used for the initial electronicsetup of the terminal. The CIK is used by the operator toactivate the secure mode. CIKs work only on the STU-III that they are issued with, and are unusable on allother terminals. More than one CIK may be issued witha terminal.

Calls are always initiated in the clear voice mode,exactly the same as a normal telephone call. For users togo from clear to secure voice transmission, both thecalling and the receiving STU-III terminals must havethe CIK inserted and turned a quarter turn clockwise.Then either caller may initiate the secure mode bypressing the "SECURE" button. Once a secure link hasbeen initiated, the two STU-III terminals begin

Figure 1-2.—STU-III terminal. AGM4F102

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exchanging information. When two terminalscommunicate in the secure mode, each terminalautomatically displays the authentication(identification) information of the distant terminal, anda list of compromised CIKs. This information isscrolled through the display window during secure callsetup. The first line of the identification informationand the classification level are displayed for theduration of the secure call. The information displayedindicates the approved classification level for the call,but does not authenticate the person using the terminal.The terminal users are responsible for viewing thisinformation to identify the distant party and themaximum security classification level authorized forthe call.

Secure data transmissions using STU-IIIs may bemade by connecting a computer modem phone plug intothe MODEM plug receptacle on the backside of theunit, and then activating the "SECURE DATA" mode.

The STU-III terminals and keys areCommunications Security (COMSEC) material andrequire special handling. The terminals and keys areadministered through the STU-III COMSEC Account(SCA) Custodian. Both the terminals and keys that areissued to users must be signed for. Since the seed key isclassified, it must be afforded protection in accordancewith Secure Telephone Unit Third Generation STU-IIICOMSEC Material Management Manual, CMS 6.Although unkeyed STU-III terminals may be carried onmobile operations or exercises, the seed key is nevertransported, and the CIK key must be transportedseparately from the STU-III unit.

Because CIKs permit the STU-III terminals to beused in the secure mode, the CIKs must be protectedagainst unauthorized access and use. CIKs may beretained by the users who sign for them on localcustody. Users must take precautions to preventunauthorized access and must remember to remove theCIKs from the associated terminals.

When the terminal is unkeyed, it must be providedthe same protection as any high-value government item,such as a personal computer. When the terminal iskeyed, the terminal assumes the highest classificationof the key stored within it and must be protected inaccordance with the classification of that key.

TELEFAX.—Nearly every command usesautomatic telephone facsimile (telefax or fax) send andreceive terminals to transfer graphic and writtenenvironmental information. This equipment may beused to transfer unclassified information only. Figure

1-3 shows an example of a pregummed 1.5-inch by4-inch label containing certain information that shouldbe included on every telefax. Some commands use apre-printed cover-page containing this information.

# OF PAGES: FROM

TO: COMMAND:

COMMAND: OFFICE CODE:

OFFICE CODE: PHONE #:

FAX #: FAX #:

Figure 1-3.—Example of a telefax address label.

Operation of telefax equipment is usually verysimple. You place the original information on the feedtray, dial the destination fax number on the key pad oron the attached telephone instrument, and press the"send" key when a high pitched tone is heard in thereceiver. Detailed instructions are normally attached toeach terminal. The receive mode is fully automatic.

TELEPHONE MODEMS.—Telephone modemsare electronic equipment that allow computers totransmit data directly over telephone circuits. Modemsare also used to connect desktop computers to LocalArea Networks (LANs) or to Wide Area Networks(WANs). There are many different modems in usethroughout the Naval Meteorology and OceanographyCommand. Most desktop computers now contain abuilt-m modem.

Modems are controlled via the computer with aspecial type of software program called acommunications protocol program. These programsallow the operator to specify the telephone number to beaccessed and to specify various communicationsparameters for the transmitted signal. It is beyond thescope of this training module to discuss the operatingprocedures for the various protocol programs orcommunications parameters. Operating instructions foreach program are included with the program manualissued with the software. Specific protocol parametersallow the user to access programs such as NODDS.

The Naval Meteorology and OceanographyCommand Telephone and Address Listing containsaddresses, telephone numbers, and telefax numbers forall Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Commandactivities, Marine Corps weather activities, and officesof other military activities associated with meteorologyand oceanography (METOC) support. Your LeadingChief usually maintains the directory and may providecopies at key telephone locations throughout youractivity.

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COMPUTER NETWORKS

The latest and fastest growing method ofdisseminating environmental information is throughthe use of computer networks. The advent of theinformation revolution has brought dramatic changes tothe METOC community. Aerographer’s Mates mustnow be proficient in accessing and transferringinformation in an automated environment. Almost allMETOC activities, including those aboard ship, haveaccess to some type of computer network.

A computer network consists of two or morecomputers connected for the purpose of exchangingmessages and sharing data and system resources. Alocal area network (LAN) connects personal computersand workstations (each called a node) over dedicated,private communications links. A wide area network(WAN) connects large numbers of computers (nodes)over long distance communications links, such ascommon carrier telephone lines. An internet is aconnection between networks.

The Internet

The Internet is a WAN that connects thousands ofdifferent networks all over the world, enabling anyonewith a computer and Internet access to transmit andretrieve information worldwide. The Internet is notowned or funded by any one institution, organization, orgovernment. It was originally developed by theDepartment of Defense in the late 1960’s as a reliablecommunications network that, because of its simpledesign and versatility, could survive a nuclear attack.

Gradually, other government agencies, universities,and scientific organizations began to tap into thenetwork. By 1983, newer networking protocols weredeveloped, laying the foundation of the Internet we usetoday.

The development of Hypertext Markup Language(HTML) in 1990 significantly increased speed andcapacity, and enabled users to transmit graphicalinformation over the Internet for the first time. As anadditional feature, HTML created the ability to inserthypertext links into a document. Hypertext links allowa user to load another document into their computersimply by clicking on an on-screen "link" from thecurrent document. Subsequently, a huge hypertextnetwork known as the World Wide Web (WWW) cameinto being in 1992. These developments enabled anyindividual or organization to create their own "website",and thus disseminate information over the Internet.Each website normally has an index or introductorydocument commonly referred to as a "homepage."

The Internet consists of several networks linkedtogether via Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that usehigh-speed digital and fiber optic circuits. Eachcomputer (client) must be connected to an Internet hub,known as a sewer. Servers are fast computers that areconnected to the Internet full-time. They are located atdifferent sites throughout the world, and direct Internettraffic to its proper destination. Today, the term"Internet" is used to refer to the physical structure of theNet, including client and server computers and the linesthat connect them (fig. 1-4). The term "World Wide

Figure 1-4.—The Internet.

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Web" or "Web" is generally used to refer to the enterprises, private organizations, universities, thecollection of sites and the information that can be government, and the military (fig. 1-5). Each networkaccessed from them when using the Internet. contains thousands of individual websites that reside on

There are several layers of the World Wide Web. web servers. The governing body of the Internet is an

These layers include networks operated by commercial international organization known as InterNIC; it is

Figure 1-5.—Various layers of the Internet.

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located in Herndon, Virginia. InterNIC controls allInternet addresses and naming conventions.

Each website is identified by an address indicatorknown as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). TheURL is a unique alphanumeric code that allows you toquickly locate and access a specific website. A typicalURL might read: http://www.weather.edu. The firstpart of the URL indicates the type of Internet protocolyour computer must use. In this case, http:// (hypertexttransfer protocol), is used. The second part of the URLrepresents the name of the web server (www) followedby the website’s domain (weather.edu). Most URLs endwith an extension identifier that is used to access aparticular network domain, such as .edu (educationalinstitutions), .com (commercial websites), and .mil(military websites).

Websites can be easily accessed by usingcommercial software known as a web browser. As soonas you type in the URL of the website you wish toaccess, your browser goes to the web server that holdsthe page and retrieves it. If a specific website address isunknown, there are Internet search engines that can beused to rapidly locate websites pertaining to a particulararea of interest. For example, a keyword such as"aircraft," or a more specific term, such as "F-14Tomcat," may be used to easily locate informationconcerning that topic.

A wealth of information is available via theInternet. But keep in mind that since any individual ororganization can develop their own website, not all theinformation is accurate or reliable. Also, keep in mindthat the Internet is not a secure telecommunicationsnetwork.

Military Networks

The U.S. military operates its own environment onthe Internet that provides more security thancommercial methods. This environment, known as theDefense Information Systems Network (DISN), ismanaged by the Defense Information Services Agency(DISA). It consists of two primary networks, theNIPRNET (Nonsecure Internet Protocol RoutingNetwork) and the SIPRNET (Secure Internet ProtocolRouting Network). These networks require specialdedicated circuits as directed by higher authority. MostNavy and Marine Corps METOC activities haveNIPRNET access, and many also have SIPRNETaccess. In addition, almost all METOC activities,including most ships, maintain their own website (orhomepage). Each of these websites may contain

information on command history and mission, as wellas provide access to various environmental products.Figure 1-6 is an example of the Naval TrainingMeteorology and Oceanography Facility (NTMOF),Pensacola, Internet homepage.

A tremendous amount of environmentalinformation can be downloaded from various METOCactivities. The NIPRNET and SIPRNET can be used toaccess environmental data from the website at the FleetNumerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center(FNMOC), Monterey, California, including NavyOceanographic Data Distribution System (NODDS)products and products from the Joint METOC Viewer(JMV). User manuals for NODDS, JMV, and othersoftware programs can also be downloaded via theFNMOC website. In addition, there are severalnonmilitary and nongovernment websites that containvaluable environmental information, which includelooped satellite images, current weather maps,climatological data, and so forth. Many METOCwebsites include links to other sites with relatedinformation. Table 1-2 contains a listing of some of themost frequently accessed METOC-related websites.

Bulletin Board Systems

There are still a few environmental softwareprograms that are available via bulletin board systems.Bulletin board services are acquired by dialing atelephone number for access to government computernetworks. All government bulletin board services,including NODDS, require user identification codesand passwords. These are provided along with detailedoperating instructions for all registered system users.All user identification codes and passwords must beprotected and should never be disclosed to unauthorizedusers. Once user identification and passwords havebeen entered, your computer will be connected to thebulletin board system.

Electronic Mail

Electronic mail or e-mail is the electronictransmission of messages, letters, documents, and othermaterials via a communications network, such as theInternet. It allows computer-based messages to beelectronically edited, replied to, or pasted into anotherelectronic document. Most e-mail allows messages tobe sent to multiple recipients. E-mail may even containgraphics, sound, and video attachments. Messages orfiles are sent to "accounts" or electronic mail addresses.An e-mail address is a unique identifier that is used to

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Naval TrainingMeteorology and

Oceanography FacilityPensacola, FL

YOU HAVE JUST ENGAGED AN OFFICIALUNITED STATES NAVY WEB INFORMATION SERVICE

DOD Warning Statement Privacy and Security Notice General Disclaimer

METOC ProductsCommand Mission

Pascagoula Support To provide within areas of responsibility (AOR), as assigned by theCommander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command,

About NTMOF operational meteorology and oceanography (METOC) services to the

Fleet TrainingArmed Forces of the Department of Defense (DoD).

Department

Feedback, Productsrequest

Forecast Duty Officer:DSN 922-3644COM 850-452-3644

Mail to NTMOFWebMaster c/ocdontmof@ntmof.navy.mil

Click Here for Todays Forecast Click Here for the Latest SatellitePicture

Figure 1-6.—NTMOF Pensacola Internet homepage.

send electronic mail to a specified destination. Therecipient can be on the same server as the sender or on aserver halfway across the world. The only restriction isthat you must know the address of the person you wishto send e-mail to. An e-mail address usually appears asa user name, followed by an @ symbol, followed by thehost name of the destination computer, such as"doe@acme.com. The addresses are normally casesensitive, and the spelling of the surname and of the sitemust be exact, or the message will not arrive at therecipient’s computer.

WEATHER COMMUNICATIONSNETWORKS

There are several telecommunication networksdedicated solely to environmental information. Thelargest is the DOD Global Weather CommunicationsSystem (GWCS). It is operated by the U.S. Air Forceand provides rapid transmission of aviation weathersupport information to military facilities. The systemincludes the Automated Weather Network (AWN) andthe Air Force Global Weather Intercept Program(GWIP) network.

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Table 1-2.—METOC Related Websites

ORGANIZATION WEBSITE URL

CNMOC Stennis Space Center www.cnmoc.navy.mil

NAVO Stennis Space Center www.navo.navy.mil

FNMOC Monterey, CA. www.fnmoc.navy.mil

NLMOC Norfolk, VA. www.nlmoc.navy.mil

NPMOC Pearl Harbor, HI. www.npmoc.navy.mil

NPMOCW Guam www.npmocw.navy.mil

NEMOC Rota, Spain www.nemoc.navy.mil

NEPRF Monterey, CA. www.neprf.navy.mil

NTMOF Pensacola, FL www.ntmof.navy.mil

FNMOD Asheville, NC waves.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp/fnmod.htm

FNMOD Tinker AFB www.fhmoc.navy.mil/~tinker

AFWA Offutt AFB, NE afwin.afwa.af.mil:443

NWS Climatic Data tgsv5.nws.noaa.gov/climate.shtml

NWS Eastern Region tgsv5.nws.noaa.gov/er/hq/index.html

NWS Southern Region www.srh.noaa.gov

NWS Western Region www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrhg

NWS Pacific Region tgsv5.nws.noaa.govlprlpacific.shtml

NWS Alaska Region www.alaska.netf-nwsar/

Weather Channel www.weather.com

John Hopkins University www.jhuapl.edu/weather

University of Wisconsin www.meteor.wisc.edu/weather.html

Penn State University www.psu.edu/weather

University of Michigan cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet

Automated Weather Network

The AWN is a global network of satellite andlandline circuits linked with Automated Weather DataSwitch (AWDS) computers used to collect anddisseminate environmental data and other aviationrelated information. The military segment of the AWNis composed of two major subsystems: the Air ForceMeteorological Data System (AFMEDS), and theNotice to Airmen (NOTAM) service for all DODactivities. The center of the network is a computercomplex at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. These computerscollect large quantities of unclassified environmentalobservations, forecast bulletins, and specializedguidance products from a variety of sources, including

the National Weather Service (NWS), the Air ForceWeather Agency (AFWA) at Offutt AFB, Nebraska,and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology andOceanography Center. International environmentalinformation is forwarded from the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO) data collectioncenter via the NWS and is also collected and enteredinto the AWN through the GWIP network.

The Fleet Numerical Meteorological andOceanography Detachment (FNMOD) at Tinker AFB,Oklahoma, is responsible for coordinating andvalidating Navy and Marine Corps environmental datarequirements for the AWN. They also manage andschedule Navy data requirements on the Fleet

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Environmental Broadcast circuits that are keyed to theAWN. FNMOD Tinker also provides guidance onAWN data formats and can assist with preparingrequest messages for AWN products. Detailedinformation on the AWN can be obtained fromthe FNMOD Tinker homepage athttp://www.fnmoc.navy.mil/~tinker/.

AFMEDS.—The data network used to support AirForce, Navy, and Marine Corps meteorologicalfacilities within the United States is called theContinental United States (COWS) MeteorologicalData System, or COMEDS. In the early 1970's, theservice was expanded to include the EuropeanMeteorological Data System (EURMEDS), the PacificMeteorological Data System (PACMEDS), the AtlanticMeteorological Data System (ALTMEDS), and anAlaskan Meteorological Data System (AKMEDS).These services are subsystems of the Air ForceMeteorological Data System, or AFMEDS. Most ofthese dedicated landline circuits will be phased out byearly next century as the NIPRNET becomes theprimary method of transmitting AWN data. Softwareknown as the Message Format Transmitter (MFT)module will be incorporated into the Meteorologicaland Oceanographic (METOC) Interactive Data DisplaySystem (MIDDS) to complete this changeover.However, the actual AWN data formats will not change.Ships will continue to receive AWN data via the FleetEnvironmental Broadcast, which is discussed later inthe chapter.

ARQ Requests.—Incoming environmentalinformation is stored in the AWN computers in filesidentified with a MANOP heading. (MANOP headingswill be discussed in more detail shortly). As eachobservation or product is received in the computer, thedata is forwarded to all units that have listed thatparticular MANOP as part of their data requirements.Additionally, any activity connected to the system mayrequest individual products that are not on their datarequirements list by a process called AutomaticResponse to Query, or ARQ. Individual activities mayalso use the system to transfer specific support productsfrom a forecast activity, such as a detachment, to anyother activity on the system.

MANOP Headings.—The use of MANOPheadings is the key to data retrieval from the system.MANOP headings conform to WMO productidentification guidelines as well as to the InternationalCivil Aviation Organization (ICAO) guidelines forstation identification. Every MANOP must follow thegeneral format

TTAA(ii) CCCC YYGGgg (mod)

where

TT

AA

ii

CCCC

YYGGgg

Mod

is the data content identifier—a two-letter code for the type of data containedin the bulletin or message;

is the Geographical designator—a two-letter code for the region covered by thedata in the bulletin or message;

is a two-digit series number assigned toproducts containing similar data forsimilar areas, and issued by the sameoriginating station;

is the four-letter ICAO station identifierfor the station originating or compilingthe information in the bulletin;

is the UTC date-time group (DTG) ofthe information within the bulletin ormessage, with YY as the day, GG as thehour, and gg as the minutes; and

is a modification indicator-anabbreviation showing that a change hasoccurred in an otherwise routinelyscheduled message. Mod indicators are"RTD" (routine delayed) and "COR"(correction).

Each product entered in the system must contain theproper MANOP header before being entered into thesystem. However, transmissions of some routineproducts, such as standard military station weatherobservations and terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs)are normally sent through the system withoutMANOPs. Instead, they are grouped into a collective bythe system, and then assigned a MANOP by the AWNcomputer.

Appendix II provides a breakdown of the variousMANOP data type identifiers (TT) and geographicaldesignators (AA) used within the system. A completelisting of available data in the AWN system can beobtained from the AFWA Detachment 7, Tinker AFBwebsite: http://137.240.101.95, and the FNMODTinker website.

NOTAMS.—The AWN also providescommunications for the worldwide military NOTAMsystem. The Air Force Central NOTAM Facility(AFCNF) in Washington, D.C. collects and retransmitsNOTAMs from all military airfields as well as civilaviation NOTAMs from the FAA NOTAM facility inAtlanta, Georgia. NOTAMs report items of interest to

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aviators, such as temporary or permanent runwayclosures, radar, communications, or guidance systemsoutages, or changes in available facilities at an airfield.At most military airfields, NOTAMs are directed to aseparate AWN terminal in the base operation office.During terminal outages, these NOTAMs may beredirected to the AWN terminal in the weather spaces.Navy and Marine Corps weather observers shouldcoordinate directly with the local base air trafficcontrollers to arrange for pickup of NOTAMs whenreceived over a weather circuit.

Air Force Global WeatherIntercept Program

The Air Force Global Weather Intercept Program(GWIP) is another major function of the GWCS. AirForce radio intercept sites around the world routinelyintercept meteorological and oceanographicinformation broadcast from other nations that wouldotherwise be unavailable for use. This information istransmitted by other nations knowing that it will beintercepted and used. This is part of the data exchangeprogram governed by the World MeteorologicalOrganization data exchange agreements. Theintercepted data is entered into the AWN, and largeamounts are forwarded to the National Weather Serviceand FNMOC to supplement foreign data received fromother sources. Most of the data is used for automatedglobal scale analysis programs. Some selected data isdirected to the Fleet Environmental Broadcast, which isdiscussed later in this chapter.

DIGITAL FACSIMILE

Several shore sites receive the National WeatherService Digital Facsimile (DIFAX) satellite broadcast.The broadcast originates at the National Centers forEnvironmental Prediction (NCEP) located at CampSprings, Maryland, and it is then distributed via acontinuous satellite broadcast from the NationalWeather Service office at Silver Spring, Maryland. Asmall 18-inch dish antenna is used to capture thebroadcast signal at each receiver site.

The MIDDS is equipped with a special receivermodule that can ingest DIFAX products as necessary.A few weather offices still use a desktop computer toanalyze the signal and print the graphic products on astandard printer. No operator maintenance is requiredfor the equipment other than periodically reloadingpaper, replacement of printer ribbons, and a periodicvacuuming of lint and dust from the printer.

The DIFAX uses product codes for each product.Operators access the command function via thecomputer keyboard, and use the product codes tospecify which products are to be displayed or printed,and which products are to be ignored. The productcodes are included on the facsimile transmissionschedule. Transmission schedules are periodicallybroadcast and are also available via the Internet from theDIFAX service offices at NCEP.

The DIFAX broadcast should be discontinued bylate 1999 as the NWS Advanced Weather InteractiveProcessing System (AWIPS) becomes fullyoperational. Most products currently available fromthis service and routinely used by military weatherpersonnel are now available via NODDS and JMV.

So far, we have covered the varioustelecommunications systems you will use in the Navy.In the next section, we will discuss how you will accessthis information.

Q4.

Q5.

Q6.

Q7.

Q8.

Q9.

Q10.

Q11.

Q12.

Q13.

Q14.

Q15.

Q16.

Q17.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Before a long distance commercial call can bemade from a government telephone system, whataction must be completed?

What is the purpose of the STU-III?

What are Internet "links" used for?

What is the function of a network server?

How are military URLs identified?

What Internet routing system is used to transferclassified information between militaryactivities?

What types of information may be obtained froma METOC-related military website?

What information must be included in an e-mailaddress?

What is the purpose of the AWN?

What organization is responsible forcoordinating and validating Navy and MarineCorps AWN data requirements?

How can you obtain weather information via theAWN that is not routinely received by yourcommand?

The TT and AA indicators of a MANOP headerare used to identify what information?

What information is contained in a NOTAM?

How are DIFAX products copied?

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ENVIRONMENTAL WORKSTATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify theprimary environmental workstation used byNAVMETOCCOM. Identify the majorfeatures and software programs associated withthis system.

Over the past decade the Navy has developedvarious METOC related PC-based systems designed totake advantage of computer technology. The originalPC-based systems were integrated into Navy andMarine Corps weather offices to acquire, process,display, and disseminate meteorological andoceanographic data. Unfortunately, these original"stand-alone" PC systems took up much workspace andrequired more operator personnel than were available.

In the early 1990's, the first computer workstationdeveloped for the shore-based Navy METOCcommunity was introduced. This system, known as theCONTEL Meteorological Workstation (CMW), was adesktop computer system with multiple communicationand display functions. It consolidated the various stand-alone systems into a single client-server system and was

capable of simultaneously sending, receiving, storing,recalling, printing, and processing alphanumeric data.It also generated color graphics from processed data.By the late 1990's, the CMW was being replaced by theMeteorology and Oceanography Integrated DataDisplay System (MIDDS), which is discussed in thefollowing text. A shipboard version of anenvironmental workstation known as the TacticalEnvironmental Support System (TESS) will bediscussed later in the chapter.

METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY.(METOC) INTEGRATED DATA DISPLAYSYSTEM (MIDDS)

The Commander Naval Meteorology andOceanography Command (CNMOC) tasked the NavalOceanographic Office (NAVO) to develop theMeteorology and Oceanography (METOC) IntegratedData Display System (MIDDS). This system combinesboth government and commercial application software.The Windows-NT operating system is the basesoftware.

MIDDS provides three primary functions. First,MIDDS is an environmental workstation where theweather forecaster or observer retrieves, processes, and

Figure 1-7.—MIDDS workstation.

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displays various weather products. Second, MIDDS isa briefing station that features high-quality graphics andenhancement features. Finally, MIDDS distributesmeteorology and oceanography products locally over aBulletin Board System (BBS), the Internet, or LocalArea Network (LAN). The MIDDS workstation isnormally equipped with a four-monitor display unit thatis used for pilot briefings and product visualization.Figure 1-7 shows the MIDDS workstation.

The MIDDS workstation requires the user to have aworking knowledge of Windows NT and its functions.The hardware includes a dual-processor 486 Pentiumcomputer with 64 megabytes of RAM, a 2-gigabytehard drive, a CD-ROM drive, 21- and 17-inch high-resolution monitors, modems, uninterrupted powersupply (UPS), keyboard, and receiver card. Completeinformation concerning the operation of MIDDS can befound in the Meteorology and Oceanography(METOC) Integrated Data Display System (MIDDS)User’s Guide. We will discuss the various features andsoftware programs of the MIDDS in the following text.

Router Modules

The MIDDS router (and receiver) modules aresoftware programs that run continuously in thebackground and can be accessed only from the mainserver of the system. The router module controls alldata reception and is responsible for all the systemmanagement functions. The router identifies, sorts,stores, and sends data to the appropriate directories.When the MIDDS is turned on, Windows NT

automatically activates the router and receiver modules.To display the router window, you must click on theRouter icon found in the "Ingest Monitor Window," asshown in figure 1-8. Your system administratornormally accomplishes all initial settings for the routerduring installation.

There are nine major system management functionsof the router and they must be activated to run. Some ofthe most important router functions include an audioalarm option, an auto printing option, and automatic fileconversion for ingested products. A few otherimportant functions are discussed in the following text.

PURGING.—Purging is the most importantsystem management function of the router module. Thepurger maintains the correct number of each type ofproduct on the hard drive. The purger deletes the oldestversion of a product file and replaces it with the newestversion. In the original MIDDS, purging was optional.With MIDDS 2.0 and later, purging will beaccomplished automatically and continually in thebackground.

DISK MIRRORING.—In a few cases, you maywant to copy products to a different location other thanwhere they are normally stored. This function willautomatically copy specified products to another diskdrive or to another computer over the network. TheDisk Mirroring function allows you to maintain a suiteof products in case the main MIDDS server fails.

FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)PROCESSING.—This function is responsible forautomatically sending products and files to another

Figure 1-8.—MIDDS Ingest Monitor screen.

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computer system over a network. The operator maychoose to reroute selected files and products to remotesites on a predetermined schedule. The FTP functioncan be used to send critical tiles to a remote site. Onlyone file may be sent at a time.

ARCHIVING.—Aircraft accidents, storm tracks,and high interest areas provide good reasons to saveenvironmental data. The archive function allows you tosave individual products and files to floppy disk. Asdata is received, it is automatically copied to thedestination path and drive.

FUSION GENERATOR.—This function allowsyou to overlay various METOC products, such as asatellite image with a radar image. The operation can beset up automatically for predefined products atspecified time intervals. There are several mapprojection and color scheme options available. Inaddition, alphanumeric data ingested from the AWNcan also be fused with other geo-referenced products.This allows you to overlay any type of data, such as sealevel pressure contours with temperature contours,surface winds with precipitation, and so forth.

Receiver Modules

The MIDDS has several receiver modules thatdefine which products to receive from satellite data,radar data, AWN data, and digital facsimile data.

SATELLITE (DSP) RECEIVER.—This moduleallows for the reception of satellite images from GOES-Tap, HF receiver, APT, or WEFAX. The images arestored in PCX format and can be captured in severalsizes. Images can be viewed as they are being received,and a looper display capability is provided. A databaseof several different satellites is loaded duringinstallation. (Digital GOES 8 and 9 imagery will bereceived over the Internet or via the Dial RX receiver.)

DIFAX RECEIVER.—This module allows you toreceive digital facsimile products from the NationalWeather Service. Your system administrator willestablish a DIFAX product database during installation.

DIAL RX RECEIVER.—This module acquiresradar images from WSR-88D radar sites by using acommercial dial-up service or the Internet. It can alsobe used to receive GOES satellite images, alphanumericproducts, and DIFAX products.

The DIAL RX accesses a master database thatcontains all meteorological stations, including thosestations with WSR-88D radars. (The database alsocontains all satellite and DIFAX product types.) From

this database, specific stations can be selected(activated), and desired products can then be selectedfrom that particular station. Keep in mind that onlythose radars sites near your station need be activated.After you select the WSR-88D station, you then selectfrom a list of products that you desire. Your systemadministrator can establish a predefined product list foreach WSR-88D station. At some activities, the MIDDScomputer is directly connected to a WSR-88D PrincipalUser Processor (PUP) circuit by using a CODEXmodem.

AWN RECEIVER.—This module allowsobservation and forecast data from the AWN to beingested into the MIDDS. MIDDS is designed toreceive AWN data, identify desired stations andproducts, and store the data in appropriate directories.The number of active stations can be selected from themaster station database. Data requirements are usuallydetermined through the system administrator. MIDDSingests AWN data continuously, and a large volume ofdata is received. Thus, the amount of data selected foringest must be determined very carefully.

LIGHTNING-DATA RECEIVER (LDR).—The LDR receives input from the Lightning Detectionand Tracking System (LDATS). The LDATS systemdisplays lightning data collected by the NationalLightning Detection Network (NLDN), which consistsof over 100 remote sensing stations that monitor cloud-to-ground lightning in the continental United States.The LDR receives LDATS data so that MIDDS candisplay it on a user-defined map background. Thisdisplay can be an individual LDATS product oroverlaid on top of radar and satellite products. MIDDScan also display the lightning data at specified timeintervals.

Weather Group Applications Software

The primary function of MIDDS is to displaysatellite imagery, radar imagery, alphanumeric text, andweather charts. MIDDS has several data-displayapplications available for weather briefings, along withnumerous other data manipulation and display features.The main display applications in MIDDS are SAND(Satellite, AFOS, NEXRAD, and DIFAX) and FOS(Family of Services).

SAND (SATELLITE, AFOS, NEXRAD, andDIFAX).—The SAND application is used to displaythree types of products: Satellite imagery, NEXRAD(WSR-88D next-generation radar data), and digitalfacsimile data. AFOS is the commercial way of

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displaying alphanumeric data and is not used inMIDDS. SAND gives the user the ability to manipulateand display these products in several ways. Theoperator selects from various menu boxes and barsusing the Windows format. Additional menu optionsallow the user to pan/zoom and rotate images, addweather symbols to displays, loop images, andautomatically display range-bearing information.Customized color enhancements can also be created.The SAND application also executes automatic stationplots, contour plots, Skew-T plots, and even time-seriesplots (fig. 1-9).

FOS (FAMILY OF SERVICES).—The Familyof Services (FOS) is the applications module used todisplay and manipulate alphanumeric data. Forecastersneed TAFs, station observations, and general textmessages to successfully provide quality forecasts. Thetype, age, amount, and location of the data can betailored for the needs of each forecaster.

MIDDS can display information by using threedifferent formats: areas (a geographical area, such asNevada), routes (two weather stations connected by aline), and groups (a random group of stations). As withthe SAND application, the operator selects from variousmenu boxes and bars using the Windows format.Individual stations can be sorted by either station ID orname. Once the desired station is selected, the requiredproducts for that station are then selected. The data canbe viewed, edited, printed, or archived.

Briefing Support

MIDDS contains a briefing support programdesignated as "Weather Brief." It provides thecapability to create an environmental brief composed ofsatellite, radar, alphanumeric products, or other user-defined products from MIDDS application programs.Two different types of briefs can be created, dynamic orstatic. In a "dynamic" brief, products in the brief areautomatically updated when new ones are ingested into

Figure 1-9.—MIDDS time-series plot.

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the MIDDS. In a "static" brief, the products are savedand are not updated when new ones are ingested into theMIDDS. A static brief is essentially a snap shot ofweather data at a specific point in time. Thisinformation can be quite useful during major weatherevents. The idea is to preserve your data for futurereference. MIDDS can also display a brief over a LANthrough a web browser with Hypertext MarkupLanguage (HTML). You may create multiple briefstailored for many users.

In addition, the MIDDS weather brief program willenable aviation weather forecasters to providecomputerized flight weather briefing forms (DD Form175-l) while remaining in accordance withNAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.14, ProceduresGoverning Flight Weather Briefings and Preparing DDForm 175-1 and U.S. Navy Flight Forecast Folder.This program contains the entire DD Form 175-1 and issubdivided into its respective parts (I through IV). Theprogram is designed to automatically ingest TAF andobservation data from the AWN and place it on the form

(fig. 1-10). All DD-175-1 briefs may be archived to afloppy diskette or another hard drive.

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)

A communications link between MLDDS and theAutomated Surface Observing System (ASOS) may beestablished. The software for this application is dividedinto two main sections, ASOS Data Server and ASOSData Manager. The ASOS Data Server is a softwareprogram providing ingest and dissemination of 1-minute surface observation data from the ASOS. Theother software program is the ASOS Data Manager.This application provides a display of both current andhistorical ASOS data in an easy-to-use method. Themain display consists of a menu bar, two graphs, panesfor the latest reported observation, wind speed anddirection dials, and a "current status" banner (fig l-l 1).The two graphical displays are "strip charts," which canprovide visual analysis of weather phenomena trends,such as temperature and wind speed. As an additionalfeature, alarms can be set to go off when station

Figure 1-10.—Flight weather briefing form (DD Form 175-l) constructed using MIDDS.

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Figure 1-11.—ASOS Data Manager main display window from MIDDS.

minimums, such as ceiling and visibility are reached.When the Message Format Transmitter (MFT) softwareis installed, it will provide templates for surfaceobservations and TAFs, perform quality control checksfor observations, and automatically transferobservation data to the AWN and to FNMOD,Asheville, for archive.

Internet and Bulletin Board Access

MIDDS provides direct dial-in and Internetconnectivity into the Navy Oceanographic DataDistribution System (NODDS), the Optimum PathAircraft Routing System (OPARS), and the JointMETOC Viewer (JMV). All of these programsoriginate at FNMOC and are discussed in detail inchapter 2 of this module.

GFMPL GROUP APPLICATIONSOFTWARE

The Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library(GFMPL) is a software library that provides

meteorological, electromagnetic, oceanographic,hazard avoidance, and acoustic support for fleetoperations. MIDDS includes the "Unclassified"portion of GFMPL integrated into a Windows NTformat. Certain electromagnetic assessmentparameters are omitted from the standard GFMPLmodules available in the classified version. Some of theGFMPL programs that are available include tidalprediction, tropical cyclone track, and surf prediction.An on-line user’s guide is available with the MIDDS.The GFMPL program is discussed in detail in chapter 2of this module.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q18. What are the primary functions of MIDDS?

Q19. What is the purpose of the MIDDS FusionGenerator module?

Q20. What products are acquired by using the MIDDSDial RX receiver?

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Q21.

Q22.

Q23.

Q24.

The MIDDS SAND application is used to displaywhat types of information?

What is the function of the MIDDS FOS module?

A Flight Weather Briefing form (DD-175-1) canbe completed by using which MIDDSapplication?

Which MIDDS software application tool canprovide temperature trend graphs for yourstation?

NAVAL MESSAGE TRAFFIC

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify theprimary message traffic system used by theNavy. Identify the various parts of a standardNaval message. Identify the publication thatoutlines procedures for formatting Navalmessages. Identify the message formattingsoftware used by the Navy. Interpret andformat a Naval message readdressal. Explainthe term minimize.

The Navy sends thousands of messages each day.As an Aerographer’s Mate, you will be required to draftnaval messages. You must be able to recognize thevarious parts of a standard Naval message as well aspossess a working knowledge of the message draftingsoftware used by the Navy.

The primary message traffic system currently usedby the Navy is the Automatic Digital Network(AUTODIN). As communications technologycontinues to develop, this system will be phased out asthe Navy moves to desktop message creation andtransmission. Within the next few years, all messagetraffic will be transmitted via an e-mail type systemknown as the Defense Message System @MS). Thegoal of DMS is to retain the easy-to-use and lessexpensive individual messaging capabilities employedin DOD e-mail systems. This will shift messagehandling functions away from manpower intensivecommunications centers to the user’s desktop. Thechangeover to DMS will continue through the late1990’s and into the next century.

AUTOMATIC DIGITAL NETWORK(AUTODIN)

The Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) is ajoint-use, worldwide, computerized, communications

system. It is managed by the Defense CommunicationsAgency (DCA). AUTODIN provides for thetransmission of both narrative and graphic data trafficon a store-and-forward basis. AUTODIN providesreliable, secure, and efficient communications usinghigh-speed transmission equipment that incorporateserror detection. Interface equipment translates all inputinto common machine language, thereby makingAUTODIN compatible with many computer codes,speeds, and other media, such as cards and tapes.

The Naval Communications Processing andRouting System (NAVCOMPARS) is an automatedcommunications system that serves as the interfacebetween AUTODIN, other networks ashore, andoperational units of the Navy. AUTODIN traffic isentered into NAVCOMPARS for distribution.NAVCOMPARS forwards messages to fleet units andprovides broadcast management and HF or satellitebroadcast keying. It also provides on-linecommunications with the Common User DigitalInformation Exchange System (CUDIXS) and the FleetMultichannel Broadcast (FMCB).

The Gateguard subsystem is an AUTODINGateway Terminal (AGT) that provides the user a"gateway" into the AUTODIN system. It essentiallyprovides secure electronic message service from thetelecommunications center to the user’s desktopcomputer. Gateguard also acts as a security guarddevice, hence the name Gateguard. Users may also useGateguard to route incoming messages to variousoffices via their local area networks (LANs).

As was previously mentioned, AUTODIN willeventually be phased out in favor of DMS. Many of thechanges will be transparent to the user. The mechanicsof either system do not concern the average weatherobserver. The main point is that you understand theNavy message format.

NAVAL MESSAGE FORMAT

For message traffic to be properly routed tointended recipients, message traffic must be properlyformatted. Naval messages are usually composed ondesktop computers using specialized messagecomposition programs that assist the user in selectingproper format entries. The software endorsed Navy-wide is known as Message Text Format (MTF) Editor.The software assists the user in composing UnitedStates Message Text Formatted (USMTF) messages aswell as non-formatted messages. The software is menu-driven and allows the user to draft a formatted messageby using a "fill in the blank" template. Within each MTF

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message are specific blocks of information known assets. Each set begins with the set identifier, followed bya field marker (/). Double slants (//) are used as end-of-set markers. Each set contains only certain informationas specified by NTP 3. Some sets are mandatory whileothers are not. We will discuss the use of each MTF setshortly.

Nearly all messages are formatted by USMTFprocedures. The most common type of USMTFmessage is a General Administrative message, whichfollows a GENADMIN format. Other USMTFmessage types include special purpose messages suchas CASREP (casualty reports), LOGREQ (logisticrequirements), and SORTS (maritime ship reports).Other formatted messages are currently in use by Navyand Marine Corps units, and do not follow the USMTFguidelines, such as the remaining RAINFORMformatted messages, and Movement Reports

transmitted by Navy units are discussed in NWP 1-03.1,Operational Reports. Instructions for completingUSMTF formatted messages and free form messagesare outlined in the Telecommunications Users Manual,NTP 3.

USMTF messages, free form messages, and otherformatted messages all contain a message header and amessage body that contains the text or information.Figure 1-12 is an example of an USMTF GENADMINmessage.

Message Header

AUTODIN message headers contain severalelements that must be included in each header, as wellas some elements that are only required on a case-by-case basis. The specific format of a messagetransmission heading and the routing indicator lines isdiscussed in JANAP 128, Automatic Digital Network

(MOVREPS). The different types of reports routinely (AUTODIN) Operating Instructions.

FORMAT SECTION EXAMPLE ITEM

HEADER PTTCZYUW RULYNMU5678 2391235-CCCC-RULYSUU. Transmission IDZNY CCCCC ClassificationP 271020Z AUG 98 Precedence & DTGFM NAVLANTMETOCCEN NORFOLK VA//N30// OriginatorTO USS SHIP//JJJ// AddresseeINFO CINCLANTFLT NORFOLK VA//N5// Info AddeeBT Text separator

BODY OF A C O N F I D E N T I A L //N03145//USMTF GENADMIN OPER/codename// OperationMESSAGE MSGID/GENADMIN/NAVLANTMETOCCEN/1215/JUL// Message ID

SUBJ/AVWX (U)// SubjectREF/A/DOC/NAVMETOCCOM/SEP 96// ReferenceREF/B/GENADMIN/USS SHIP/270103Z AUG 98// ReferenceNARR/REF A PROVIDES PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND NarrativeREF B REQUESTS PRODUCT BE PROVIDED.//POC/rank and name/command/telephone number// Point of contactAKNLDG/acknowledge instructions// AcknowledgementsRMK/1.(U) METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION AT 271200Z: Remarks-the actualSTRONG HIGH PRESSURE CENTERED OVER TRANSIT text of the message.AREA.2. (C) 24HR FORECAST FOR PERIOD 271200Z TO 281200ZALONG TRACK FM 35 00N 075 00W TO 31 00N 070 00W .A. SKY, WEATHER: CLEAR.B. VSBY (NM): UNRSTD.(and so forth. . . )DECL/30JAN99// Declassification

(CLASSIFIED FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY)

Figure 1-12.—Example of a USMTF GENADMIN message.

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TRANSMISSION ID AND CLASSIFICA-TION.—This data identifies the sending and receivingstation routing indicators, and the message sequencenumber. This data is usually added by thetelecommunications center entering the message intoNAVCOMPARS, or by the ships communicationsoffice. The third group of the top line indicates theJulian date and time of transmission. The fourth groupindicates the classification level. The second line of theheader is also a classification indicator.

PRECEDENCE AND DTG.—A single letteridentifies the message precedence, which is themessage delivery time objective. Z (flash) means asfast as possible with an objective of less than 10minutes, O (immediate) 30 minutes, P (priority) 3hours, and R (routine) 6 hours. The date-time group isnormally the UTC date (two digits), time (four digits),three-letter month abbreviation, and two-digit year thatthe message was released by the originating command.The times 0000Z and 2400Z are not used. Instead, use0001Z or 2359Z. Keep in mind that certain METOC-related messages must be assigned specific precedencecodes. This information can be found in the UnitedStates Navy Meteorological and OceanographicSupport System Manual, NAVMETOCCOMINST3140.1.

ORIGINATOR.—After the FM designator, thecommand that originated the message is indicated by aPlain Language Address (PLA) listing, followed by theoriginating office code set-off within double slants.

ADDRESSEE. —The TO portion of the headeridentifies by PLA, specific commands that must act onthe information contained within the message. Insteadof, or in addition to, specific commands, the messagemay be addressed to one or more Collective AddressDesignators (CADS), or Address Indicating Groups(AIGs). CADS are made up of predetermined lists ofcommands or communities of like interest. CADS maybe as encompassing as ALCOM, a CAD for allcommands (general messages), or limited to just severalcommands, such as OCEANO EAST, used to sendweather observation from ships in the Atlantic Fleet tothe Naval Atlantic Meteorology and OceanographyCenter in Norfolk and to FNMOC in Monterey. CADlistings for various types of METOC-related messagesare listed in NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1.

An AIG is defined as an address designatorrepresenting a list of specific and frequently recurringcombination of ACTION and/or INFORMATIONaddresses. For example, AIG 76 is used by FNMOC tosend message traffic to certain activities concerning

administrative and operational information, as well asnotification of outages.

Most of the PLAs and CADs used within theDepartment of Defense are listed by the DistributedPlain Language Address Verification System (DPVS).The purpose of DPVS is to provide naval messageoriginators immediate electronic access to currentsingle and collective PLA information. It is designedprimarily to be used with the MTF Editor messagepreparation program. Updates are sent via BBS,Internet, and record message.

INFO ADDEE.—The INFO portion of the headeridentifies PLAs of commands who need the informationprovided in the message for information purposes only;no action is required on their part.

EXEMPT LISTING.—If a command normallyincluded in a CAD should not receive a specificmessage, an exempt listing must be included in themessage header immediately following the last actionor info addressee. The exempt listing is identified bythe abbreviation XMT. The PLA for the exemptcommand follows the XMT.

TEXT SEPARATOR.—The text separator is theletters BT. This indicates the separation or breakbetween the heading and the body of a message.

CLASSIFICATION AND SSIC.—Althoughactually apart of the message body, we will consider theclassification and SSIC line to be part of the messageheader since this line must be included in all AUTODINmessages. The classification and SSIC line uses anidentical style in all of the various message formats.The message classification is entered on a message bythe classification word plus any special handlinginstructions. The classification is entered either asUNCLAS, CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET, or asTOP SECRET, with each letter separated by a space.After the last special handling instructions, the StandardSubject Identification Code (SSIC) is entered,bracketed by double slants. For example, //N03145// isthe SSIC for Enroute Weather Forecast (WEAX)messages. SSIC codes are found in Department of theNavy File Maintenance Procedures and StandardSubject Identification Codes (SSIC,), SECNAVINST5210.11.

USMTF GENADMIN Message Body

The GENADMIN format is used for alladministrative traffic and most outgoing weatherforecast products. Terminal aerodrome forecast (TAF)messages also follow this format when transmitted via

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AUTODIN. However, ship observations use a freeformat. Refer again to figure 1-12. The message bodyfollows a USMTF GENADMIN message format usedfor an outgoing Aviation Enroute Weather Forecast(AVWX). We use this as an example only. ConsultNAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1 for complete contentand examples of USMTF GENADMIN forecastformats. Passing instructions, such as "PASS TOEMBARKED MOBILE TEAM," may be includedfollowing the SSIC. Passing instructions are used onlyfor exceptional cases not covered by the use of officecodes.

OPERATION OR EXERCISE.—Immediatelyfollowing the classification line, an optional line is usedto indicate that the message concerns a naval or jointexercise, or an actual military operation. The indicatorOPER/, used for operations, is followed by theoperation code word, the operation plan number, theprimary operation sub-plan nickname, and the

secondary sub-plan nickname (if used), all set off byslants.

MESSAGE ID.—The USMTF message typeabbreviation line, beginning with the set identifierMSGID/, is used to identify the message type, such asGENADMIN. It is followed by the messageoriginator’s short title, and optionally by the originatorsserial number, and the month, all set off by slants. TheMessage ID set is mandatory.

SUBJECT.—The subject line is a mandatory entrybeginning with the set identifier SUBJ/, and followed bythe subject of the text of the message.

REFERENCE.—References, entered followingthe REF/ set identifier, are optional. References may beany identifiable message, document, correspondence,conference, meeting, or telephone conversation that ispertinent to the message. Each reference cited must befollowed by an AMPN/, or amplification data lineproviding the title of the reference. Figure 1-13

CONFERENCEREF/A/CON/CDR 82ND AB DIV/20SEP98//AMPN/AIRBORNE COMMANDERS CONFERENCE, FT BENNING GA//MEETINGREF/A/CON/COMNAVWEPS CTR/02NOV98//AMPN/JOINT ORDNANCE WORKING GROUP MEETING, DAHLGREN VA//DISCUSSION/CONVERSATION (other than by telephone)REF/A/CON/CINCFOR/l1MAR98//AMPN/BETWEEN MAJ SMITH CINCFOR(FCJ3J) AND CDR JONES USACOM(J36)//TELEPHONEREF/A/TEL/COMSPAWARSYSCOM/08DEC98//AMPN/TELCON BETWEEN SPAWAR/LCDR SMITH AND NPMOC/LT JONES//DOCUMENT (publication, instruction, regulation, etc.)REF/A/DOC/JCS J7/15AUG98//AMPN/JCS PUB 1-01, CHAP II, PARA 3.//

REF/A/DOC/DOD/14MAR98//AMPN/DIR 5000.1, SUBJECT: MAJOR AND NON-MAJOR DEFENSEACQUISITION PROGRAMS, PG 3, PARA D3.//LETTER (correspondence, memorandum, E-mail, etc.)REF/A/LTR/COMNAVMETOCCOM N411/09DEC98/AMPN/TASKING LTR TO NLMOC, SUBJ: TESS EVAL SER N411/123//

REF/A/LTR/NLMOD PATUXENT RIVER/11NOV98//AMPN/E-MAIL FROM NLMOC/CAPTSMITH/LT JOHNSON, SUBJ:RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS//VOICE MESSAGEREF/A/VMG/NAVY PC188/151232ZNOV98//AMPN/PIREP RCVD BY NLMOF JACKSONVILLE ON 271.6MHZ//RECORD MESSAGES (Other than MTF formatted messages)REF/A/MSG/JCS J7-JETD/240700ZMAR98/ /AMPN/ALERT ORDER: OPERATION DEAL CARDS (U)//

Figure 1-13.—Examples of GENADMIN references.

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C O N F I D E N T I A L //N03141//SUBJ: SYNOP WEA OB (U)BBXX SHIP 01124 99251 70803 41998 03210 10245 20232 30132 40136 54000

70154 80000 22211 00230 20401 30000 40000 50000 80226;DECL 31MAR99

(CLASSIFIED FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY)Figure 1-14.—Example of a free form message body.

includes examples of several types of references used inmessages. When two or more references are provided, anarrative line, indicated by the identifier NARR/, mustbe included. The narrative line explains the importanceof the references. The acronym NOTAL (not to orneeded by all) is used to indicate that some addresseesdo not hold the referenced material. The acronymPASEP (passed separately) is used to indicate that thereference has been passed separately to some or alladdresses of the message.

POINT OF CONTACT.—The set identifierPOC/ indicates the message or information point ofcontact (POC) at the originating command. The rankand name of the POC is followed by the command nameor code, and by the telephone number, all set off byslants. This field is mandatory on all GENADMINmessages.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INSTRUC-TIONS.—If receipt of the message is required inwriting or by message, special messageacknowledgement instructions may be enteredfollowing the set identifier AKNLDG/.

REMARKS.—Now look back at figure l-12.Following the RMK/ set identifier is the actual text ofthe message. Numbered paragraphs may be used, butare not required. Be sure to mark paragraphs ofclassified messages with the appropriate classificationsymbol.

DECLASSIFICATION. —Declassificationinstructions must be included on every classifiedmessage. This entry is not used on unclassified, EFTO,or FOUO messages. Insert the date or event (whichmust be less than 10 years from the origination date ofthe message). Certain categories of information areexempt from the 1 O-year rule and are indicated with thecodes X1 through X8.

While many forecast products transmitted viaAUTODIN follow the USMTF GENADMIN format,certain coded products, such as synoptic ship surfaceweather observations and ship upper-air observationsfollow a free format.

Free Format Message Body

The free format message uses the same style headerand classification line, but the remaining message bodyis much simpler (fig. 1-14). Notice that none of theinformation included in the body is set off in slants.Free form messages may also use a numberedparagraph and lettered subparagraph convention ifnecessary for clarity. When numbered paragraphs areused in classified free-form messages, a classificationmarking for each paragraph follows the paragraphnumber, as shown previously in figure l-12.

Message Readdressals

A message originator and/or recipient may find itnecessary to transmit a message to an activity that has a

RTTUZYUW RULSWCA0032 0020059-UUUU-RHMCSUUZNR UUUUUR 020059Z JAN 98 ZYBFM NAVPACMETOCCEN PEARL HARBOR HI//N31//TO NAVPACMETOC DET BARBERS PT HI//N01//BTRADDR 123456 (Processing sequence number (PSN) of original message)USS NIMITZ//010030Z JAN 98 (PLA and date/time group of original message)BT

Figure 1-15.—Example of a message readdressal.

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need to know, but which was not an addressee of theoriginal message. This process is called messagereaddressal. The originator or action addressee of amessage may readdress that message to another activityfor action or info. Information addressees mayreaddress a message to another activity for informationonly. Separate readdressal requests must be made foreach message and/or section being readdressed. Figure1-15 is an example of a message readdressal. The MTFeditor program will provide all required fields.

Reduction in Transmission of Message Traffic(MINIMIZE)

When an actual or simulated emergency arises or isanticipated, it may become necessary to reduce thevolume of record and/or voice communications byimposing MINIMIZE on all military circuits. Thisaction is designed to reduce message traffic during hightempo operations. Only traffic directly related tomission accomplishment or safety of life is consideredessential and therefore appropriate for electronictransmission. Even high precedence messages that donot meet this criteria cannot be transmitted duringMINIMIZE. In most cases, MINIMIZE is imposedonly for a particular geographical region or operatingarea. Certain METOC-related messages, such as highwind and high seas warnings, are exempt fromMINIMIZE as per NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1.Weather and oceanographic observations areconsidered significant and should be transmitted duringMINIMIZE when any conditions listed in table 1-3exist.

Table 1-3.—Weather and Oceanographic ConditionsExempting Observation From MINIMIZE

WEATHER OR OCEANOGRAPHICCONDITION

Wind speeds in excess of 34 knots.

Sea height of 12 feet or greater.

Moderate or heavy precipitation.

Pressure change of 3 hPa or greater within the past 3hours.

Visibility less than 1 mile.

Oceanographic observations as dictated by currentoperations.

Volcanic activity producing volcanic ash.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q25. Which subsystem of AUTODIN acts as a securityscreen for incoming messages?

Q26. Which computer software is used by the Navy toformat electronic messages?

Q27. What publication outlines procedures forformatting USMTF messages?

Q28. Where can a listing of METOC-relatedCollective Address Designators (CADs) befound?

Q29. What is the fastest way to obtain correct PlainLanguage Address (PLA) information?

Q30. When is the set identifier "NARR/" used in aGENADMIN message?

Q31. Declassification dates are valid for whatmaximum period?

Q32. What are the two essential considerations forsending electronic message traffic duringMINIMIZE condi t ions?

PMSV RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Recognize thepurpose of PSMV. Discuss proper PMSV radiooperation procedures and proper voice radiocommunications protocol.

Pilot-to-Meteorological Service (PMSV) radiotransceivers are found at most military aviation weatheroffices ashore. PMSV is used to relay meteorologicalinformation between airfield weather offices andaircraft pilots. Operating frequencies for each site areassigned by the Federal Communications Commission(FCC). PMSV transceivers operate in the VHF andUHF frequency ranges, with assigned frequenciesgenerally around 200 to 400 MHz. The frequencies forPMSV services are listed in the DOD FlightInformation Publications (Enroute), IFR Supplements,commonly called DOD FLIP IFR Supplements. If anairfield has a PMSV radio, the frequency is listed for theairfield as the METRO frequency, under theCommunications heading.

The radio transceivers are set to operate only on theassigned frequency. Normally only the amplifier unitwith an audio speaker and an attached push-to-talkmicrophone is located within the weather office. Theactual transmitter, receiver, and antenna assemblies are

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usually located in the base operations radio transmitterroom. Base electronics personnel perform maintenanceon the equipment.

The amplifier within the weather office is left in the"on" position whenever the station is open. Pilots do notroutinely monitor the transmission frequency, butrather turn to the frequency only when they wish to talkto a forecaster or an observer. The only way the weatherforecaster can initiate contact with an aircraft is to havethe Air Traffic Controller direct the aircraft to tune tothe METRO frequency and contact the office. This,however, is rarely done.

When talking to aircraft on the PMSV radio, propermilitary radio protocol must be used at all times. Youmust use prowords when applicable. Prowords arepronounceable words or phrases that have beenassigned specific meanings in order to expedite voicemessage traffic. No personal conversation or generalchitchat is permitted. Proper radio procedures arediscussed in detail in Allied CommunicationPublication (ACP) 125, Communiculion InstructionsRadiotelephone Procedures. The following guidelinessummarize some of the important information providedin ACP 125. YOU SHOULD AVOID THEFOLLOWING:

YOU SHOULD ALWAYS DO THE FOLLOW-ING:

Unnecessary transmissions

Identification of unit locations

Use of profane, indecent, or obscene language

Transmitting when loud backgroundconversations or noise-levels are present

Depressing the transmit button before you areready to talk, or holding the transmitter buttonafter you have finished talking

Misuse of call signs

Unofficial conversations

Excessive repetition of prowords

Use of plain language in place of applicableprowords

Speak clearly, slowly, and distinctly, in anormal, yet strong voice

Avoid extremes in vocal pitch

Send traffic in phrases rather than word by word

Hold the mike 2 to 4 inches from your mouth

Say individual digits, not the combined number

Table 1-4 contains prowords frequently used inPMSV conversations and their meanings. Use theseprowords as necessary.

Your station’s call sign is your airfield’s namefollowed by the word METRO. NAS Pensacola, forexample, is Sherman Field, so the PMSV station’s radiocall sign is Sherman METRO.

When contacting a PMSV station, an aircraft willfirst provide the aircraft’s call sign, and then the PMSVstation’s call sign. For example, "NAVY ALFA GOLFONE ONE ZERO, SHERMAN METRO." Your replyshould be, "THIS IS SHERMAN METRO, GOAHEAD NAVY ALFA GOLF ONE ONE ZERO,OVER." From this point on until the end of theconversation, it is not necessary to repeat your call signor the aircraft’s call sign unless several aircraft arecalling or standing by on the frequency at the same time.

Take the aircraft’s request for information or theinformation passed. Use the word OVER at the end ofeach transmission to the aircraft, and then release themike key. Do not depress the mike key again until theaircraft has finished talking and given you control of themike by the keyword OVER. Use the phoneticpronunciation for each digit in a number, such as"WIND THREE-THREE-ZERO DEGREES," insteadof , "WIND THREE-HUNDRED THIRTYDEGREES."

When an aircraft asks for information that is notimmediately available, reply "ROGER, WAIT, OUT."Obtain the information, recontact the aircraft by statingyour call sign, and then the aircraft’s call sign, such as"SHERMAN METRO, NAVY ALFA GOLF ONEONE ZERO." Pass the information only after theaircraft has responded.

Do not pass weather observation or forecast data byreading the code form. Rather, convert the observationreport or forecast to understandable English. You maybe brief by prefixing the values with an identifyingword, such as sky, ceiling, wind, or altimeter. In somecases, you may use common abbreviated words toidentify information, such as temp, instead oftemperature; dew point, instead of dew-pointtemperature; PA, instead of pressure altitude; or DA,instead of density altitude.

If you find it is necessary to spell out long sectionsof a narrative, use the following words for thepunctuation markings: comma (,), period (.), paren ( ( ),

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Table 1-4.—Frequently Used PMSV Radiotelephone Prowords and Meanings

ACKNOWLEDGE

ALL AFTER

CORRECT

CORRECTION

FIGURES

I SPELL

OUT

OVER

ROGER

SAY AGAIN

THIS IS

TIME

WAIT

WAIT, OUT

WILCO

An instruction to the receiver that the transmission must be acknowledged.

Reference all of a transmission after the word or phrase given.

What you have transmitted is correct.

I have made an error and the correct information follows.

Numerals or numbers follow.

The next word will be spelled out phonetically.

This is the end of the transmission, no reply is expected.

This is the end of my transmission at this time, your reply is necessary.

I have received your transmission satisfactorily.

Repeat the last transmission.

This transmission is from the station whose call sign immediately follows.

That which immediately follows is the date-time group of the message.

I must pause for a few seconds.

I must pause longer than a few seconds and will recontact you by call sign.

I have received your signal, understand it, and will comply. Since the meaning ofROGER is included in that of WILCO, the two prowords are never used together.

WRONG Your last transmission is incorrect; the correct version follows.

unparen ( ) ), slant ( / ), quote or unquote ( " ), hyphen (-in a hyphenated word), colon (:), semicolon (;), anddash (-) when used between numbers or letters andnumbers. Numbers are always pronounced as follows:ZE-ro, Wun, Too, Tree, FOW-er, Fife, Six, SEV-en,Ait, and NIN-er. Letters are always pronounced, whenspelling out a word, by using the ICAO internationalphonetic alphabet (AL-fah, BRAH-VOH, CHAR-lee,etc.). You studied the international phonetic alphabet inthe Basic Military Requirements training manual, and acopy is provided on the first or second page of eachDOD FLIP IFR Supplement.

therefore classified, the PMSV operator must haveaccess to the ship’s latest observations and TAFs.

The ship’s TAF, by itself, is usually not classifiedsince it does not provide the ship’s position. Weatherobservers, even in nonsecure work areas, may obtainand keep a sanitized copy of the ship’s observation andforecast handy for ready reference. A sanitized copymeans that the ship’s name, all references to locations,and message routing indicators have been deleted.

When passing U.S. Navy ship weather updates toaircraft via PMSV, do not mention the ship’s position or

Pilots transiting from coastal air stations to U.S.naval ships operating off the coast commonly call viaPMSV for updates on the latest observation and forecastfor "USS SHIP." Since relating the name of a U.S. navalship to its location, or even the fact that a certain ship isoperating in the area is usually classified, the pilot maynot ask for the weather for the ship by name. It isessential that military observers or, at least, the dutyforecaster keep informed of the naval ships operatingwithin their area of responsibility (AOR). Additionally,although the weather observations from the shipscontain the ship’s location and identification, and are

the name of the ship. Also, do not discuss expectedarrival time of the aircraft at the ship, since this wouldgive hostile forces a good estimate of the ship’s distancefrom shore. Rest assured, the pilot can find the ship andknows within minutes when his aircraft will be arriving.You may have to read an entire TAF forecast over theradio to prevent giving away the flight duration.

In addition to the communication systems we havejust discussed, several communications systems orsubsystems are designed especially for shipboard ormobile operations. Some of the systems are intendedprimarily for environmental communications, while

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others are used for several different applications. In thenext section, we will first cover shipboard computernetworks and workstations, followed by a discussion ofSHF satellite broadcasts and HF facsimile broadcasts.We will complete the chapter with a discussion ofshipboard HF radio systems.

Q33.

Q34.

Q35.

Q36.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the purpose of the PMSV?

What does the proword "WILCO" indicate?

What would be the proper pronunciation of awind direction of 250° at 17 knots?

When relaying a current U.S. Navy shipobservation to a pilot over PMSV, whatinformation must not be released?

SHIPBOARD ENVIRONMENTALWORKSTATIONS AND

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify thecomponents of the Tactical EnvironmentalSupport System (TESS). Identify the systemsassociated with the Navy Integrated TacticalEnvironmental Subsystem (NITES). Identifythe components of the Interim MobileOceanographic Support System (IMOSS).Identify the basic functions of TESS andIMOSS.

There have been dramatic changes to shipboardcommunications over the last several years. The adventof the Internet and other advancements incommunications technology have improvedconnectivity between ships and shore-based facilities.These changes have greatly enhanced the quality ofenvironmental support provided by shipboardAerographer’s Mates. To make the most of thesechanges, several new environmental computerworkstations and communication networks have been,and will continue to be, introduced.

TACTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORTSYSTEM (TESS)

Aboard ship, a large portion of your workday willbe spent working at one of the Tactical EnvironmentalSupport System (TESS) workstations. TESS is amodular, interactive, computer-based system that

collects, processes, analyzes, displays, anddisseminates METOC data and products. It has beeninstalled afloat on most major combatant ships, such asaircraft carriers and command ships, as well as ashore atNAVMETOCCOM regional centers and facilities, andat Tactical Support Centers (TSC).

The original version of TESS was developed in themid 1980s as the first stand-alone environmentalworkstation and has been the backbone of METOC-related information for the shipboard Aerographer’sMate. TESS has gradually evolved into a completeenvironmental and communications workstation. In1990, the TESS (3) system was introduced. It provideda larger selection of meteorological and oceanographicproducts and was the first system that providedconnectivity between ships and shore-based METOCactivities. The Shipboard Meteorological andOceanographic Observing System (SMOOS) was alsointroduced in conjunction with TESS (3). Since then,technology advancements such as the Internet havemade enormous amounts of environmental informationreadily available. As a result, TESS-Next Century(TESS-NC) was introduced in 1997 to take advantage ofthis technological surge. However, until TESS-NC isfully fielded, an interim system, known as TESS-NCTransition, has been made available to the fleet.

The environmental software programs in TESS areultimately designed to provide tailored meteorologicaland oceanographic products, as well as electromagneticpropagation, acoustic, and satellite products. Thisinformation is used to provide direct tactical support tonaval air, surface, and USW operations. TESS assessesthe effects of the environment on fleet platforms,weapons, and sensors. TESS products are designed tobe timely, valid, and practical. The analyses andpredictions from TESS are based on informationobtained from various telecommunications channels aswell as on-scene observations. In addition, TESSmakes use of radio teletype information, HF andsatellite information, scientific models, and historicaldata. In chapter 2, we will describe some of the TESSsoftware programs and their applications.

TESS-NC Transition

The TESS-NC Transition system consists ofseveral personal computers and accessories. TheTESS-NC Transition takes advantage of a variety ofCommercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products, hardware,and software. Installation of this system provides addedfunctionality not previously supported by TESS (3),including direct ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore

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communications, and data access via INTERNET/NIPRNET/SIPRNET.

TESS-NC TRANSITION HARDWARE.—Thephysical appearance of TESS varies with the version ofthe system in use as well as the location of each system.Most TESS-NC Transition systems retain the deck-mounted, shock-isolated equipment cabinets of theTESS (3) as shown in figure 1-16. The individualcabinets need not be located together, but are usuallydistributed throughout the shipboard METOC officespaces to provide several different workstations. Theprimary operating system for TESS-NC Transition isWindows NT 4.0. Each TESS-NC Transition systemconsists of an METOC NT server, a METOC Terminalserver, and a METOC workstation. These componentsare setup as a separate Windows NT domain. TheAN/SMQ-11 satellite receiver and a supplementalremote workstation are also interfaced with the system,but are not part of the Windows NT domain.

The METOC NT Server is the primary operatorworkstation for the TESS NC Transition. It stores alluser information and profiles and authenticates all userlogons to the network. The METOC NT server consistsof a dual Pentium Pro 200 MHz processor with 128megabyte RAM, a 4.2 gigabyte hard drive, and CD-ROM. The METOC Terminal Server acts as a back-upto the NT server. It operates with a single Pentium Pro200 MHz processor, with 64 megabyte RAM, a 2.1

Gigabyte hard drive and CD-ROM. This computer isdesigned without keyboard capability, providingdomain services without operator interaction. TheMETOC Terminal server handles data ingest forSMOOS as well as other external communication lines.It also supports the closed circuit television (CCTV)briefing capability. The METOC workstation acts as asecondary operator workstation and consists of a Cyrix200 MHz processor. It contains a high-resolution colormonitor and a keyboard. One or more color printers arealso connected to the TESS-NC Transition system.

TESS-TRANSITION SOFTWARE.—Asmentioned, the METOC NT server, the METOCTerminal server, and the METOC Workstation operateby using the Windows NT 4.0 operating system. Eachcomputer is loaded with Microsoft Office andcommercial web browsers for the Internet. Numerousother government and commercial software programsare available and will be discussed in chapter 2. Themost important difference from previous versions ofTESS is Internet access. Additional information isprovided in the Supplemental Operator’s Manual forthe Tactical Environmental Support System NextCentury (NC) Transition, SPAWAR document EE685-HC-SUP-010.

Figure 1-16.—TESS-NC Transition hardware configuration for aircraft carrier METOC office.

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TESS-Next Century

Figure 1-17.—TESS-NC hardware configuration for afloat units.

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The Tactical Environmental Support System-NextCentury or TESS-NC is the latest in a series ofscheduled changes to shipboard (as well as shore-basedcommunications) for the next century. The vision forthis system is to provide easy access not only to a widerange of data from various sources, but also to interfacewith remote systems to access a variety ofenvironmental applications programs. TESS-NC willprovide a METOC database containing climatologicaldata, on-scene environmental measurements, andnumerical forecasts. TESS-NC will have the capabilityto produce analyses and forecasts, to support weatherbriefings, and also provide tactical decision aids. Thegoal is to provide maximum flexibility to support theindividual needs of each site.

As of this writing, the final configuration of TESS-NC is not available. TESS-NC will retain the basicconfiguration of the TESS-NC Transition, but will beequipped with more powerful computer processors. Itwill consist of at least three PC workstations using 300to 500 MHz Pentium processors. Each of theseworkstations will have SIPRNET access. Anunclassified workstation, operating with a 300 to 500MHz Pentium processor, will be used for NIPRNET

access, HF facsimile download, and connection to theship’s LAN. A standard 166 MHz laptop withSIPRNET access is also included. Additionally, TESS-NC will have a Unix-based server and workstation foraccess to the Global Command and Control System-Maritime (GCCS-M). The system will also haveconnectivity to the SMQ-11 (fig. 1-17). Software forTESS-NC is discussed in chapter 2.

TESS-NC is actually included with severalMETOC-related support systems under the umbrella ofthe Navy Integrated Tactical Environmental Subsystem(NITES). NITES incorporates five major subsystemsidentified as NITES I through V (fig. 1-18). NITES Iwill be the classified local data ingest center andprincipal METOC analysis and forecast system.NITES I is in fact another designation for the TESS-NC.NITES II is the METOC-related software segmentfound on the Global Command and Control System-Maritime (GCCS-M). NITES II is actually a classifiednetwork that will provide access to a distributedMETOC database via a GCCS-M Unix workstation.NITES III is the unclassified forecast, briefing, anddisplay system tailored to Naval METOC shoreactivities in support of aviation operations. This systemwill be the eventual replacement for the MIDDS, whichwas discussed earlier in the chapter. NITES IV is the

Figure 1-18.—Concept of NITES I through V supporting METOC sites.

portable environmental system tailored to mobileMETOC support that includes members of mobileteams and Marine Corps mobile support units. Thissystem will ultimately replace the Interim MobileOceanography Support System (IMOSS). NITES V isthe Allied Environmental Support System (AESS).

INTERIM MOBILE OCEANOGRAPHICSUPPORT SYSTEM (IMOSS)

The Interim Mobile Oceanography Support System(IMOSS) is a modular, rapid-response, on-sceneenvironmental prediction computer system. It is alightweight system based on network technology andlaptop computers. IMOSS is primarily used by NavyMobile Environmental Team (MET) members andMarine Corps Meteorological Mobile Facility(METMF) members. This system can store, analyze,and process meteorological and oceanographicinformation and produce numerous METOCapplication products.

System Configuration

The IMOSS consists of three sub-systems: the mainsubsystem, the communication sub-system, and thesatellite sub-system. Each sub-system can be used as a

stand-alone system, depending upon missionrequirements. Network Interface Cards (NIC) includedin each sub-system allow them to be networked togetherfor easy tile transfer and data communications. Theability to network also allows the IMOSS user to tie intoLocal Area Networks or Wide Area Networks to obtainproducts and data from remote sources. Details onIMOSS as well as instructions for LAN and WANconnectivity can be found in the Interim MobileOceanography Support System (IMOSS) Users Guide,published by the Naval Oceanographic Office anddelivered with each system. Figure 1-19 shows thebasic IMOSS LAN configuration.

Main Module

The main module is designed to be used primarilyfor briefing support and the production of products fromthe GFMPL suite of software. The main moduleconsists of a laptop computer, a classified, removablehard drive, and network interface devices. The currentlaptop computers include either an IBM 760EL(U4G)Thinkpad or a NEC VERSA 6030H Notebook. Bothhave a 133MHz Pentium processor, CD-ROM drive,and floppy drive capacity. These systems run using theMicrosoft NT operating system and are loaded withMicrosoft Office. Older systems operate on an IBM

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Figure 1-19.—Basic IMOSS LAN configuration.

755CD Thinkpad, which uses a 486DX4 100 MHzprocessor and the Windows 3.11 operating system. Allcomponents are packed in ruggedized cases.

The GFMPL software is loaded via CD-ROM.Both a classified and an unclassified version areavailable. GFMPL provides four basic functions:environmental data assimilation, environmental dataanalysis, sensor detection range and coveragepredictions, and data file maintenance. GFMPL will bediscussed in detail in chapter 2 of this module. Keep inmind that when the classified version of GFMPL isoperating with any of the IMOSS computers, thatcomputer, as well as any other attached devices ornetworks, must be classified at the appropriate level.When using the IMOSS in a network, you must takeprecaution to ensure that classified data is notinadvertently transmitted or made available tounauthorized sources.

Communications Module

The purpose of the communications module(COMM MOD) is to receive alphanumeric weatherdata and facsimile broadcast data via the HF receiver orsatellite (fleet environmental broadcast data) usingshipboard communications facilities. The receiver ofthe module has the capability to connect to the hostship’s antenna system or be deployed independentlywith its own antenna. Currently, the communicationssub-system consists of either an IBM 760EL (modelU6F) or an NEC VERSA 2430CD notebook computer.The system also consists of a Kenwood R-5000 HFradio receiver or a Drake R8A communicationsreceiver. It also includes a Dymek DA100DTuner/Power supply receiving antenna and/or a DymekDA 100E all-wave receiving antenna and variousinterface devices.

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The Weather Fax system for Windows (version 3.0)is a software program that is preconfigured to run on theCOMM MOD. It works with Windows NT and canoperate even while other programs are running.Weather Fax is used to copy HF facsimile products andrequires that a demodulator be used to interface with theHF receiver. The program can be used to tune thereceiver and format a facsimile reception schedule. AWeather Fax scheduler database allows you to browsethrough selected world weather fax stations andschedules. The COMM MOD can also be configured toreceive RATT (Radio Teletype) directly from ashipboard patch panel. RATT data is basically AWNdata received from the Fleet Environmental Broadcast.RATT data can be saved in an ASCII format. Detailedsetup and operating instructions for the COMM MODare contained in the IMOSS Users Guide.

Satellite Module

The purpose of the satellite module (SAT MOD) isto receive, store, and display data from meteorologicalsatellites. Like the communications module, thesatellite module is another separate laptop computerthat is packaged in a separate ruggedized case.Automatic Picture Transmissions (APT) data frompolar-orbiting satellites, as well as WEFAX imageryfrom geostationary satellites, can be receiveddepending on the antenna selected. The received data isingested and managed by software known asWEATHERTRAC. The SAT MOD can be linked to theCOMM MOD and to the main MOD to provide datatransfer and briefing support, or it may be deployedindependently. The satellite module is discussed indetail in chapter 1 of module 3. Setup and operatinginstructions are contained in the IMOSS Users Guide.

Q37.

Q38.

Q39.

Q40.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the main function of TESS?

What is the major difference between olderversions of TESS and TESS-NC Transition?

The TESS-NC Unix-based workstation is usedfor what purpose?

How many environmental subsystems does theNITES incorporate?

Q41.

Q42.

Q43.

Q44.

IMOSS is primarily designed for what segmentof METOC support?

Which module of IMOSS is designed primarily torun GFMPL?

What is the purpose of the IMOSScommunications module?

What type of satellite data can be copied by usingthe Satellite Module?

SATELLITE AND HIGH-FREQUENCYFLEET BROADCASTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Recognize thevarious SHF satellite and HF radio broadcastsystems used to transfer environmentalinformation to ships and mobile environmentalteams, Identify the publication that lists HFradio environmental broadcast channels.Describe HF facsimile receiver equipment usedby Aerographer’s Mates.

In this section, we will discuss the various super-high-frequency (SHF) satellite and high-frequency(HF) radio environmental broadcasts that are availableto Aerographer’s Mates stationed aboard ship orassigned to mobile teams. We will also discuss HFfacsimile receiver equipment.

FLEET MULTI-CHANNEL BROADCAST(FMCB)

Shipboard Aerographer’s Mates routinely send allobservations and forecasts from their ship to other unitsvia AUTODIN. They also receive and send a number ofadministrative messages via AUTODIN channelsduring normal operations. The bulk of incomingmeteorological and oceanographic data is received on asatellite broadcast known as the Fleet EnvironmentalBroadcast. Both AUTODIN and the FleetEnvironmental Broadcast are transmitted to ships viaSHF satellite as part of a secure communications systemknown as the Fleet Multi-channel Broadcast (FMCB).

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Unclassified information from the AWN isforwarded to selected naval communication stations forbroadcast via satellite. Each Naval Meteorology andOceanography regional center monitors theenvironmental broadcast for their AOR (see table 1-5).The contents of each broadcast are also determined byeach regional center. Normally, any data available inthe AWN may be included on the environmentalbroadcast. However, because of the limitations of thesystem, only selected data are actually included. Theregional centers may send a command via an AFMEDSterminal to halt the stream of data sent by the AWN.During these halts, classified traffic is transmitted bythe regional center to the communications station forretransmission directly on the environmental broadcast.This classified data typically consists of naval shipobservations and forecaster meteorological assistancesupport (MET Assists).

Specific requests for observations or forecasts notincluded in the broadcast are sent via message to theFleet CINC and the responsible regional center with aninformation copy to COMNAVMETOCCOM, asspecified in NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1. YourLCPO or MET Officer will normally initiate theserequests.

The content of the environmental broadcast, as wellas the channel assignments and the actualcommunications satellite itself, shifts when naval shipstransit from one operational command area to another.Ships usually encounter these shifts when transitingfrom the Atlantic into the Mediterranean, from the RedSea into the Arabian Sea, and through the PanamaCanal.

The FMCB is normally transmitted in encryptedform. Aboard ship, the Radiomen operate and monitorthe FMCB receiving equipment and crypto equipment.The decrypted data stream from the FleetEnvironmental Broadcast is transferred to the shipboardweather office on a protected circuit. In the weatheroffice, the data may be directed to a TESS or IMOSSterminal, or directly to a printer.

Other channels of the FMCB support AUTODINmessage service and tactical data that supports systems,such as the Joint Operations Tactical System (JOTS),the Officer-in-Tactical Command InformationExchange System (OTCIXS), or the Tactical DataInformation Exchange System (TADIXS). Manyenvironmental products are composed specifically forthese systems. The JOTS system in particular isextensively used by USN MET and USMC METMFmembers when embarked aboard ships without aweather office. The shipboard Aerographer’s Matenormally has no responsibility to operate the shipboardreceiving equipment for the JOTS, OTCIXS, orTADIXS broadcasts.

HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) BROADCASTS

Many meteorological and oceanographic databroadcasts containing either alphanumeric or graphic(facsimile) information are available for ships at seafrom HF radio transmissions in different parts of theworld. In the past, the National Weather Service, theU.S. Air Force, and NAVMETOC regional centerstransmitted a continuous HF broadcast ofmeteorological data. Due to the high maintenance costand advancements in communication technology, mostof these broadcasts have been reduced or have beeneliminated altogether.

Table 1-5.—Fleet Environmental Broadcasts Monitored by NAVMETOCCOM Regional Centers

NAVMETOCCOM CENTER BROADCASTS MONITORED

NLMOC Norfolk (2nd Fleet) East Atlantic: LMHA

West Atlantic: LMHB

NATO: H52N

NEMOC Rota (6th Fleet)

NPMOC Pearl Harbor (3rd Fleet)

Mediterranean: MMHH

East Pacific: PMOO

NPMOC WEST Guam (5th/7th Fleet) West Pacific: PMHH

Indian Ocean: MMWW

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Air Force High Frequency RegionalBroadcasts

In the late 1980s, with the loss of the NWSmeteorological alphanumeric and facsimile HF radiobroadcasts, the Air Force initiated a High FrequencyRegional Broadcast (HFRB) program to transmitalphanumeric information from the AWN and graphicproducts from AFWA on several regional broadcasts.These broadcasts are available and compatible withNavy shipboard receivers. Either alphanumeric orgraphic data may be directed to the TESS or IMOSSsystems. Alternatively, alphanumeric data may bedirected through a converter to a shipboard teleprinter,and the graphic data directed to a facsimile recorder.

These broadcasts carry AFWA regional graphicproducts on the upper sideband of the listed frequencyand AFMEDS alphanumeric regional information onthe lower sideband of the frequency. Broadcastfrequencies and transmission times are available fromthe Worldwide Marine Radiofacsimile BroadcastSchedules published by the Department ofCommerce/NOAA. This publication lists worldwidetransmissions of meteorological and oceanographicproducts. Few observational data broadcasts are listedsince these are not designed for use by the averagemariner. Products are listed by the scheduled UTCtransmission time of the product. HFRB sites broadcastonly one frequency at any given time with routinefrequency shifts at sunrise and sunset at the transmittersite. The broadcast is normally unencrypted, but may beencrypted for special Air Force support. When tuning areceiver to copy the sideband transmissions, you musttune your receiver 1.9 kHz higher than the listedfrequency for an upper sideband (USB) signal and 1.9kHz lower for a lower sideband (LSB) signal.

There are three active HFRB broadcast sitescurrently operational: a United States HFRB site atElkhorn, Nebraska; a European HFRB site atCroughton, England; and a Caribbean and CentralAmerican HFRB site at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico.

U.S. Navy Fleet Broadcasts

NAVMETOC regional centers still have HFfacsimile broadcast capability that may be used as abackup source for meteorological data aboard ship.Navy Mobile Environmental Teams and Marine CorpsMETMF van sites may copy HF broadcasts as theirprimary data source when routine fleet meteorologicalcommunications are not available. However, these HFbroadcasts are activated on a contingency-on-request

basis only. Special request for activation of a particularHF broadcast must be sent to the appropriateNAVMETOC regional center.

The content of the HF broadcast is controlled byeach NAVMETOCCOM regional center to providesupport for U.S. Navy units operating within their AOR.Most products are computer-generated graphics ofsurface and upper-air analysis and forecast products.The data signals for the graphic products are sent fromthe regional centers to naval communications stationsvia landline. The communications station thentransmits the signal on HF radio. Transmissionfrequencies and the broadcast time of each particularproduct are available by mail from each regional center,and are also included as part of the broadcast.

U.S. Coast Guard Facsimile Broadcast

The U.S. Coast Guard transmits a high-frequencyfacsimile broadcast of National Weather Service chartsand satellite imagery. Broadcast stations include SanFrancisco, New Orleans, Boston, and Kodiak.Schedules and frequencies are available via the Internet.As with other HF meteorological transmissions, alisting of broadcast frequencies is available in the latestedition of Worldwide Marine RadiofacsimileBroadcast Schedules.

Foreign HF Broadcasts

Many meteorological and oceanographic databroadcasts containing either radio teletype or facsimileinformation are also available by copying HF radiotransmissions from different countries of the world.U.S. Navy ships conducting an exercise or operation ina particular area may require more detailedmeteorological information than is available on theFleet Environmental Broadcast or regular military HFfacsimile broadcasts. You may have to tune into aforeign HF radio meteorological broadcast and copy allof the information that country is willing to share withthe rest of the world.

Two publications are very useful in determining thefrequency and content of the various indigenousbroadcasts. We have already mentioned the WorldwideMarine Radiofacsimile Broadcast Schedulespublication. Another useful publication formeteorological or oceanographic data collection is AirForce Manual 100-1, Global Weather Intercepts. Aportion of this publication lists meteorologicalbroadcast frequencies and transmission times groupedaccording to the type of broadcast-continuous wave(CW), RATT, or facsimile-region, country, andtransmitter site.

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HF Facsimile Recorders

As a weather observer, you may be tasked to copyHF facsimile products by using miniaturized facsimile(minifax) recorders. Normally, several differentfrequencies are available for each HF broadcast station.A few of these frequencies are available 24 hours perday. You must monitor the signal to ensure that usablequality graphics are produced. Due to daily changes inatmospheric conditions, you will find that lowerbroadcast frequencies provide a better signal at night,while higher broadcast frequencies provide a bettersignal during the day.

Most U.S. originated HF radio analog signalfacsimile transmissions include a marking tone at thebeginning of each line of the image. This marking toneis automatically interpreted by the recorder to indicate anew line of image, and the recorder automatically alignseach line properly to form the image. Some foreignfacsimile transmissions do not contain a recognizablemarking tone, which results in a skewed image whereeach line of the image is offset an inch or two to the rightor left. Manually setting the recorder LPM-setting tomatch the transmission LPM setting normally correctsthe skew. Common settings used are 60-, 90-, 120-, or240-lines-per-minute.

Two models of minifax’s are in use by Navy METand Marine Corps METMF units: the 9315 series TR4and the TRT models. Both are equipped with a 5-footwhip antenna and preamplifier for use aboard ship orashore. Aboard ship, the ship’s antenna system may beconnected to the recorder instead of the 5-foot whip.

The Alden 9315 series facsimile receiver/recorderscontain a digital receiver and use dry, thermallysensitive 1 l-inch-wide rolls of paper. Replacementrolls of paper are inserted through the top of theequipment following instructions provided inside thepaper compartment. A forward and reverse scanningthermal print head is used instead of a stylus on a belt.You must be very careful when feeding the paperthrough the roller system to avoid damaging the thermalprint head.

ALDEN 9315 TR4.—This minifax is widely usedby mobile teams. The TR4 model can copy facsimiletransmissions received over the internal receiver, overan external radio, or over the telephone. AM voicebroadcasts and CW may be monitored on a speaker. A9315 TR4 is shown in figure l-20.

ALDEN 9315 TRT.—Although the TRT modellooks nearly identical to the TR4 model, it is much morethan a facsimile receiver/recorder. The 9315 TRT has a

Figure 1-20.—Alden 9315 series TR4 model facsimile receiver/recorder.

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built in signal converter in addition to the receiver. Theequipment is capable of printing digital facsimilegraphics, HF radioteletype, and CW decoded fromInternational Morse Code into alphanumericcharacters. Other than tuning the proper radiofrequency and setting the AM/USB/LSB/FM switch, noadditional operator inputs are necessary to printalphanumeric data, graphics, or imagery.

For use ashore, an optional long-wire antenna or thewhip antenna may be used. The long-wire antenna hastwo very long lengths ofreinforced wire extending froma central connection point. Although this antennareceives signals very well, it must be lowered from itsinstalled location and tuned by shortening orlengthening the two wires for each different frequencyrange. Frequency range markings are provided on eachwire. Detailed instructions are provided in aninstruction booklet supplied with each long-wireantenna.

Q45.

Q46.

Q47.

Q48.

Q49.

Q50.

Q51.

Q52.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

How is the Fleet Environmental Broadcast andAUTODIN traffic relayed to ships at sea?

Which NAVMETOC regional center isresponsible for the Sixth Fleet EnvironmentalBroadcast?

What type of data is included in the FleetEnvironmental Broadcast?

Which agency maintains high frequencyregional broadcasts (HFRB)?

What is the purpose of the HF facsimilebroadcastfrom NAVMETOC regional centers?

Which publication contains listings offrequencies for HF RATT and facsimiletransmissions?

What level of HF frequencies should be copied atnight?

Which type of facsimile recorder is the mostwidely used by mobile environmental teams?

SHIPBOARD HF RADIOS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify the radiocommunications equipment routinely found inshipboard weather offices. Discuss theapplications and use procedures for thisequipment.

Aboard ship, weather observers may be tasked tooperate special radio-receiving equipment to tune inlocal HF environmental broadcasts of alphanumeric orfacsimile products. With the advent of TESS (3) andsubsequent advancements in communicationstechnology, copying an HF radio broadcast with thisequipment is rarely necessary. In this section, wediscuss some basic terms that you must be familiar with,basic shipboard radio receiving equipment you mightuse, and the information systems that are used aboardships to receive environmental information.

The equipment you will use to receive I-IF radiotransmissions aboard ship varies for the different typesof broadcasts. Weather personnel are primarilyconcerned with receiving voice broadcasts,Radioteletype (RATT) broadcasts, and facsimilebroadcasts. To receive a radio voice broadcast, all youneed is an antenna, a radio receiver, and a speaker. Onmost ships, these are all separate pieces of equipment.To copy a facsimile broadcast, you will need to patchthe output from the radio receiver into a facsimilerecorder. Finally, to receive a RATT broadcast, youwill need to patch the output from the radio receiver intoa signal converter, then patch the converter output into ateleprinter. Aboard ship, antenna patch panels andtransfer switchboards are used to connect various piecesof equipment.

HF ANTENNAS

Aerographer’s Mates and Marine Corps observersuse antennas both ashore and shipboard to receive HFradio transmissions of weather information and satellitebroadcasts. Fortunately, many of the meteorological oroceanographic data reception systems in use have beensimplified so that the antenna that is supplied with thesystem matches the frequencies desired. Aboard ship,antenna usage is controlled by the Radiomen in thecommunications spaces. Before attempting to tune in a

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frequency, consult with the duty radiomen for the bestavailable antenna to use to receive the desiredbroadcast. Aboard CVs, LHAs and LHDs, severalshipboard antennas may be dedicated for use by theweather office. When dedicated antennas are present,one or more AN/SRA-12 antenna patch panels will belocated within the Met Office (fig. 1-21).

On the AN/SRA-12, the top row of jacks maycontain plug connections to either antennas or receiversets. In figure l-21, two antennas are available: INTANT-2 and a LONG WIRE; and four radio receivers:R-2368 No.5, No.6, No.7, and No.8. The lower portionof the panel contains an antenna-input patch (on the far-left side), and four patches for each of the seven filteredfrequency ranges varying from 32 MHz down to 14kHz. ANT-2 has been selected as the input antenna andconnected to the input jack. R-2368 No.5 has beenpatched to the filtered antenna output in the 32 MHz to14 MHz range.

NOTE: When patching, you must always insert theend of the antenna patch cord into the receiver first, andthen into the lowest usable filtered frequency patch.When unpatching, remove the receiver jack first, andthen the filtered frequency patch. Patch or unpatch fromthe top down.

More than one receiver may be connected to thesame antenna. For instance, receiver No.6 may beconnected by use of an additional patch cord to anotherjack on the filtered 32 MHz to 14 MHz output or toanother frequency range.

RADIO RECEIVERS

There are two basic types of radio receivers foundin shipboard meteorological offices: the R-1051/URRreceiver and the newer R-2368/URR. The R-2368/URR is currently being installed in all newconstruction ships, and is being retrofitted to older shipsto replace both the R-1051/URR medium- and high-frequency receivers and AN/WRR-3 low-frequencyreceivers.

R-1051/URR Receiver

The R-1051/URR receiver (fig. 1-22) receives CW,AM, USB, LSB, and ISB signals, plus frequency-shiftkeying (FSK) signals in the 2-MHz to 30-MHz range.Frequency settings are dialed into the windows on thefront panel. This receiver is a very reliable receiver andis very easy to operate. Operator instructions and verysimple operator maintenance procedures are containedin the operator’s manual for the R-1051(B), (C), or(D)/URR Receiver.

Figure 1-21.—AN/SRA-12 antenna filter and receiver antenna patch panel.

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Figure 1-22.—R-1051(B)NRR receiver.

R-2368/URR Receiver

Figure 1-23, view A, shows the R-2368/URR

receiver ready for mounting in an equipment cabinet;

view B shows the front panel. The R-, medium-, andhigh-frequency communications. The equipment iscapable of receiving in the USB, LSB, ISB, AM, FM,and CW modes. It has a unique frequency-

Figure 1-23.—R-2368/URR receiver.

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programming feature that can store up to 100preprogrammed frequencies. A keypad is used to key infrequencies either for use or program storage. Thereceiver may scan any or all of the preprogrammedfrequencies to check for traffic on the frequency.

Operator maintenance is limited to scheduledcleaning, visual inspection, and initiating a periodicself-test routine. No special training or equipment isrequired. The front panel should be checked once a dayfor display of a fault condition to ensure that there is nointernal circuitry failure. Details of these operatormaintenance procedures, as well as easy to followoperator instructions, are contained in TechnicalManual Operation and Maintenance Instructions withParts List, Receiver R-2368/URR, EE125-FC-OMI-010/R-2368/URR.

RECEIVER SWITCHBOARD

The receiver transfer switchboard allows you totransfer the audio output from the receivers to remotecontrol station audio circuits. Figure 1-24 shows tworepresentative SB-973/SRT receiver transferswitchboards. These switchboards contain ten 7-posi-tion switches. Each switch is connected to a remotestation, such as a facsimile recorder, the TESS inputjack, or an audio speaker. Each of switch positions 1

through 5 relates to a receiver, which is usuallyspecified on an engraved plate along the top of theswitch case. In figure 1-24, only the first four switchesof each switchboard have been used, as seen by theengraved equipment identification adjacent to eachswitch. The position "x" on each switch allows you totransfer the circuits to additional switchboards.

AN/URA-17 COMPARATOR-CONVERTER

A comparator-converter device is used to convert aradio receiver’s frequency shift keying audio outputcarrying radioteletype information into direct current(dc) pulses compatible with a teleprinter. Thecomparator-converters currently used aboard Navyships are the AN/URA-17(B) or (C) versions (fig.1-25). A group consists of two CV-483/URA-17frequency shift converters cross connected with awiring harness. The output of each CV-483 is hardwiredinto receiver transfer switchboards, and usuallyidentified as URA-17 "A" for the top converter, and asAN/URA-17 "B" for the bottom unit.

Two converters are supplied so that the user maytune in the same radioteletype broadcast on twoseparate frequencies with two radio receivers, and feedthe output from both converters into the same printer.This method of copying a radioteletype broadcast is

Figure 1-24.—SB-973/SRT receiver transfer switchboards.

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Figure 1-25.—Comparator-Converter group AN/URA-17(C).

called diversity. When the URA-17 is operating indiversity mode, the signal comparator circuits in theequipment compare’ the signal strength and clarity ofeach received signal, and allow only the better signal tobe routed to a printer.

A properly tuned signal should appear as an "X"pattern centered on the middle lines inscribed on theCRT window (fig. 1-27, view A). If the pattern isshifted above the bottom inscribed line (view B), theradio frequency needs to be lowered slightly. If thepattern is shifted below the top inscribed line (view C),the radio frequency needs to be raised slightly.

Each converter may also be used independently.When you operate a CV-483 in the single mode, thecomparator circuits are not used. Separate radio-teletype broadcasts may be routed through eachconverter and sent out to separate printers. Operation of

When the "X" pattern is centered, but the top andbottom pattern lines do not touch the top and bottomlines inscribed on the CRT (view D), the CV-483"level" control must be increased. If the "X" patternextends both above and below the top and bottominscribed lines (view E), the "level" must be decreased.

each individual CV-483 is not difficult. Operatorcontrols are all on the front of the unit (fig. 1-26).

In order to successfully copy RATT data, you mustcomplete the following steps:

1. Using switchboards and antenna patch panels,connect an appropriate antenna to your receiver(s), andthen connect your receiver(s) to the CV-483(s).Optionally, you may also patch radio output to an audiospeaker. A RATT signal has a distinctive sound. Withexperience, you may be able to properly tune a RATTsignal by sound alone.

2. Turn the power on with the power switch, andthen place the function switch to the "tune" position.

3. Then tune a radio receiver to a listedradioteletype frequency. You may have to tune to 1.5 to1.9 kHz above or below the actual listed frequency ifcopying sideband transmissions. The wave pattern inthe cathode-ray tube window is used to properly adjustthe signal.

Figure 1-26.—Frequency Shift Converter CV-483/URA-17 front panel controls.

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SLOW 45.5 BAUD 60 WPM

55 BAUD 75 WPM

FAST 75 BAUD 100 WPM

Figure 1-27.—CV-483 CRT signal patterns. View (A) shows a

properly tuned signal, view (B) frequency is too high, view

(C) frequency is too low, view (D) the CV-483 level is too

low, and view (E) the CV-483 level is too high.

Table 1-6.—CV-483 Speed Setting Compared to RATT Baud

Rate and Printer Word-Per-Minute Settings

4. Using the transfer switchboard, you may nowconnect the CV-483(s) to a teleprinter or TESS HFRATT input and switch the CV-483 function switch tothe "single" setting. If the printer appears to be printinggarbled letters and numbers, switch the "polarity"switch to the "reverse" position. If still printing garble,adjust the "speed" switch to "slow" and adjust theprinter Words Per Minute (WPM) or Baud rate setting.Baud is the rate of modulation of a transmitted signal.The words-per-minute figure is an approximation basedon the relationship that one word is six-unit charactersof information. Baud rate times 1.35 is the approximateWPM rate. The CV-483 speed is related to transmissionbaud rates and WPM rates, as shown in table 1-6.

SHIPBOARD TELEPRINTERS

Observers in shipboard meteorological officesequipped with the TESS (3) or later versions of TESSmay direct HP RATT signals into the TESS system forautomatic sorting, storage, selected recall and display,or printing of alphanumeric information. IMOSS canalso be used to copy RATT data. On ships not equippedwith TESS or IMOSS, the incoming information mustbe directed to a printer. Currently, there are two basictypes of shipboard teleprinters in use: the TeletypeCorporation Model 28 (several different versions) andthe Navy Standard Teleprinter (NST), the AN/UGC-143A(V).

Model 28 Teleprinter

The Teletype Corporation Model 28 teleprinter is afamily of reliable low-speed teleprinters. Someversions are not equipped with a keyboard, and areknown as receive-only (RO) teleprinters. Otherversions have a keyboard and are known as KeyboardSend-Receive (KSR) teleprinters. In one version oranother, Model 28 printers may still be found inshipboard meteorological offices. Some of the basicversions of the Model 28 are the TT-48/UG floor-mounted KSR teleprinter (fig. l-28), the TT-69/UGtabletop KSR teleprinter (fig. l-29), the AN/UGC-20compact KSR teleprinter (fig. l-30), and the AN/UGC-25 compact RO teleprinter (fig. 1-31).

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Figure 1-28.—TT-48/UG Model 28 floor-mounted KSR

teleprinter.

All teletype Model 28 printers use rolls of paper,which are inserted into the printer through the top. Thepaper may be single copy (single ply) or have threelayers of paper and two layers of carbon (5-ply).Various colors of paper are also available. Usually,only single-ply yellow is used in meteorological

Figure 1-29.—TT-69/UG Model 28 tabletop KSR teleprinter.

Figure 1-30.—AN/UGC-20 Model 28 compact KSR

teleprinter.

offices. Paper loading instructions are found inside theprinter when the lid is opened.

These teleprinters use inked cloth ribbons, suppliedon a single metal spool. Ribbon routing instructions arealso listed inside the case. When installing a newribbon, you must save one of the two used ribbon spoolsto attach to the new ribbon. Never reink and reuse oldribbons. Always replace them when the printing is verylight or the ribbon shows signs of fraying or tearing,especially around the small metal eyelets near each endof the ribbon. These eyelets activate the ribbon-direction-reverse lever inside the teleprinter. If aneyelet tears loose from the ribbon, the reverse lever isnot activated, and the ribbon advance gears or theribbon mounting assembly may be damaged when theribbon pulls taut.

Figure 1-31.—AN/UGC-25 Model 28 compact RO teleprinter.

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Printing speed on the TT-48 and TT-69 teleprintersis adjustable by changing gears, but is usually set at 100WPM. One of your shipboard Radiomen trained inteletype repair and maintenance will change the gears ifnecessary. On the UGC-20 and UGC-25 teleprinters, aswitch lever on the left lower front edge of the printer isused to change printing speeds between 60 WPM, 75WPM, or 100 WPM. Turn the power off beforeswitching speeds.

Navy Standard Teleprinter

The AN/UGC-143A(V) Navy StandardTeleprinters (NSTs) have replaced most of the Model28 teleprinters. The NST is designed for shipboard(both surface and subsurface) and shore stationapplications.

The NST is a high-speed electronic teleprinter thatautomatically accepts and processes transmissionsfrom 45.5 baud up to 9600 baud. It prints 120 charactersper second (1200 WPM). It is composed of severalmodules selectively connected to form the variousconfigurations (configurations are discussed shortly).The NST may be used either as a tabletop unit or slide-mounted in standard equipment racks.

There are four versions of the AN/UGC-143ATeleprinter: the AN/UGC-143A(V)l receive only-1(RO1) teleprinter (fig. 1-32), AN/UGC-143A(V)2receive only-2 (RO2) teleprinter (looks the same as anRO1), the AN/UGC-143A(V)3 keyboard send-receive(KSR) teleprinter (fig. 1-33), and the AN/UGC-143A(V)4 automatic send-receive (ASR) teleprinter(fig. 1-34). The various NST configurations consist of

Figure 1-33.—AN/UGC-143A(V)3 keyboard send-receive

(KSR) teleprinter.

combinations of one or several modules, such as theelectronic module, printer module, keyboard module,keyboard/display module, or the bulk storage module.All four configurations contain basic electronics andprinter modules. Only the RO2 and the ASR teleprinterscontain a bulk storage module. Of the two keyboardconfigurations, the KSR has a standard keyboard, whilethe ASR has a Liquid Crystal Diode (LCD) single linedisplay window.

Figure 1-32.—AN/UGC-143A(V)l receive only-1 (RO1)

teleprinter, or the AN/UGC-143A(V)2 receive only-2

(RO2) teleprinter.

Figure 1-34.—AN/UGC-143A(4 automatic send-receive

(ASR) teleprinter.

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The electronic module controls the functionaloperations of the NST and provides temporary storageof all transmitted and received information. It containsa message buffer memory, message segmentation logic,message routing logic, communication port, cryptoport, and power supply. The buffer compensates forvarying baud rates and holds incoming traffic until theentire message has been received, and then sends it tothe printer.

The printer module contains the printer mechanism,printer electronics, printer buffer, status indicator,system setup switches, and power supply. All receivedor transmitted information may be automaticallyprinted. The operator can interrupt the printing modewithout losing incoming message traffic to printdirectory information or internal systems test results. Adot-matrix print mechanism is capable of printing linelengths up to 80 characters at a speed of 120 charactersper second (1200 WPM). (Until all Model 28teleprinters have been replaced ashore and afloat, only69 characters are allowed in a single message line.)Operator-selected, single- or double-line spacingmodes are available. The printer uses either friction-feed nonperforated or tractor-feed perforated fan-foldpaper. It is capable of accommodating single-ply paperor five-ply paper.

The keyboard module contains the basiccomplement of keys needed to send characters, releasetape reader input, and perform tape editing. Anothervariation of the keyboard module includes a one-line(80-character) LCD display and special function keysthat help the operator in message preparation andcorrection (fig. 1-35). The gray shaded keys arecommand or edit functions. Many of the remaining keyscontain message functions, accessed by holding downthe "shift" key as the function is depressed. Notice thatthe keyboard contains carriage return (CR), line feed,letters (LTRS), and figures (FIGS) keys, similar to theolder Model 28 keyboards.

The bulk storage module contains the tape drive,drive electronics, message file logic, bulk storagebuffer, function control switches, and power supply. Itautomatically stores all received and transmittedmessages on a removable data cartridge. This modulemaintains an archive directory listing (table ofcontents)of all messages stored. The operator can have the tableof contents printed or displayed on the keyboardmodule screen. The table of contents lists the messagesin date-time group order and includes the originator,NAVCOMPARS processing sequence number (PSN),and an access number by which the operator can recallthe message from storage. A data cartridge tape canstore up to 1,344 messages of 2,000 characters each.

Figure 1-35.—AN/UGC-143A(V)4 ASR keyboard.

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Operator maintenance on the equipment is limitedto changing paper and printer ribbons. Instructions areprovided on the inside of the printer case. Radiomenand Electronics Technicians perform all othermaintenance.

Detailed operator instructions are contained inOperator and Maintenance Instructions Teleprinter Setan/UGC-143A(Y). Specific instructions on the use ofspecial message function keys and composingmessages for teletype (or radioteletype) transmissionare contained in Communications Instructions,Teletypewriter (Teleprinter) Procedures, ACP-126.

Q53.

Q54.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

When patching antenna jacks on the AN/SRA-12,which patch must be connected first?

What are the two basic types of shipboard radioreceivers?

Q55. How should a properly tuned signal appear onthe CRT window of the CV-483/URA-I7converter?

Q56. What are the two basic types of shipboardteleprinters in use?

SUMMARY

In this chapter, we have discussed many of the high-speed landline, satellite, and HP radio communicationssystems currently in use. We have also discussed muchof the specialized equipment used as terminals on thesec o m m u n i c a t i o n s s y s t e m s . T h e s p e c i f i ccommunications systems and equipment available foruse varies greatly from shore stations to ships.Although the systems currently in use are dramaticallydifferent and far more technologically advanced thanthe systems used only 10 years ago, we will see manymore changes occurring as newer technology isintroduced through early next century.

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ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

A1. OPNAVINST 5510.1, Department of the Navy Information and Personnel SecurityProgram Regulation.

A2. For Official Use Only.

A3. Not Releasable to Foreign Nationals.

A4. A record slip or log entry must be made. In addition, official authorization mayberequired.

A5. The STU-III is a secure telephone system that provides protection of vital andsensitive information.

A6. Internet links allow a user to download another document into their computersimply by clicking on an on-screen "link" from the current document.

A7. Servers direct Internet traffic to its proper destination.

A8. The abbreviation ".MIL" will appear as an extension at the end of the URL.

A9. SIPRNET

A10. METOC-related military websites usually contain information on commandhistory, mission, as well asprovide access to various environmental products.

A11. The individual’s name and host identifier.

A12. The AWN is a system that collects and disseminates environmental data and otheraviation-related information via satellite and landline circuits.

A13. FNMOD Tinker, Oklahoma.

A14. Automatic Response Query (ARQ).

A15. The TT indicator of a MANOP header is used to identify message content. The AAindicator is used to identify the region for which the data is valid.

A16. NOTAMS report items of interest to aviators, such as temporary or permanentrunway closures, radar, communications, guidancesystem outages, or changes infacilities available at an airfield.

A17. DIFAX products are copied by using an 18-inch satellite dish antenna.

A18. MIDDS acts as an environmental workstation, a briefing station, and a method ofdistributing METOC products.

A19. The MIDDS Fusion Generator allows you to overlay various products usingdifferent backgrounds and color schemes. Alphanumeric products can also befused with other geo-referenced products.

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A20. The Dial RX receiver is used to acquire radar images from WSR-88D radar sitesvia a commercial dial-up service or the Internet. It can also be used to receiveGOES satellite data, alphanumeric products, and DIFAX products.

A21. The SAND function is used to display Satellite, NEXRAD (WSR-88D), and DIFAXimages. SAND gives the user the ability to manipulate and enhance theseproducts.

A22. The FOS Module is an applications module used to display and manipulatealphanumeric data.

A23. Briefing Support.

A24. The ASOS Data Manager.

A25. Gateguard.

A26. Message Text Format (MTF) Editor.

A27. Telecommunications Users Manual, NTP 3.

A28. NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1.

A29. The electronic Distributed Plain Language Address Verification System (DPVS).

A30. The "NARR/" set identifier is used in a GENADMIN message when two or morereferences are listed in the message.

A31. Less than 10 years from the date of the message.

A32. Mission accomplishment and safety of life.

A33. PMSV radio is used to relay meteorological information between aircraft andairfield weather offices.

A34. I have received your signal, understand it, and will comply.

A35. Wind TWO-FIVE-ZERO degrees, ONE-SEVEN knots.

A36. Never relay the ship’s name or position.

A37. TESS is a modular, interactive, computer-based system which collects, processes,analyzes, displays, and disseminates METOC data and products. It is primarilyinstalled aboard ships.

A38. Internet access.

A39. The TESS-NC Unix-based workstation is used to access the Global Command andCommunications System-Maritime (GCCS-M) and tactical decision aids.

A40. F i v e .

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A41. Mobile Environmental Teams (MET) and Meteorological Mobile Facility(METMF) members.

A42. The main module.

A43. The purpose of the communications module is to receive alphanumeric weatherdata and facsimile broadcast data via HF receiver, or satellite broadcast viashipboard communication facilities.

A44. APT (polar-orbiting) and WEFAX (geostationary) imagery.

A45. AUTODIN and the Fleet Environmental Broadcast are relayed to ships via SHFsatellite as part of the Fleet Multi-channel Broadcast (FMCB).

A46. NEMEOC Rota, Spain.

A47. Selected AWN data, classified ship observations, and MET-Assist messages.

A48. U.S. Air Force.

A49. HF broadcasts from NAVMETOC regional centers are primarily used as a backupsource for meteorological data aboard ship when routine fleet communicationsare not available.

A50. Worldwide Marine Radiofacsimile Broadcast Schedules.

A51. Lower frequencies.

A52. TR4 minifax.

A53. Insert the patch cord into the receiver first.

A54. R-1051/URR and the R-2368/URR.

A55. An "X" pattern.

A56. The Teletype Corporation Model 28 and the Naval Standard Teleprinter (NST).

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CHAPTER 2

ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE PROGRAMS

INTRODUCTION

In the Navy and Marine Corps fields ofmeteorology and oceanography, the use of desktop andlaptop computers is common. In chapter one, wediscussed several of the most widely usedenvironmental computer systems. In this chapter, wewill discuss many of the software programs andproducts associated with these systems.

Most environmental software programs are run onone of several computer systems, such as TESS,IMOSS, and MIDDS. These systems provide a widerange of environmental products. In this chapter, wewill discuss the following programs:

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Master Library

(OAML)

Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library(GFMPL)

Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS)software

Refractive effects prediction programs

Electro-Optical Tactical Decision Aid

(EOTDA)

Naval Oceanography Data Distribution System(NODDS)

Joint METOC Viewer (JMV)

Optimum Path Aircraft Routing System

(OPARS)

Data Request Product (DRP)

Our intent is to provide you with a basic overviewof the purpose of these programs and their outputproducts. You will study more about the applications ofthese products in later training modules.

OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ATMOSPHERICMASTER LIBRARY (OAML)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thepurpose of the Oceanographic andAtmospheric Master Library (OAML).Identify the agency responsible for maintainingOAML. Identify the publication that describesOAML.

The U.S. Navy has produced several oceanographicand atmospheric models and data bases over the last fewdecades. With similar environmental programsoperating on different computer systems, small changesin program output can be realized by various warfarecommunities using the same products. In 1984, theOceanographic and Atmospheric Master Library(OAML) was developed to provide consistency andstandardization for all oceanographic andmeteorological programs used by the Navy. It is nowthe Navy standard library for meteorological andoceanographic data bases, models, and algorithms.OAML thus eliminates large-scale differences in outputfrom the various environmental computer systems thatare used throughout the fleet.

The responsibility for maintaining the models anddata bases in OAML rests with the NavalOceanographic Office (NAVO) located at the StennisSpace Center, Mississippi. General descriptions of thevarious oceanographic and atmospheric models anddata bases are provided in the Oceanographic andAtmospheric Master Library (OAML) Summarypublished by NAVO. The OAML summary discussesthe applications and limitations of the OAML modelsand data bases. It also provides data base coveragemaps as well as ordering instructions for OAMLprograms.

While OAML discusses many of the processingmodels and output products contained in theGeophysical Fleet Mission Program Library (GFMPL),

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it is not intended to discuss all of the various GFMPLprograms available, only those commonly used byseveral warfare communities. Table 2-1 lists the mostwidely used OAML models and table 2-2 lists the databases contained in OAML.

The OAML data bases and models are used in

data bases as you progress into a senior Aerographer’sMate.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1. What is the purpose of OAML?TESS, IMOSS, MIDDS, and many other environmentalprediction systems used throughout the fleet. You willlearn much more about the use of OAML models and

Q2. What agency is responsible for maintainingOAML environmental data bases and models?

Table 2-1.—OAML Models

OAML MODELS

OCEAN MODELS ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) MODELS

Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) Surface-Search Radar (SSR) Model

Naval Search and Rescue (NAVSAR) Radar Sea Clutter (CLUTTER) Model

Standard Electromagnetic Propagation (Standard EMProp) Model

ACOUSTIC MODELS

Passive RAYMODE Model

Active RAYMODE Model

Parabolic Equation (PE) Model

Evaporation Duct Height (EDH) Model

Radar Free-Space Detection Range (RFSDR) Model

Radio Physical Optics (RPO) Model

OTHER MODELS

High-Frequency (HF) Maximum Usable Frequency(MUF) Model

High-Frequency (HF) Lowest Usable Frequency(LUF) Model

Passive ASTRAL Range-Dependent Prop Loss ModelForward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) Range Prediction

Active Sensor Performance Model (ASPM) System Model

Colossus II Model Chaff Trajectory (CHATRA) Function Model

Computer-Aided Sonar Tactical Recommendations Chaff Corridor Density (CCD) Model(CASTAR) Model

Low-Frequency Bottom-Loss (LFBLTAB) Model

Surface-Loss (SRFLOS) Model

System-Loss (SYSLOS) Model

METEOROLOGICAL MODELS

Chaff Dispersion (CHADIS) and Density Model

Solar/Lunar Almanac Program (SLAP) Model

Radiological Fallout (RADFO) Model

Meteorological Ballistic (METBAL) Winds andDensities Model

Multivariable Optimal Interpolation (MVOI) Model

Radiosonde Initial Analysis (RIA) Model

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Table 2-2.—OAML Data Bases

OCEAN DATA BASES METEOROLOGICAL DATA BASES

Geophysical Data Base Surface Marine Gridded Climatology (SMGC) Data

Ocean Floor Depth Digital Bathymetric Data Base Base

Variable Resolution (DBDB-V)

Icecap Data Base

Upper Air Gridded Climatology (UAGC) Data Base

Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks (GTCT) Data base

Ocean Floor Depth Digital Bathymetric Data Base One- Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclone TracksHalf Minute Resolution (DBDB-0.5) (NHECT) Data Base

ACOUSTIC DATA BASES ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA BASES

High-Frequency Bottom-Loss (HFBL) Data Base Historical Electromagnetic Propagation Conditions

Low-Frequency Bottom-Loss (LFBL) Data Base

Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM)

(HEPC) Data Base

Data Base

Shipping Noise (SN) Data Base

Wind And Residual Noise (WRN) Data Base

Historical Temporal Shipping (HITS) Data Base

GDEM Province Subset (GDEMPS) Data Base

Volume Scattering Strength (VSS) Data Base

Vertical Line Array DIFAR (VLAD) Noise Gain DataBase

GEOPHYSICS FLEET MISSIONPROGRAM LIBRARY (GFMPL)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Recognize howthe Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library(GFMPL) relates to the environmental analysisand prediction systems in use. Identify thedifferent versions of GFMPL and associatedpublications. Describe the functions ofGFMPL. Identify the major environmentalsoftware programs of GFMPL.

to collect, evaluate, and incorporate new softwaredevelopments for any meteorological or oceanographicapplication. Basic guidance on the software evaluationprogram is contained in NAVMETOCCOMINST5232.1, Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library(GFMPL).

GFMPL contains software designed for use onmany different types of desktop computer systems,including TESS, IMOSS, and MIDDS. Currently, thereare three major versions of GFMPL. The GFMPL NT isthe latest version and is distributed on CD-ROM. It isdesigned to work with the Windows NT operatingsystem by using a Windows-type graphical user

(GFMPL) is a collection of atmospheric andThe Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library

oceanographic software applications similar to OAML.It provides meteorological, electromagnetic,oceanographic, hazard avoidance, and acousticsoftware for fleet air, surface, amphibious, and underseawarfare (USW) operations. Other than being acollection of software, GFMPL is also a programsponsored and directed by the Commander, NavalMeteorology and Oceanography Command (CNMOC)

NT is contained in the Geophysics Fleet MissionProgram Library New Technology (GFMPLNT) User’s

interface. Information describing the use of GFMPL

Manual, published by NAVO. A second version,known as GFMPL PC, is designed to run on DOS-basedPC systems. It is distributed in both floppy diskette andCD-ROM. A users manual is provided with the disks.The latest and final version of GFMPL PC was releasedin January 1998. In addition to the NT and PC versionsof GFMPL, a Unix-based version has been integrated

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into the Global Command and CommunicationsSystem-Maritime (GCCS-M), which was discussed inchapter one. Information describing the status of allGFMPL environmental programs and softwareversions is contained in the Geophysics Fleet MissionProgram Library (GFMPL) Summary, also publishedby NAVO. Both the NT and PC versions of GFMPL arereleased as either unclassified or classified CD-ROMs.The classified GFMPL CD-ROMs contain detailedelectromagnetic and acoustic models and data bases.

GFMPL FUNCTIONS

GFMPL is a rapid-response, on-scene,environmental prediction system used to quicklydetermine the effects of the environment on fleetplatforms, sensors, and weapon systems. Locallycollected environmental information is used to prepareanalyses of present atmospheric and electromagnetic(EM) propagation conditions. Locally collectedoceanographic information is combined with archiveddata to prepare an analysis of existing oceanographicand acoustic conditions. Analyses and predictions arebased upon on-scene data, historical data, platformcharacteristics, and weapon/sensor characteristics.GFMPL comprises four basic functions as describedbelow.

Environmental Data Assimilation

GFMPL accepts locally acquired environmentaldata from various sources, catalogs and processes thedata, and then writes the data to available files for use bythe various programs. This data includes operator-entered surface, radiosonde, refractivity,bathythermograph, and nearshore bathymetry data.This function also incorporates quality control checksof environmental data input.

Environmental Analysis

GFMPL generates analyses of existingenvironmental conditions affecting air, surface,amphibious, and USW operations. These analyses areprovided by atmospheric, meteorological, andoceanographic application programs. The analyzeddata is presented in the form of graphic and tabulardisplays, which can also be hardcopied and used forperformance predictions and briefings.

Sensor Detection Range/Coverage Prediction

GFMPL computes acoustic and electromagnetic(EM) sensor range predictions based on oceanographic

2-4

and meteorological environmental profiles. Output isused for detection/counter detection of threat/forceplatforms. Platform and sensor data base parameterscan be modified as necessary (both acoustic andatmospheric). Output is provided in either spreadsheet,graphical, or tabular format.

Data File Maintenance

This function provides the capability to create,maintain, and/or delete data files. This function alsoensures the integrity of the data files and providesadequate safeguards for any classified information inthe files.

GFMPL PROGRAMS

There are numerous environmental softwareprograms available from GFMPL, and each versioncomes loaded with a different suite of programs. Theenvironmental programs provided with GFMPL NTcan be divided into seven broad categories, which aresummarized below:

Environment—This option contains generalprograms, such as Historical ElectromagneticPropagation Conditions (HEPC) and PropagationConditions Summary (PCS). It also contains an oceanSound Speed Profile (SSP) program.

Meteorology—This option contains programsthat calculate pressure altitude and density altitude data,wind chill and heat stress values, and astronomical data(sunrise, lunar illumination, civil twilight, etc.).

Electromagnetics—This option containsprograms that predict radar performance and calculateradar ranges. Electromagnetic programs includesurface-search radar range predictions and electroniccountermeasure effectiveness displays.Electromagnetic path-loss curves and radar coveragediagrams can also be produced.

Oceanography—This option contains programssuch as the Tidal Prediction and Analysis (TIDES), SurfForecasting (SURF), and Beach Survey Chart (BSC).The BSC program allows for the creation, display, andediting of a digital beach chart as surveyed by SpecialForces personnel.

Acoustic—The Acoustic option contains theGeneric Acoustic Prediction (GAP) program and theTactical Oceanographic/Acoustic Spreadsheet (TOAS)program. GAP is used to produce horizontal contoursof ocean temperature, sound speed, and salinity. It also

provides acoustic raytrace diagrams and propagationloss curves. TOAS computes active and passive USWrange predictions by using operator-input data and asensor/platform data base.

Hazard Avoidance-This option contains theNaval Search and Rescue (NAVSAR) program and theTropical Cyclone program. NAVSAR providesinformation and planning assistance for search andrescue incidents at sea, such as search probability maps(fig. 2-1). The Tropical Cyclone program trackstropical cyclone movements and conditions on anoperator-specified map. Input data is provided bytropical cyclone messages.

Utilities-The Utility option contains a maputility function that provides the user with ageographical map. These maps are available indifferent projections. The utilities option also providesa briefing support tool (only with GFMPL NT).

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q3. What is the purpose of GFMPL?

Q4.

Q5.

Q6.

Q7.

What publication provides a description of thevarious GFMPL software versions?

The analyses and predictions of GFMPL arebased upon what inputs?

The electromagnetic programs in GFMPL areused to provide calculations for what type ofsystem?

What programs are contained in the HazardAvoidance option of GFMPL NT?

TACTICAL ENVIRONMENTALSUPPORT SYSTEM (TESS)SOFTWARE PROGRAMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the varioussoftware programs available in the TacticalEnvironmental Support System, Version 3.0(TESS 3); TESS-Next Century (NC)Transition; and TESS-Next Century.

Figure 2-1.—Example of a NAVSAR search probability map from GFMPL NT.

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As discussed in chapter one, the TacticalEnvironmental Support System (TESS) is designed toprovide tailored meteorological, oceanographic,electromagnetic propagation, acoustic, and satelliteproducts. The analyses and predictions from TESS arebased mainly upon information obtained from varioustelecommunications channels, on-scene reports, andenvironmental software programs. Since itsintroduction, TESS has undergone major hardwarechanges and significant software improvements. Wewill discuss the environmental software programsavailable with the TESS (3), TESS-Next Century (NC)Transition, and TESS-Next Century (TESS-NC).

TESS (3)

The Tactical Environmental Support System,Version 3.0 (TESS 3), retained essentially the same

Table 2-3.—TESS (3) Environmental Programs

PROGRAM

Solar/Lunar Almanac Program(SLAP)

Warning plot

Atmospheric Environmental File(AEF)

Radiosonde Initial Analysis (RLA)

D-values (DVAL)

APPLICATION

Produces monthly or dailysummaries of ephemeral data forthe sun and the moon. Dataincludes rise and set times, daylightand twilight periods, moon phase,etc.

Three subprograms plot tropicalcyclones, high winds, and highseas.

View atmospheric soundings priorto use in an environmentalapplication. Holds a maximum of10 soundings.

Processes radiosonde data intoarrays of parametric data.Determines significant altitudelevels such as the freezing level,condensation level, and contrailformation levels, etc.

Computes D-value profiles. A D-value compares the differencesbetween the actual height abovemean sea level (MSL) and theheight of the same pressure surfacein the U.S. standard atmosphere.The D-value is used to correctaltitude settings for pressure-bombdetonations.

CONSIDERATIONS

Data only accurate for datesbetween 1985 to 2015. Potential forerroneous data above 60° latitude.Displayed times do not considerpolitical and geographical limits.

No significant considerations.

No significant considerations.

Requires the entry of latitude,longitude, and balloon releaseheight.

Maximum altitude of approximately11,000 meters. Cautionary use forradiosonde data when the balloon isreleased at heights greater than 50meters.

stand-alone workstation concept of earlier versions ofTESS. However, TESS (3) was the first environmentalworkstation that provided connectivity between shipsand shore-based METOC activities. An automaticshipboard observation system known as the ShipboardMeteorological and Oceanographic Observing System(SMOOS) was introduced in conjunction with thissystem. SMOOS is discussed in module 1 of this series.

TESS (3) was installed with a wide variety ofenvironmental applications software, most of whichcome from the OAML and GFMPL models and databases. Table 2-3 explains the application of several ofthese programs. Access to all programs is directed byscreen menus, with user input via trackball or keyboard.Additional information is provided in the TESS (3)operator’s manuals. All remaining TESS (3) systemswill eventually be replaced by the TESS-Next Centurysystem.

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Table 2-3.—TESS (3) Environmental Programs—Continued

PROGRAM

Sound Focus (SOCUS)

Ballistic Winds and DensitiesCorrections (BALWIN)

APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS

Computes the focusing of Computing sound focusing requiresatmospheric sound waves caused highly accurate environmental data.by an explosive blast. Normally Prediction model was based onused to determine liability for data collected from over-water andcomplaints or unintentional over-flatland explosions. May notdamage. be accurate for mountain terrains.

Computes ballistic wind and Radiosonde data for the selecteddensity correction factors for naval gunfire area must be used.gunfire support.

Radiological Fallout (RADFO) Forecasts the pattern of Assumes meteorological conditionsaccumulated radiation dose from a are constant throughout the fallout.nuclear fallout. Used to determine Requires an accurate estimate ofship and unit maneuvering to avoid either the nuclear weapon yield orpotential nuclear radiation hazards. the height of the nuclear cloud.

Does not assess thermal radiation,electromagnetic effects, or initialnuclear radiation. Used for onlynear-surface blasts.

Aircraft Icing Analyses (AIRICE) Analyzes radiosonde data to Computes the probability and thedetermine the potential for ice type of ice that may form. Icingaccumulation on aircraft. may occur in between different

radiosonde levels.

Ship Ice Accretion (SHIP ICE)

Tomahawk EnvironmentalCalculation Aid (TECA)

Estimates ship ice accretion based More applicable for smaller ships.on time, wind speed, and air/sea Does not consider the physicaltemperatures. structure of the ship.

Calculates weighted mean averages Data is averaged for 1° squareof wind speed, wind direction, and areas.temperature for the overlandflightpaths of Tomahawk strikemissions.

Atmospheric Refractivity ProfileGenerator (ARPGEN)

Creates or retrieves refractivitydata sets for use by the variousother EM programs.

Limited to 30 M-unit entries below10 km in altitude. Refractivity datamay be several hours old.Historical refractive data sets areretrieved for closest radiosondestation.

Electromagnetic (EM) DeviceEditor (EMDED)

Produces, edits, and maintains EM The platform file can contain afiles (platforms, jammers, and maximum of 30 platforms of 15ESM receivers) used in different EM systems each. Generic emitterEM programs. files may be created. Provides

maximum detection range forradars assuming the radar isoperating.

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Table 2-3.—TESS (3) Environmental Programs—Continued

PROGRAM APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS

Electromagnetic PropagationConditions Summary (PCS)

Graphically depicts refractiveconditions of EM energy in theatmosphere. Describes in narrativethe generalized refractive

Not applicable for frequenciesbelow 100 MHz or above 20 GHz.

effects.

Historical EM Propagation Produces a historical summary of No significant considerations.Conditions (HEPC) EM propagation conditions for a

specific location and month.

Electromagnetic Coverage Diagram Provides the capability to determine Does not account for horizontal(COVER) how an EM system will perform in changes in refractivity. Valid only

either detecting or communicating for signals between 100 MHz andwith a given target or receiver. 20 GHz. Does not consider sea or

land clutter. Accounts for ducting.

Electromagnetic Path Loss Versus Produces an EM path loss for a Does not account for horizontalRange (LOSS) user-specified EM system with changes in refractivity. Valid only

respect to range. Program for signals between 100 MHz andcomputes either an airborne- or 20 GHz. Does not consider sea orsurface-based path. land clutter. Accounts for ducting.

Surface-search Radar Range Determines SPS-10 and SPS-55 Does not account for horizontalTables detection ranges for predefined U.S. changes in refractivity. Accounts

and Russian-built naval platforms. for ducting. Requires accuraterefractiviy data.

Electronic Support Measures (ESM) Calculates and displays the Maximum ranges limited to 541 nmi.Range Tables maximum intercept ranges of U.S. Emitters are limited to the preset

and Russian-built surface emitters list. Use the Platform Vulnerabilityby a user-specified ESM receiver. program for other emitters. Valid

only for signals between 100 MHzand 20 GHz. Assumes the emitteris on and operating at peak power.Accounts for ducting and seareflection.

Platform Vulnerability (PV) Estimates the vulnerability of Maximum range limited to 541 nmi.various emitters to a specified ESM Valid only for signals betweensystem under varyingenvironmental conditions.

100 MHz and 20 GHz. Assumesthe emitter is on and operating atpeak power. Accounts for ducting.

Battle Group Vulnerability (BGV) Estimates the emitter vulnerability Maximum range limited to 541 nmi.to a specified ESM system. Plots Valid only for signals betweenintercept ranges for surface-to-air, 100 MHz and 20 GHz. Assumesair-to-air, and air-to-surface the emitter is on and operating atgeometries. The object is to peak power. Accounts for ductingminimize the BG vulnerability tocounter-detection

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Table 2-3.—TESS (3) Environmental Programs—Continued

PROGRAM APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS

Electronic countermeasure (ECM) Measures airborne jammer Does not account for horizontalEffectiveness Display effectiveness against surface-based changes in refractivity. Valid only

(victim) radars. Determines for signals between 100 MHz andoptimum locations and flight paths 20 GHz. Does not consider sea orof attacking aircraft. land clutter. Accounts for ducting.

The victim radar must be surface-based.

Chaff Aids in the planning of chaff usage Does not consider refractive effects.in tactical air-strike missions andshipboard defense. Displays chafffrequency response, optimum chaffcorridors, and recommendations forchaff defense against cruisemissiles.

Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) Determines the operational ranges Assumes the environmental data isSystem Prediction of airborne FLIR devices against representative of the entire search

surface targets. area. Computed range is fordetection, not categorization.Under high-visibility and/or dry-airconditions, predictions are oftenfarther than the actual detectionrange.

Laser Range Prediction (LRP) Displays range information for Computes average laser power for aexposures to low-level laser 1-sec period. No power increase is

radiation. Includes height vs. range computed for magnification effectsand day vs. night calculations. (e.g., binoculars). Program worksAdditionally, displays range vs. on a wavelength-specific basis. Nottime of exposure for different levels applied to air-to-air cases.of laser radiation exposure.

Ocean Environmental File (OEF) Contains recently input and No significant considerations.frequently used BT observations,associated sound speed profiles(SSPs), passive propagation loss(PL) curves, and environmentaldata.

Sound Speed Profile (SSP) Computes SSPs for specific ocean Cautionary use of product with noGenerator conditions. BT data that extends below 200 m.

Ocean Data Analysis (ODA) Provides automated on-scene May contain a maximum of 1,000analysis of ocean thermal structure observations. Approximately 500and acoustic properties. Also observations can be stored on adisplays historical information. floppy disk. A specific area rangingProvides methods for displaying from 0.1° to 20° square can behistorical bottom depth, bottom analyzed. Analysis can beloss, and water mass data. performed on a maximum of 50 BT

observations at a time.

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Table 2-3.—TESS (3) Environmental Programs—Continued

PROGRAM APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS

Raytrace Graphically displays the interaction Raytrace uses a single SSP thus thebetween the environment and the sound speeds generated by thissound energy propagating through program are controlled by depth butit. Traces and displays paths ofindividual sound rays.

not range. Ray diagrams aresensitive to user’s selection oflaunch angle, source depth,bathymetry, and sound speed.

Tidal Prediction (TIDES) Forecasts tidal heights for anylocation for which observed tidedata is available.

Tidal currents are not predicted.Impacts of storm surge and surfconditions are not addressed. Tidalheight extremes predicted to thenearest 6 minutes.

Naval Search and Rescue Provides search assistance by Search plans include the type of(NAVSAR) assessing the probability of the object, density of the search area,

search object location. and sweep paths for visual andRecommends specific search plans. electronic sensors.

Surf Forecasting (SURF) Provides predictions of surf Tidal data may not be complete.conditions as ocean waves move Variable bottom features canfrom deep water through the surf invalidate earlier data.zone and onto shore. Modified SurfIndex (MSI) is also calculated.

Passive Acoustic Propagation Loss Calculates transmission loss as a Systems are preset for an(PPL) function of range, frequency, source omnidirectional sonobuoy

depth, and receiver depth. These Minimum range and rangecalculations are used to predict increments are preset toUSW sensor system performance. 1,000 yards. Horizontal

homogeneity of the watermass isassumed.

Generalized Range-dependentAcoustic Driver (GENRAD)

Aids the use of the Navy Standard Many considerations; refer to TESSrange-dependent passive prop loss 3.0 User’s Guide.models. Provides a means toposition on-scene and historicalSSPs along a specific line ofbearing for further acousticcalculations.

Sensor Performance Predictions(SPP)

Calculates sensor performance Noise characteristics of U.S. andpredictions using platform and Russian-built platforms are classsensor characteristics. averages. Can be used for counter-

detection. Each threat platform canbe characterized by a maximum of20 narrowband and/or broadbandsignature frequencies. Manyconsiderations; refer to TESS 3.0User’s Guide.

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Table 2-3.—TESS (3) Environmental Programs—Continued

PROGRAM

Ambient Noise (AN)

APPLICATION

Provides noise predictions.Corrects for local, seasonal,directional, and omnidirectionallevels.

CONSIDERATIONS

Designed for deep water.Unreliable predictions for waterdepths less than 300 m deep.

Tactical Oceanographic AcousticSpreadsheet (TOAS)

Computes sensor prediction datausing platform/sensor data bases,the propagation loss model, andassociated data bases. Requiresminimal user response.

Many considerations; refer to TESS3.0 User’s Guide.

Edit Orbital Element Set (EDORD) Allows editing of satellite orbital Few limitations for satellite orbitaldata. data.

Orbital Satellite Prediction Provides satellite-pass summaries Rise and set time error ranges from(ORBSAT) consisting of rise and set time, pass 1 to 5 sec. Predictions limited by

duration, ship position during the the number of satellites for apass, and maximum elevation. specific latitude area.

Geostationary Satellite (GSAT) Computes antenna-aiming data Assumes a stationary platform.Prediction based on operator-specified ship

location and bearing, and thesatellite longitude.

TESS-NEXT CENTURY (NC) TRANSITION

The TESS-Next Century (NC) Transition wasreleased as an interim system to fill the void betweenTESS (3) and the full deployment of TESS-NextCentury. As discussed in chapter 1, significant changesto TESS were introduced with this system, with Internetaccess being the most important advantage. In additionto Internet access, the TESS-NC Transition includes awide variety of commercial and government softwareprograms. Commercial software programs include theWindows NT operating system, Microsoft Office, andcommercial web browsers. Government softwareincludes the Joint METOC Viewer (JMV), the Electro-Optical Tactical Decision Aid (EOTDA), and SMOOSinterface software. In addition, several of theenvironmental programs in MIDDS are installed withthe TESS-NC Transition.

TESS-NEXT CENTURY

TESS-Next Century (TESS-NC) retains several ofthe same software packages as the TESS-NC Transitionsystem. As of this writing, the total complement ofsoftware programs has not been fully developed.TESS-NC operates using the Windows NT Server andWorkstation Operating System and maintains SMOOS

interface capability. Commercial word processing andgraphics programs center around Microsoft Officeprograms. Commercial web browsers are also includedwith the system. Government software programsinclude the JMV program, the EOTDA program, andrefractivity prediction programs, which are discussedshortly. Additional government software includesvarious GFMPL programs, such as TIDES and SURF,and software programs from MIDDS, such as theSAND application (discussed in chapter 1).

As mentioned in chapter 1, TESS-NC also includesa data base server and workstation that operate using anHP-UX (UNIX) Operating System. This workstation isused to access tactical applications programs via theGlobal Command and Control System-Maritime(GCCS-M). In addition, the SPPED/ICAPS IIIntegrated Product (SIIP) is run from this workstation.SIIP is a series of several integrated environmentalprograms that access historical and tactical data bases.SIIP products include sound speed profiles (SSPs),acoustic raytraces, ocean data analysis products,passive acoustic propagation loss (PAPL) displays,sensor performance prediction (SPP) protiles, andambient noise (AN) data.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q8. What is the purpose of the COVER program?

Q9. What are the limitations of the SSP program?

Q10. What is the major software advantage with theTESS-NC Transition as compared to the TESS(3)?

Q11. Which government environmental softwareprograms are provided with the TESS-NC?

Q12. What is the purpose of the TESS-NC Unix-basedworkstation?

REFRACTIVE EFFECTS PREDICTIONPROGRAMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify thepurpose of refractive effects predictionprograms. Identify the refractive effectsdisplays available with the IntegratedRefractive Effects Prediction System (REPS)and the Advanced Refractive EnvironmentalPrediction System (AREPS). Describe themajor advantages of AREPS.

Refractive effects prediction programs aredesigned to provide Aerographer’s Mates with thecapability of assessing the refractive effects upon navalsurveillance, communications, electronic warfare, andweapon-guidance systems. Either historical or real-time upper-air sounding data is used as input.

INTEGRATED REFRACTIVE EFFECTSPREDICTION SYSTEM (IREPS)

The first refractive assessment software programwas the Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System(IREPS) developed in the late 1970s. IREPS isdesigned for use over open ocean areas only. Theprogram assumes the homogeneity of the atmosphere(single airmass) based on the input of a single upper-airsounding. Output options include various refractiveeffects products such as electromagnetic propagationconditions summaries (PCS), radar coverage displaydiagrams (COVER), path-loss versus range displays(LOSS), surface-search radar range tables (SSR), andElectronic Support Measures (ESM) radar intercept-range tables. The applications and limitations of theseprograms were covered with TESS (3) in the previoussection. Although IREPS is resident software on TESS(3), it is no longer issued as a stand-alone program. In

addition, most of the products produced by IREPS havebeen incorporated into GFMPL.

ADVANCED REFRACTIVEENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SYSTEM(AREPS)

The most current refractive effects assessmentprogram is the Advanced Refractive EnvironmentalPrediction System (AREPS). AREPS computesbasically the same refractive tactical decision aids asIREPS. However, AREPS uses a more advancedprediction model that produces more accurate data. Themost significant advantage of AREPS is that it canproduce refractive effects predictions over land usingterrain data obtained from either the National Imageryand Mapping Agency (NIMA) or the users own sources.In addition, AREPS is able to evaluate range-dependentscenarios, and can also compute radar detection rangesfor multiple bearings simultaneously. As of thiswriting, users must build their own electromagneticriles as there is no electromagnetic data base providedwith the program. Figure 2-2 is an example of anAREPS radar coverage diagram. The AREPS User’sManual, SSC San Diego Technical Document 3028provides a detailed description of the AREPS program.

AREPS is designed to run using Windows 95or Windows NT and is normally obtained as partof the GFMPL NT package. You can also down-load the AREPS program and the AREPS man-u a l f r o m t h e S P A W A R S w e b s i t e a t :http://sunspot.spawar.navy.mil. CD-ROM versions ofAREPS are available from SPAWARS on a request-only basis.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q13. What is the purpose of refractive effectsprediction programs?

Q14. What is the most significant advantage of AREPSover IREPS?

ELECTRO-OPTICAL TACTICALDECISION AID (EOTDA)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define the termElectra-Optics. Identify the purpose of theElectra-Optical Decision Aid (EOTDA)program. Recognize the output optionsavailable from the EOTDA program.

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Figure 2-2.—Example of an AREPS radar coverage diagram.

As applied to military operations, the term Electro-Optics, or EO, refers to those weapons that require thepropagation of electromagnetic energy through theatmosphere for their operation. Although EO systemscan operate throughout the entire electromagneticspectrum, most systems operate in the visible orinfrared portions of the spectrum. EO systems aregreatly affected by ‘environmental conditions, such asprecipitation, haze, and other aerosols. In addition,infrared systems are affected by differences betweenthe temperature of the target and the temperature of thesurrounding environment (background).

In the early 1980's, computer programs weredeveloped to aid the Aerographer’s Mate in predictingthe affects of various environmental parameters on EOsystems. The most recent model is known as theElectra-Optical Tactical Decision Aid (EOTDA).EOTDA is a software program whose main function isto predict the performance of air-to-ground weaponsystems and direct view optics based on the latestenvironmental and tactical information. EOTDAsupports systems operating in three regions of theelectromagnetic spectrum: infrared, visible, and laser.Predictions are based upon meteorological forecasts,target characteristics, the components of the EO system,and tactics. The performance of each system is

expressed primarily in terms of maximum detection orlock-on range. Prediction data is displayed in eitheralphanumeric or graphic format. Figure 2-3 is a sampleinfrared (IR) visualization display (tank with vegetationbackground).

EOTDA is a DOS-based program contained onfloppy disks that can be loaded on virtually any PC.However, it is a large program that requires much harddisk space. Additional hard disk space is required ifseveral generic targets must be created. The EODTAprogram is outlined in the Electra-Optical TacticalDecision Aid (EOTDA) User’s Manual, prepared byPhillips Laboratory in conjunction with the U.S. AirForce. As of this writing, a Windows NT version ofEOTDA is being developed for use with TESS-NC.

Keep in mind that the EOTDA software itself isunclassified. When a user adds operational data thatmakes the output classified, such as times, locations,etc., the user must then take precautions to protect theinformation at the appropriate level. Appendix B of theUsers Manual provides a detailed listing of sensornames, identifications, and classification information.It is classified SECRET and must be ordered separately.You will learn more about the tactical application ofelectro-optical products in later modules.

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Figure 2-3.—EOTDA infrared (IR) visualization display (tank with vegetation background).

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q15. EOTDA supports systems that operate in whatpart of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Q16. EOTDA predictions are based on what input?

NAVY OCEANOGRAPHIC DATADISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (NODDS)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe howNavy Oceanographic Data Distribution System(NODDS) products are obtained. Identify theproducts that are available from NODDS.Identify the processing and display features ofNODDS.

The Navy Oceanographic Data DistributionSystem (NODDS) is a DOS based software programwhich makes environmental products from the Fleet

Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center(FNMOC) available to DOD activities. NODDSproducts are normally obtained using standardtelecommunications circuits (commercial/DSN/STU-III) but can also be obtained via NIPRNET, and e-mail.Data processing and display are accomplished usingstandard PC hardware. Users require ID and passwordsto access the system.

NODDS was first developed in 1982 as a means tomake FNMOC environmental products available toMETOC facilities and detachments that had no directaccess to this data. Through the years, the system hasgrown in use, and product support has expanded. Thelatest software version is NODDS 4.1. The program isnormally installed on MIDDS, but can also be installedon any standard 486 (or better) CPU with a VGA colormonitor, hard disk, and mouse. A minimum 9.6kilobytes per second (KBPS) modem is required, but a28.8 KBPS modem or greater is recommended.

2-14

NODDS PRODUCTS

There are numerous environmental productsavailable from NODDS. Meteorological productsinclude surface pressure, pressure heights (up to 200hPa), cloud cover and precipitation data, high wind andhigh seas warnings, and tropical cyclone warnings.Oceanographic products include sea/swell height,period, and direction data, sea surface temperature data,mixed layer depth data, fronts and eddies data, andvarious acoustic path range products. Satellite imagery(DMSP only) can also be downloaded. Figure 2-4 is anexample of a surface pressure analysis with a horizontalweather depiction (HWD) overlay.

NODDS PROCESSING AND DISPLAYFEATURES

NODDS allows users to select the geographicalarea of interest and desired products via mouse pointand click options. Once the area and data selections arecomplete, automatic access to the FNMOC model database is made via a dial-in connection. Since thegeography information is resident in the user’s PC, onlygridded environmental data covering the area of interestis downloaded. This data is compressed, thus keepingtile size, access time, and communications costs to aminimum.

There are several processing, display, andannotation options as NODDS gives the user theflexibility to view data in the way most appropriate for

shading, 3-dimensional plots, and synoptic stationmodel plots. In addition, Skew-T diagrams,streamlines, oceanographic temperature profiles, andocean temperature cross sections can also be plotted.HWD charts can be constructed by simply clicking onthe applicable weather symbol icons that are providedwith the program.

As mentioned, a significant advantage of NODDSis that it provides the capability to define an area ofinterest and display different types of data for that area.All standard meteorological fields available fromFNMOC can be displayed along with a wide number ofoceanographic and acoustic products. NODDS has thecapability to overlay up to three different fields, ordisplay individual sequence loops. Fields can also bezoomed for more detail, and sent to a graphics capableprinter. The Navy Oceanographic Data DistributionSystem (NODDS) Manual, FLENUMETOCCENPublication 3147, can be downloaded from theFNMOC website. The Navy Oceanographic DataDistribution System Products Manual describes theapplications and limitations of various productsavailable from NODDS. A list of available NODDSproducts is also contained in the FNMOC ProductsManual, FLENUMETOCCEN P-3140.

In rare instances, NODDS may be obtained viaAUTODIN message. The ship or activity requests thearea of coverage and the desired products. FNMOCthen incorporates the data into a composite file andtransmits the information via radio message (or e-mail).This data can then be saved to diskette and uploaded on

the application. Display options allow for contouring, a PC.

Figure 2-4.—Example of NODDS surface pressure analysis with HWD overlay.

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Q17.

Q18.

Q19.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

How are NODDS products obtained?

What types of products can be obtained fromNODDS?

What is a significant processing advantage ofNODDS?

JOINT METOC VIEWER (JMV)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify howproducts are obtained from the Joint METOCViewer (JMV). Identify the manual thatexplains the use of JMV. Describe the majorfeatures of the Joint METOC Viewer (JMV).Identify the types of products available fromJMV.

The Joint METOC Viewer (JMV) is an easy-to-usetool for displaying and annotating meteorological andoceanographic data. JMV is quite similar to NODDS,although JMV products are obtained exclusively via theInternet. JMV consists of software that utilizes webtechnology (INTERNET/NIPRNET/SIPRNET) as ameans to make FNMOC environmental productsavailable to regional METOC centers. These productscan then be obtained by facilities, detachments, andother DOD users who have web access. The computerhardware and operating system combination necessaryto run JMV is a PC with Windows 3.1, Windows 95, orWindows NT. In any case, the user must have aworking knowledge of Windows. Products for displayin JMV are accessed only from Naval METOC regionalcenters or directly from FNMOC. Once downloaded,products can be viewed, customized, exported, orarchived. There are far more display options andgraphics tools available with JMV than with NODDS.

Detailed information concerning JMV is providedin the Joint METOC Viewer User Manual,FLENUMETOCCEN P-352, which can be downloadedfrom the FNMOC website. A list ofproducts from JMVis also contained in the FNMOC Products Manual. Torequest an account for JMV and the web page, usersmust be members of the Department of Defense orauthorized DOD contractors. All requests for accountsshould be sent to the FNMOC web master at:http://www.webmaster@fnoc.navy.mil (accessiblethrough the FNMOC web page). Routine requests fornew areas or changes to the data contained in an area canalso be made by contacting the FNMOC web master.

JMV FEATURES

JMV is unique in its approach to environmentaldata communications. A JMV thumbnail (definedregional area) and associated product list is defined onthe host computer at the regional center. The data isthen stored on the host computer and any authorizeduser can download it to their computer using the JMVsoftware package. Once the raw data is received by thecomputer, the required contouring, streamlining,shading, etc., is performed automatically until allproducts are in a ready-to-display format. The user hasthe ability to select contour intervals, change colors(both screen and printer), and can also select unitpreferences (Metric/English). JMV has the ability tooverlay up to three different fields at once and displayindividual sequence loops. Figure 2-5 is an example ofa surface pressure analysis from JMV.

JMV PRODUCTS

JMV currently provides only the regional centers(host computers) with the capability to define areas ofinterest and select the different gridded products for thedefined areas. Other users must notify the appropriateregional center of their area and product requirementsvia telephone or email. The obvious limitation to thisprocess is that the geographical areas and associatedproduct lists are predefined by the regional centers andby FNMOC. This problem will eventually beeliminated as more powerful servers are introduced.Software upgrades to JMV will also allow for slideshow presentations, tropical cyclone warning plots, a"ship route" display feature, and other graphicsimprovements. A list of JMV products is detailed insection 2.3.5. of the JMV Users Guide. Watchpersonnel at each of the regional centers provide 24-hour support for JMV.

There are several other products that are currentlyavailable from FNMOC via the NIPRNET. Theseinclude various satellite products, meteorological andoceanographic forecast products, and forecast modelreports, summaries, and tendency reviews. Check theFNMOC website for details.

Q20.

Q21.

Q22.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

How are JMV products obtained?

What is the easiest method to obtain the "JointMETOC Viewer User’s Manual"?

JMV defined-areas are established by whatactivity(s)?

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Figure 2-5.—Example of a surface pressure analysis from JMV.

OPTIMUM PATH AIRCRAFTROUTING SYSTEM (OPARS)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify thepurpose of the Optimum Path Aircraft RoutingSystem (OPARS). Recognize the OPARSsubsystems. Describe the information requiredto process OPARS flight plans. Identify thepublication that outlines OPARS processingprocedures.

The Optimum Path Aircraft Routing System(OPARS) is a computer program that selects the best(optimum) route and altitude for an aircraft to reach adestination. The primary purpose of OPARS is toprovide a flight planning service to the Naval Aviation

community that minimizes time enroute and fuelconsumption. The system combines the latestenvironmental data with the most fuel efficient flightprofile for a specific aircraft, and then produces acustomized flight plan for the pilot. An OPARS flightplan acts as a preflight planning aid that serves as asupplement to the DD Form 175-1 Military FlightWeather Brief. OPARS users connect with the hostsystem at FNMOC via computer modem.

OPARS SUBSYSTEMS

OPARS is comprised of three sub-systems brieflydescribed as follows:

OPARS User Interface: Provides acommunications interface for the OPARS user togenerate and submit OPARS requests. This is primarily

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accomplished at remote PC terminals or workstations(such as MIDDS) using conventional telephone lines.OPARS requests may also be submitted via the Internetand NIPRNET.

OPARS Data Base: Consists of aircraftperformance characteristics, route structure, andrestricted area information required for the satisfactoryperformance of the OPARS program. The OPARS database comes preloaded with each OPARS release. Keepin mind that updates to this data base are issued byFNMOC every 28 days and can be downloaded from theFNMOC website.

Flight Planner/Environmental Data Base: Thecomputer system at FNMOC produces a flight plan forthe optimum route and performance parameters foreach aircraft. Wind and temperature fields for flightlevel winds are produced twice daily and are derivedfrom the FNMOC Naval Operational GlobalAtmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) forecastmodel. Wind and temperature data is available from1,000 feet to 55,000 feet.

OPARS FLIGHT PLANPROCESSING

The OPARS user is the individual interactingthrough a personal computer linked with the computersystem at FNMOC. The OPARS user builds a flightplan request at the terminal and submits the flight planrequest to the FNMOC computer for processing. Thelatest version of the system, OPARS 2.12, can run fromany PC workstation, but is normally installed onMIDDS. This program operates using a Windows-based software program with a graphical interface. Itallows users to build and error-check their flight planrequest on their PC before submitting the job toFNMOC. OPARS 2.0 and later versions contain a built-in communication capability that can automaticallyaccess and log into FNMOC via commercial telephone,DSN, STU-III secure telephone, and INTERNET/NIPRNET.

Nearly every weather office accepts OPARSrequests either over-the-counter or by telephone. Manyindividual military pilots are frequent users of OPARS,and these pilots may prefer to enter their own OPARSrequests. However, most pilots prefer to have the baseweather personnel process OPARS requests. Theobserver normally uses a locally prepared form toensure that the necessary information is obtained, andthen enters the information into the OPARS program.Each request must include information such as aircraft

type, point of departure, time of departure, point ofarrival, number of different flight routes (legs), fuelweight, and air-routing type. After processing atFNMOC, the information is formatted into a flight planand transmitted back to the office.

The OPARS program works with the Windows NToperating system or Windows 95. Users select the flightplan parameters by clicking on a series of menus. Theprogram provides "help" menus that explain individualelements. A jet-route data base is included with thesoftware and lets users visually work out air routes ontheir PC. Once selected, an air route can be saved forfuture use. These commonly used air routes are knownas “canned” routes. Flight requests can also be savedand made available at a future time.

Once users obtain a flight plan from FNMOC, theycan display it in many different formats, as a variety oftools are available to customize and enhance thedisplay. Wind fields, navigational aids (navaids), andother features may be overlaid on any flight route. Theflight plan is then downloaded to a printer and deliveredto the pilot. Figure 2-6 is an example of just one ofseveral OPARS input screens.

The Optimum Path Aircraft Routing System User’sManual, FLENUMETOCCEN P-3710, providesdetailed information for processing OPARS flightplans. This manual is published by FNMOC and isprovided with MIDDS. It can also be downloaded fromthe FNMOC website. Information on how to interpretthe different flight plan formats can also be found on theFNMOC website.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q23. What is the primary purpose of OPARS?

Q24. Where is the OPARS data base located?

Q25. What publication provides detailed informationon processing OPARS requests and how can it beobtained?

DATA REQUEST PRODUCT(DRP)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify how DataRequest Products (DRPs) are obtained.Describe the various products that are availablefrom the Data Request Product (DRP) system.Identify the publications that provide guidanceon DRP products.

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Figure 2-6.—OPARS input screen.

Data Request Products (DRPs) contain variouscomputer-generated environmental information that isproduced by the Fleet Numerical Meteorology andOceanography Command (FNMOC) at Monterey.DRP products are usually requested only when locallyproduced environmental products are unobtainable.DRP products can be ordered via AUTODIN messageor by telephone. AUTODIN requests are normally sentto the nearest regional center where the information isencoded in a special format and then retransmitted toFNMOC for processing. The collective addressdesignator (CAD) OCEANO WEST or OCEANO EASTis used for all AUTODIN requests. Completeinstructions for ordering DRP information as well as abreakdown of each product output can be found in theDRP User Manual, FLENUMETOCCEN P-3146, andthe United States Navy Meteorological andOceanographic Support System Manual,NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1. The DRP Manualcan be downloaded from the FNMOC website. Figure2-7 is an example of an AUTODIN DRP requestmessage.

O 311345Z AUG 98

FM USS NEVERDOCK

TO OCEANO WEST

BT

C O N F I D E N T I A L //N03140 / /

SUBJ: PRODUCT REQUEST (U)

1. Classification: Confidential

2. Product: BTXT

3. Time Period: 0000Z 02 SEP

4. Required NLT: 010600Z SEP 98

5. Area: 24.0N 141.0E, 22.0N 139.0E

6. Output: English

DECL/05 DEC 98

BT

Figure 2-7.—Sample AUTODIN DRP request message.

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All DRP products are available for immediateprocessing and transmission from FNMOC viaAUTODIN, NIPRNET/SIPRNET, and facsimile, 24hours a day. We will explain the use of each DRPproduct in the following text.

SEARCH AND RESCUE PRODUCT (SAR)

The Search and Rescue (SAR) product is designedfor open-ocean SAR situations and provides computer-generated historical (60 hour) and forecast (72 hour)outputs for probable error of position and search radius.SAR provides target location maps and searchrecommendations. It is available to all SARcoordinators for operational and training missions.FNMOC requires the following input from each SARrequest: type of object, time object began to drift,latitude and longitude where object began to drift, andthe estimated navigational error of the object’s position.Average product turnaround time is less than 30minutes from time of receipt to time of transmit atFNMOC.

BATHYTHERMOGRAPH DATA EXTRACT(BTXT)

The Bathythermograph Data Extract (BTXT)product provides bathy observations extracted fromFNMOC synoptic data bases. The output consists of analphanumeric product in the JJYY format in English orMetric units as desired.

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA LINES (ENVR)

The Environmental Data Lines (ENVR) product isa concise alphanumeric product that is used as input toonboard acoustic prediction systems. It provides aBT/SVP profile for a specific location, based onhistorical data. A BT or SVP observation may beprovided as input by the user. This data is then blendedwith historical data to complete the profile from thesurface to the ocean bottom. ENVR also provides thefollowing information:

Depth required/depth excess (DRX)

Temperature gradient below sonic layer depth

Low frequency/high frequency bottom loss

Significant wave height

Wind speed

Bottom depth

Sonic layer depth

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MESSAGE

(GEM)

The General Environmental Message (GEM)product provides the user with analyzed (synoptic) orforecast environmental data for specified locations orgrid points (latitude/longitude) within an area. GEMdata includes such products as pressure surface heights,wind direction and speed, altimeter settings, ditchheadings, wave direction, wave period and height,freezing level data, and sea surface temperatures.

POINT DATA EXTRACT (PNTDT)

Point Data Extract (PNTDT) provides selectedenvironmental data extracted from METOC modelfields. Output for various parameters include marinewind speed, marine wind direction, sea surfacetemperature, significant wave height, primary andsecondary wave period, and primary and secondarywave direction.

REFRACTIVE INFORMATION BYSTATION (RIBS)

The Refractive Information by Station (RIBS)product provides an analysis of upper air soundingsfrom requested upper air reporting stations. RIBSoutput provides pressure, temperature, dew pointdepression, M unit, gradient of M per 1,000 feet, andheight and type of refraction. Users may choose up to25 stations per request. RIBS data can be input intoJOTS, TESS or IMOSS to extract on-site refractiveproducts.

SPOUT OUTPUT (SPOUT)

Spout Output (SPOUT) provides surface land,surface ship, radiosonde, pilot balloon, aircraft, satelliteinfrared spectrometer, and/or hourly reportobservations extracted from the FNMOC data base inan easy-to-read format. Spout observations may berequested for a specific date and time and/or for aspecific set of hours. Observation reports up to 72 hoursprior to the current Date-Time Group (DTG) can beobtained.

OCEAN MODEL TEMPERATUREPROFILES (JJPRO)

The Ocean Model Temperature Profiles (JJPRO)was developed to provide computer-generated oceananalysis temperature profiles extracted from global

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model vertical temperature profiles. JJPRO producesan alphanumeric product in the JJYY format. Theprofiles will extend from the surface to 400 meters or tothe ocean floor depth, whichever is shallower. JJPROmay be requested for a grid area or for a specific latitudeand longitude.

BALLISTIC WIND AND DENSITY(BALW)

The Ballistic Wind and Density (BALW) productprovides surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, or rocket-assisted projectile forecasts for applications like navalgunfire operations. The product is a tabular listing ofwind direction, speed, and air density for up to 15altitude zones. It is derived from various atmosphericanalysis and forecast data fields that can be combinedwith a user-provided upper air sounding.

SOUND FOCUSING(SNDFO)

Sound Focusing (SNDFO) provides atmosphericsound propagation loss for bomb blasts or sonic boomsat selected altitudes and bearings. The output uses

alphanumeric characters to represent loss magnitude-out at specified ranges.

Q26.

Q27.

Q28.

Q29.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

How are DRP products obtained?

What two publications contain informationconcerning DRP products output format?

What are the required inputs for an AUTODINSAR request?

What is the purpose of the ENVR product?

SUMMARY

We have provided just the briefest overview of thehighly sophisticated software programs that you willuse as an Aerographer’s Mate. Although severalschools are available to provide instruction on the actualuse of some of these programs, you will find that themanuals for these programs provide excellentinstructions. In addition, the menu-driven commandfunctions inherent in these programs will provide easyaccess and operability to even the most complexprocessing functions.

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ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

A1. OAML provides consistency and standardization for all oceanographic andmeteorological programs used by the Navy.

A2. Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

A3. GFMPL provides meteorological, electromagnetic, oceanographic, hazardavoidance, and acoustic software for fleet air, surface, amphibious, and underseawarfare (USW) operations.

A4. Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library (GFMPL) Summary.

A5. Analyses and predictions of GFMPL are based upon on-scene data, historicaldata, platform characteristics, and weapon/sensor characteristics.

A6. The electromagnetic programs of GFMPL are used to predict radar performance(effectiveness) and calculate radar range.

A7. Naval Search and Rescue (NAVSAR) and Tropical Cyclone.

A8. The COVER program provides the capability to determine how anelectromagnetic (EM) system will perform in either detecting or communicatingwith a given target or receiver.

A9. The SSP program must be used with caution in situations where no BT dataextends below 200 meters.

A10. Internet access.

A11. JMV, EOTDA, refractivityprediction programs, GFMPL, programs, and MIDDSapplication programs.

A12. The TESS-NC Unix-based workstation is used to access the Global Command andControl System-Maritime (GCCS-M) and run the SPPED/ICAPS II IntegratedProduct (SIIP).

A13. To assess the refractive effects upon naval surveillance, communications,electronic warfare, and weapon-guidance systems.

A14. The most significant advantage of AREPS is that it can produce refractive effectspredictions over land.

A15. Visible, infrared, and laser.

A16. EOTDA predictions are based upon meteorological forecasts, targetcharacteristics, the components of the EO system, and tactics.

A17. NODDS products are normally obtained using standard telecommunicationscircuits (commercial/DSN/STU-III). They may also be obtained via NIPRNETand Email.

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A18. NODDS meteorological products include surface pressure, pressure heights, andhigh wind/high seas warnings. NODDS oceanographic products includesea/swell data, sea surface temperature data, and various acoustic path rangeproducts.

A19. A significant processing advantage of NODDS is that it allows users to define anarea of interest and display different types of data for that area.

A20. JMV products are obtained via the NIPRNET

A21. The FNMOC website.

A22. JMV defined areas are defined by the regional METOC centers and by FNMOC

A23. The primary purpose of OPARS is toprovide a flight planning service to the NavalAviation community that minimizes rime enroute and fuel consumption.

A24. The OPARS data base is located at the user’s PC terminal (normally MIDDS).

A25. The Optimum Path Aircraft Routing Systems User’s Manual P-3710. This can beobtained from the FNMOC website.

A26. DRP products can be ordered via AUTODIN message or by telephone.

A27. DRP User’s Manual, FLENUMETOCCEN P-3146, and United States NavyMeteorological and Oceanographic Support System Manual,NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1.

A28. Type of object, time object began to drift, latitude/longitude where object began todrift, and the estimated navigational error of the object’s position.

A29. The ENVR product is an alphanumeric BT/SVP profile that can be used as input toonboard acoustic prediction systems.

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CHAPTER 3

ADMINISTRATION

INTRODUCTION

As an Aerographer’s Mate, you must be able tolocate various information in files, directives, andpublications. You may be tasked to maintain a set offiles or to update publications or directives. In thischapter, we begin with a discussion of someadministrative terminology. We then cover a few basicprocedures you must use to maintain files, directives,and publications. Finally, we discuss methods forobtaining information.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIONTERMINOLOGY

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Define the termsfile, record, directive, instruction, notice,change transmittal, publication, chart, andform.

Before we discuss techniques on locatinginformation and maintaining informational resources,we must define a few general terms used inadministration.

File. A file is a collection of information, usuallyorganized by subject, which includes information ormaterial about the subject. Information may be originalwritten material or reproduced copies, and may be in theform of notes, rough drafts, final print, or publishedinformation. A file may also contain material such asart, drawings, photographs, magnetic media (tapes,floppy disk, hard disk, etc.), light media (films,transparencies, etc.), samples, models, prototypes, orevidence. A file may also contain records.

Record. As officially defined by the UnitedStates Government, records include "all books, papers,maps, photographs, machine-readable materials, orother documentary materials, regardless of physicalform or characteristics, made or received by an agencyof the United States Government under Federal law orin connection with the transaction of public business,and preserved, or appropriate for preservation, by thatagency or its legitimate successor, as evidence of theorganization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures,

operations, or other activities of the Government, orbecause of the informational value of the data in them.Library and museum material made or acquired orpreserved solely for reference or exhibition purposes,extra copies of documents preserved only forconvenience of reference, and stocks of publicationsand of processed documents are not included."

Directive. A directive is a written statement thatofficially prescribes or establishes policy, methods, orprocedures. It may require action or simply provideinformation for an activity’s administration oroperation. A directive has the effect of orders issued bythe signing authority. Directives are issued asinstructions, notices, and change transmittals.

Instruction. An instruction is a directivecontaining authority or having a continuing referencevalue, or requiring continuing action. It remains ineffect until superseded or canceled by the originator orhigher authority. In the Marine Corps, instructions arereferred to as orders.

Notice. A notice is a directive of a one-time orbrief nature that contains a self-canceling provision.Notices have the same force as instructions. Noticesusually remain in effect less than 6 months, and, bydefinition, should not be effective for longer than 1 year.Notices are called bulletins in the Marine Corps.

Change Transmittal. A change transmittal is awritten set of directions used to correct, update, ormodify an existing instruction. Although not normallydone, change transmittals may also be used to correctnotices. Each change transmittal describes the nature ofthe changes it transmits, and gives directions forcompleting them.

Publication. Publications include any pamphlet,book, or collection of information, other than adirective, reproduced by mechanical methods by theGovernment or a private agency for distribution withinthe Government or to the public.

Chart. A chart includes any map, drawing, ordiagram depicting information. In this chapter, we willbe referring to weather plotting charts (printed mapsused to plot weather data), computer-producedprintouts, facsimile charts (facsimile reproductions of

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plotted and analyzed weather products), and recordercharts (machine plotted traces of record information).

Form. These are preprinted paper documentsthat use blank lines or spaces for the entry ofinformation.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1. How are files normally organized?

Q2. What term is used to describe a written statementthat officially prescribes or establishes policy,methods, or procedures?

Q3. By definition, notices are only effective for whatmaximum period of time?

ORGANIZATION OF FILES,DIRECTIVES, AND RECORDS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe howfiles, directives, and records are organized.Identify the basic format of the StandardSubject Identification Code (SSIC). Identifythe directive that contains instructions forassigning SSICs. Identify the directive thatlists effective instructions for major navalcommands.

In the Navy, both tiles (which may contain officialrecords) and directives are organized according to theStandard Subject Identification Code (SSIC) system.The reference manual used to assign codes for specificsubjects is SECNAVINST 5210.11, Department of theNavy File Maintenance Procedures and StandardSubject Identification Codes (SSIC), often referred to asthe SSIC manual. Instructions are provided to help youassign a code for any subject. The instruction states thatall Navy and Marine Corps letters, messages,directives, forms, records, and reports should beassigned an SSIC by the originator. The SSICs are usedas the basis for filing all information received ororiginated as letters, messages, directives, etc.

There are thirteen major subject groups in the SSICsystem, each designated by the thousands digit(s) in afour- or five-number code, as shown in table 3-1.

Each major subject category is broken down intoprimary subjects, as identified by the hundreds digit ofthe code. The primary subjects are then broken downinto secondary subjects, as identified by the tens digit in

Table 3-1.—Major Subject Groups of the SSIC

CODES MAJOR SUBJECT GROUP

1000 to 1999 Military Personnel2000 to 2999 Telecommunications3000 to 3999 Operations and Readiness4000 to 4999 Logistics5000 to 5999 General Administration and

Management6000 to 6999 Medicine and Dentistry7000 to 7999 Financial Management8000 to 8999 Ordnance Material9000 to 9999 Ships Design and Material

10000 to 10999 General Material11000 to 11999 Facilities and Activities Ashore12000 to 12999 Civilian Personnel13000 to 13999 Aeronautical and Astronautical

Material

the code. The last digit in the code reflects a tertiary(third) subject. The SSIC manual assigns codes throughthe secondary subjects in all cases, and through thetertiary subjects in many cases. Codes may be assignedlocally by using numbers following a decimal point tofurther break down or classify a subject. As an example,the code used for NAVMETOCCOMINST 3142.1represents the major subject group 3000, for Operationsand Readiness; the primary subject 100, Operations;the secondary subject 40, for Geophysical andHydrographic or Mapping, Charting, and GeodesySupport, General; and the tertiary subject 2, for datacollection. NAVMETOCCOM assigned the decimal .lto identify Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPS). Lettersfollowing the last digit, such as 3142.1A, are used toindicate periodic revisions of instructions. The lettersare used in sequential order.

You will rarely be required to assign an SSIC to asubject. All incoming naval message traffic and mostnaval correspondence will contain an SSIC. In messagetraffic, the SSIC is the five-digit number within doubleslants following the message classification. You mayhave seen observations before that have contained theclassification line U N C L A S //N03141//. The Nmeans a U.S. Navy SSIC follows, and the 3141 is theSSIC. In naval messages, the code is always expressedas a five-digit number, and only codes down to thetertiary subject-level are used.

All naval letters and some memoranda will containSSICs. Naval letters will contain a four or five-digitSSIC as the first entry in the identification informationon the top right side of the page following the letterhead.Figure 3-1 is an example of the standard naval letterformat.

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1. Typewriter Lines 3. Identification Symbols2. Letterhead Format 4. From Line

5. To and Via Lines6. Subject Line

7. Reference Line8. Enclosure Line

9. Text10. Margins

Figure 3-1.-Standard naval letter format (first page).

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Of the seven naval memorandum formats, the twoformats that are routinely used for intercommandmemoranda are the letterhead memorandum, printed onthe command’s letterhead paper (fig. 3-2), and thememorandum for, also printed on the command’sletterhead. Both of these formal memoranda formatsmust contain a SSIC in the same manner as the navalletter. You may use assigned SSICs as the basis fortiling the material, if tiling is required.

The two informal memoranda formats, used onlyfor intracommand (interoffice) memos, normally do notcontain SSICs. Often, the informal memoranda containinformation of little continuing value, and rarely requirefiling. Usually, informal memoranda are hung onclipboards or placed in binders until the event listed inthe memo passes, and then the memo is destroyed.Instructions for composing naval letters andmemorandums are contained in SECNAVINST5216.5D, Department of the Navy CorrespondenceManual.

The SSIC manual should be used as the basic guidefor assigning codes to subjects when SSICs have notpreviously been assigned. For convenience of use, theSSIC manual is broken down into a numerical, code-to-subject section as well as an alphabetical, subject-to-code section. However, the manual often does notassign codes in sufficient detail to cover every subject.By using the group, primary subject, secondary subject,and (if provided) tertiary subject codes as guidance,refer to your commands instruction index to locateinstructions with the same SSIC code for the subject youare attempting to classify. You will often find a notice oran instruction dealing with the subject, and thesedirectives will have a subject-specific SSIC. Keep inmind that it is not uncommon to find many subdivisionsof a tertiary code using decimal codes from .11 to .99.

The directive, OPNAV NOTE 5215, updatedsemiannually, lists not only effective NavalMeteorology and Oceanography Commandinstructions, but instructions for all of the major navalcommands. It contains four sections of listings: Part I,an alphabetical listing of instructions, by command;Part II, a numerical listing of instructions, by command;Part III, a cancellation listing, by command; and PartIV, a DOD implementation listing. The numericallisting under "METOCCOM" provides a complete listof effective Naval Meteorology and OceanographyCommand instructions.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q4. What would be the major subject group of aninstruction with an SSIC of 5510?

Q5. In reference to the SSIC 3140.IJ what does theletter J indicate?

Q6. What reference provides a detailed listing ofeffective instructions forcommands?

GENERAL RECORDMAINTENANCE

major naval

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify the tasksinvolved with the maintenance of records.Define the terms permanent record, temporaryrecord, cutoff date, and retention period.Identify basic storage procedures for records.Identify the instruction that provides guidancefor the disposition of records.

Many of the files at your command are classified asofficial records. These records include such things ascommand history, surface weather observation data,upper air observation data, and bathythermograph data.When you are given the job of maintaining a set ofrecords, more is involved in the job than just stuffingpaperwork into drawers of a filing cabinet. In thissection, we will describe the different types of records,and then discuss storage and disposal procedures.

TYPES OF RECORDS

Records are normally contained in file folders thatare designed to hold information accessible forreference. The length of time that material is held isdetermined by the type of information. The Secretary ofthe Navy has defined two basic types of informationalmaterial based upon the importance of the informationfor future applications. These two informational types,permanent records and temporary records, areexplained in the following text.

Permanent Records

Permanent records are informational material andrecords necessary to protect the Navy’s interest and toinsure proper documentation of the Navy’s significantexperiences, primary missions, functions, andresponsibilities. Permanent records may be of researchlegal, historical, or scientific value. In the

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Figure 3-2.—Letterhead memorandum format.

meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) reports filed by returning Mobile Environmental Teamcommunity, most of the data collection information (MET) members. Many operation and exercise supportfalls into this category. This includes surface weather, files and command history files also contain permanentupper-air, and bathythermograph observation record record information. Usually, permanent recordsheets, and also includes any data diskettes and material is original material produced by the personnelrecordings taken by observers. Just as important are at your command, but not all original material isresearch and program development files, and the trip permanent record material.

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Temporary Records

This is informational material that has little long-term value or significance but is necessary for routine orshort-term use. A few examples of temporary materialfrequently found in the METOC community aretraining reports, inventories, and generalcorrespondence. Most material you file that is a copy ofother material (copies of charts, messages, letters,technical information or magazine articles, andpublications or pamphlets) may be consideredtemporary material.

Files for a specific subject may contain mixedmaterial, both permanent-record information andtemporary-record information. Files that containpredominately permanent-record information arepermanent files. Permanent files may contain copies oftemporary information that directly relates to theinformation in the file, or supports the work or research.Temporary files should contain mostly temporary-record information. Any information of permanentvalue in a temporary file must be separated from the filewhen the temporary information is destroyed.

STORAGE OF RECORDS

Files are normally held in drawers of filing cabinetsor safes, and separate file folders are used to containeach subject (record) file. Use of a specific type of filefolder may be designated by the command or left to theuser’s choice. For ease of finding and retrievingmaterial, however, similar size folders should be used ineach set of files.

Most shipboard and shore-based METOC activitiesreceive computer-produced charts, AUTODINmessage reports of ship observations, National WeatherService (NWS) products and bulletins, and facsimilecharts. They also produce original (outgoing)meteorological and oceanographic support products.Few of these products are routinely stored in what istypically thought of as a set of files. Most likely, thesmaller size paper products are sorted by type and dateand stored in expandable envelopes, and the larger sizeoriginal charts and facsimile charts are stored in mapdrawers or chart cabinets. Many of these products,regardless of the method or location of storage, areofficial records and must be properly maintained, just asany other material kept in file folders in safes and filingcabinets is properly maintained.

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DISPOSAL OF FILES/RECORDS

Most files and/or records are maintained on anannual basis. A separate set of file folders is used foreach year’s files. Usually, file subject titles and SSICsare duplicated on the new file folders. While most filesstart at the beginning of the calendar year (January 1)and are closed out at the end of the calendar year(December 31), fiscal tiles (or files dealing withbudgeting, supply, or other money matters) are openedat the beginning of the fiscal year (1 October) and areclosed at the end of each fiscal year (September 30).The date that files are closed is known as the cutoff date.No new material dated after the cutoff date should beplaced in a file after the cutoff date. Material originatedafter the cutoff date should be placed in the next year’sset of files.

After the cutoff date, files must be held for aprescribed period of time based on the type ofinformation they hold. This period of time is known asthe retention period. Most material held in files atMETOC activities have retention periods of 1 or 2years. To determine the proper retention period formaterial in your files, you must consult SECNAVINST5212.5, Navy and Marine Corps Records DispositionManual.

Permanent records, with the exception ofobservation records, should be transferred to theFederal Records Center after the retention period haspassed. Specific instructions for handling the transferof meteorological and oceanographic observations areprovided in NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1, UnitedStates Navy Meteorological and OceanographicSupport System Manual. All temporary records andfiles should be properly disposed of or destroyed afterthe retention period has elapsed.

Q7.

Q8.

Q9.

Q10.

Records that contain information of research,legal, historical, or scientific value are classifiedas what type of records?

Inventory records are classified as what type ofrecords?

What would most likely be the cutoff date for afile containing budgetary information?

Where would you find information pertaining tothe retention period of weather maps andcharts?

REVIEW QUESTIONS

MAINTENANCE OF FILES ANDDIRECTIVES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify the tasksinvolved with the maintenance of files anddirectives. Identify methods for obtainingdirectives. Explain the use of ChangeTransmittals.

In this section, we will explain how to maintain filesand directives, how to obtain directives, and finally,how to process change transmittals.

MAINTAINING FILES

The following are some of the most important tasksinvolved with proper filing system maintenance:

Inventory the current filing system to ensure theindex of your files is up to date. For each file youmaintain, the index should contain the file subject title,the SSIC, a specific cutoff date, the retention period,and the transfer or disposal date. Do not includeunnecessary working papers, early drafts, extra copies,or information material as part of the file material.

Obtain some type of receipt from all personnelremoving files from the filing cabinet. This willsimplify locating files that later turn up missing. Thereceipt should document the name of the personremoving the file, their office or phone number, and anapproximate length of time the file will be absent fromthe storage container. You may use a computer file, alogbook, 3 × 5 cards, or slips of paper for the receipt, aslong as you can keep track of the location of all of thefiles.

Ensure all files in your filing system are properlymarked on the outside with the subject title, SSIC,cutoff date, retention period, and the transfer or destroydate.

Establish new files as necessary.

Arrange file folders in SSIC order.

Place incoming information in proper subjectfiles in date/time order, oldest on the bottom. Mostpeople maintaining files in the METOC communityprefer to use paper prongs to hold papers securely ineach file, although this practice is not required.

Close out files at the cutoff date and replace withnew tile folders (properly labeled) as necessary.

Keep closed out files together in a safe,weatherproof location. Normally, closed-out files aremaintained in the original office if space permits.Maintain closed-out files for the required retentionperiod.

Destroy temporary material at the end of theretention period. Keep in mind security considerations.Shred, pulp, or burn classified and "For Official UseOnly" material.

Transfer permanent records in accordance withinstructions in SECNAVINST 5212.5 andNAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1 at the end of theretention period.

MAINTAINING DIRECTIVES

All Naval Meteorology and OceanographyCommand activities and all naval ships staffed withAerographer’s Mates are required to maintain directivesissued by the Commander, Naval Meteorology andOceanography Command. Aboard ships, theinstructions are sometimes maintained in the ship’sadministration office, but more often than not, they aremaintained in the geophysics office.

You will also need to maintain selected instructionsfrom the Office of the Secretary of the Navy(SECNAV), Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS),Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV), andthe Commander in Chief, Atlantic/Pacific Fleet(CINCLANTFLT/CINCPACFLT). At the NavalMeteorology and Oceanography Command centers andfacilities, you will also maintain a set of your center’s orfacility’s directives.

Most of the instructions and notices your officemaintains are only a few pages long. Others may be 1-or 2-inch thick manuals. Usually, all but the thickestdirectives are placed in standard, government-issue,three-ring binders, and stored in some type ofbookcase.With the exception of certain classified instructions,which must be stored in a secure container, allinstructions from a series should be kept together. Thebinders should be labeled so that the other people youwork with can find the instructions easily. Alldirectives within a set are arranged in SSIC order, fromthe lowest number to the highest number. Recently,most SECNAV, OPNAV, and BUPERS instructionshave been made available on CD-ROM, and only thedirectives you require need to be printed. However,these CD-ROM disks should be maintained in a similarfashion.

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The first task you must do when you are assignedthe job of maintaining any set of directives is toinventory the instructions and notices currently onboard, and make note of any that are missing. Aspreviously discussed, OPNAV NOTE 5215 listseffective instructions. A quick look around the spacesmay turn up frequently used instructions that aremissing. Also check that overflowing incoming basketon your desk (or the LPO's desk) to insure that themissing directives are not in-house, awaiting filing.

If a directive is normally held in some location otherthan the directives binder, a locator cross-referencesheet should be filled in and filed in the location thedirective would normally occupy in the binder. Mostmanual-like directives contain a preprinted locatorcross-reference sheet immediately following thedistribution list in the front of the instruction. Sign-outcards or some similar system should be used whendirectives are temporarily removed from the binders forany reason.

Make note of any instructions that are obsolete. Ifthe manual lists 3143.1F as the current instruction andyou have 3143.1E, you will need to obtain 3143.1F.Identify the 3143.1E edition in the binder as beingobsolete by writing superseded by 3143.1F across thetop of the first page in red ink. Do not destroy the oldinstruction until you have received the updated version.Many times, much of the information in the oldinstruction will still be valid.

Obtaining Directives

Order any instructions that you are missing.OPNAV NOTE 5215 marks all instructions that areavailable directly from the originator with an asterisk(*). All others must be ordered from the NavalInventory Control Point (NAVICP) in Philadelphia.The Naval Supply Systems Command issues the NavalLogistics Library (NLL) User Guide (NAVSUPPublication 600) as a four CD-ROM set. The first CDcontains NAVSUP Publications P2002, which listsstock numbers for all instructions stocked at the NavalInventory Control Point. These CD-ROMs can also beordered via the Internet at the NLL web address:http://www.nll.navsup.navy.mil.

In addition, the Office of the Secretary of the Navyand the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations havedeveloped an Internet website called the "NavyElectronic Directives System." This website providesthe quickest method for obtaining most unclassifiedSECNAV and OPNAV directives. The site contains

listings of new and canceled directives, as well asdirections for ordering complete CD-ROM sets ofdirectives. You may also download several SECNAVand OPNAV forms. The website is actually maintainedby the Defense Automated Printing Service Office inPhiladelphia, and can be reached by using the URL:http://neds.nebt.daps.mil.

As you receive new or updated directives, file thedirectives in their proper locations in the binder bySSIC. Remove and destroy the outdated directives.

Processing Change Transmittals

Many instructions are updated with changetransmittals. Change transmittals provide a simplemethod to make small changes to directives as theyoccur. Each change transmittal identifies theinstruction to which it applies, and lists several types ofchanges that must be made to the instruction to updateit.

Many times, change transmittals will containreplacement pages, which must be inserted in the placeof the old same-numbered pages in the instruction.These are page changes. Change transmittals may alsolist words or passages that must be entered in pen inspecified places. These are called pen changes.Occasionally, a change transmittal will contain aprinted paragraph and will call for the new paragraph tobe cut out of the change and taped or pasted over anexisting paragraph in the instruction. This is called apaste-in change. Yet another type of change that maybe used is a repetitive change. This type of change isusually a blanket statement, such as "replace the wordsNaval Oceanography with Naval Meteorology andOceanography throughout this instruction." This typeof change does not specify the location of the requiredchanges. Unless specifically stated otherwise,repetitive changes are not actually made throughout theinstruction. The change transmittal containing therepetitive change is filed at the beginning of the basicinstruction; the repetitive change statement may behighlighted to catch the reader’s eye.

Regardless of the number of changes specified, youmust follow the list of change instructions exactly asdescribed. You should check off each changeinstruction as you complete the change. Changesshould be entered in the appropriate instructions as soonas change transmittals are received, and should not beshunted to a hold basket to collect dust. Changes shouldbe made to all copies of the instructions held, not just thecopy normally held in the binder. Usually, the changes

3-8

listed in change transmittals are effective as of thepublishing date (the date listed on the transmittal), andwill have been in effect for several weeks by the timeyou receive the change transmittal.

After the necessary changes have been made to theinstruction, you must enter the change information onthe Record of Changes page, located in the front of mostinstructions. This page, ruled in columns and lines,requires entries of (1) the change number (change 1 orCH1, for example), (2) the date the change was issued,(3) the date the change was actually entered, and (4) thename (not initials) and rate of the person entering thechange.

In summary, to properly maintain a set ofdirectives, you must accomplish the following tasks:

INVENTORY all directives, making note ofmissing or out-of-date directives.

ORDER replacements for missing or obsoletedirectives.

FILE new and revised directives as they arereceived.

ENTER CHANGES documented in changetransmittals, as they are received.

COMPLETE locator cross-reference sheets forall directives held in locations other than the properdirectives binder.

Use a SIGN-OUT system for all borroweddirectives.

Q11.

Q12.

Q13.

Q14.

Q15.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What type of information should be contained onthe outside of each file folder?

What is the first task you must do whenmaintaining a set of directives?

What is the purpose of a cross-reference sheet?

What is the fastest way to obtain unclassifiedSECNAV and OPNAV directives andinstructions?

What is the purpose of change transmittals?

MAINTENANCE OFMETEOROLOGICAL AND

OCEANOGRAPHIC PUBLICATIONSAND FORMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the tasksinvolved with maintenance of meteorologicaland oceanographic publications and forms.

So far, we have discussed the maintenance of tilesand directives. Two other administrative functions youmay be asked to do are to maintain meteorological andoceanographic reference publications, and to maintainmeteorological and oceanographic forms.

TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS

As you have probably discovered, every METOCoffice, whether aboard ship or ashore, has manydifferent reference publications available for use. Someoffices receive and maintain specialized magazinesdealing with the sciences of meteorology andoceanography, such as Weather-wise or Bulletin of theAmerican Meteorological Society. Nearly everyMETOC activity has been issued several differentNAVAIR publications. These are books published bythe government or civilian publishing companies thatthe Naval Air Systems Command determined to beuseful for reference. Other publications you might havein your office are equipment technical manuals andoperator manuals that were issued with various piecesof equipment.

Required Publications

Required publications are the hard- or soft-coveredbooks that you must have on hand, as directed by properauthority. Required publications for Navy and MarineCorps METOC support activities are defined in theMaster Publications Allowance List, published by theNaval Oceanographic Office. This listing containsdetailed information on all publications that arerequired for each type of METOC activity, such ascenters, detachments, aircraft carrier OA divisions, andso forth. The Master Publications Allowance Listcontains information on the source of each of thepublications listed, the agency responsible for updatingthe publication, and the agency that publishes anddistributes the publication. It also lists the issue date,the revision date, classification, and the national stocknumber (NSN). Publications applicable to specific

3-9

warfare areas, such as Undersea Warfare orAmphibious Warfare are also provided. The MasterPublications Allowance List is available from the NavalOceanographic Office on CD-ROM. It can also bedownloaded via the Secure Internet Protocol RoutingNetwork (SIPRNET).

Useful Publications

Useful publications include those publications that,although useful, are not required for inspectionpurposes. These publications include climatologystudies, National Weather Service publications, andcertain classified publications. Appendix III ofNAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1, U.S. NavyOceanographic and Meteorological Support SystemManual, lists several pertinent references foroceanographic and meteorological support. Theseconsist of different instructions and publications thatcontain information especially useful for differentMETOC-related tasks. However, the appendix stressesthat the list is not a list of required publications.

Unclassified Naval Oceanographic Officepublications are listed in the NAVOCEANO RP-50,Catalog of Naval Oceanographic Office Publications.Classified Naval Oceanographic Office publicationsare listed in the NAVOCEANO RP-51(S), Catalog ofClassified Naval Oceanographic Office Publications.Source listings for NAVAIR publications, airfieldsummaries, and observation summaries are discussed inthe following text.

Climatic Publications

The National Weather Service, the Air Force, andthe Navy all produce various types of climatic studiesand climatic summaries. Many of these products areroutinely distributed to your command via CD-ROM asthey are produced. Some products must be speciallyordered. The best place to find out what type of climaticinformation is available for a specific location or regionis the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and OceanographyDetachment (FNMOD), Asheville Internet website at:http://waves.ncdc.noaa.gov. This site containsinformation on climatic reference publications andstudies available on CD-ROM as well as in book form.It also provides a listing of several climatic studies thatare currently available for issue on different types ofmedia-paper, microfiche, microfilm, or compact disk.It does not list any classified studies that may have beenmade for any particular location. The FNMOD websitealso provides a listing of available Worldwide Airfield

Summaries (WWAS) and Summary of SynopticMeteorological Observations (SSMOs).

MAINTENANCE OF PUBLICATIONS

So far, we have discussed several sources that listpublications that may be found in your office. Now wewill discuss how to take care of the publications that youhave.

The Naval Meteorology and OceanographyCommand centers and facilities may have rooms thatare designated as a library, but for most detachmentsand ships, this is a luxury because of space limitations.Undoubtedly, you have some bookcase space available,whether aboard ship, in a detachment, or at a center orfacility. If your command has an established system forfiling and retrieving publications, and the systemgenerally works, then the best thing you can do is tolearn that system and work with it.

If no workable system has been established, thesimplest system for office-size book collections is thealphabetical filing system. File the publications onshelves in alphabetical order by the title. A computerlisting (or index cards) should be made up for eachbook, listing the title, publication number, andsubject(s) covered.

For slightly larger collections of publications, youmay wish to divide the bookcase shelves into sectionsfor each series of publications, such as NAVAIRpublications (all publications with NAVAIR numbers),National Weather Service publications, NavalOceanographic Office publications, NavalEnvironmental Prediction Research Facilitypublications, and so forth. Publications within eachgroup may be arranged alphabetically. The same type oftitle and subject computer listing (or index card listing)may be maintained, but each entry should also include alisting of the bookcase section in which the publicationis located.

Your title index and subject index are the key toyour library. Keep the index current. Let the otherpeople you work with know how the publications arearranged and how the index is maintained. If the indexis maintained on the office computer, let them knowhow to access the information, or be available to accessthe information for them.

Some sort of checkout system or log must be used tokeep track of publications that are removed from thearea. The most useful reference publications, if notcontrolled properly, tend to "disappear" from libraries.

3-10

These publications may sometimes be located onsomeone’s desk; but without a checkout system, largercommands must reorder publications frequently.

As for the publications themselves, all booksshould be kept in a dry, low-humidity environment.High humidity and moisture promote mold growth,which destroys the paper. Books should not be exposedto strong or direct sunlight. Sunlight yellows the edgesof the pages and accelerates paper decomposition. Italso makes the binding brittle.

Aboard ship, it is common practice to box up andstore publications that are not expected to be especiallyuseful during an upcoming cruise, in an out-of-the-waylocation. The computer listing or index cards of booksstored ‘in this manner should be annotated with thestorage location.

MAINTENANCE OF CHARTS ANDFORMS

The use of Department of Defense weather plottingcharts has been on a steady decline since theintroduction of computers into the weather field. Mostships staffed with Aerographer’s Mates are still requiredto maintain these charts. During predeployment, chartinventories are taken aboard ship and a count of the typeand quantity of plotting charts is made. Based upon pastusage of each chart, the monthly usage of each type ofchart should be calculated. Shipboard personnel mustnot only estimate the monthly usage of each type ofchart, but also consider the types of charts that may benecessary for various contingencies. Charts notnormally used in routine operations may suddenlybecome important in different operational scenarios.Check with your LPO or LCPO for guidance.

Keep in mind that all ships and stations should stillkeep a 90-day supply of weather plotting charts.Weather plotting charts (WPCs) are supplied by theNational Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA).Detailed instructions for completing one-time orders orestablishing automatic distribution are contained in the

Department of Defense, National Imagery andMapping Agency Catalog of Maps, Charts, and RelatedProducts, Part I-Aerospace Products. Informationconcerning NIMA products can be obtained via theInternet at: http://www.nima.mil.

Most METOC forms are now locally produced, andyou should make sure there is a ready supply. Someforms, such as weather observation forms, must still beordered via normal supply channels using nationalstock numbers. Details for ordering these forms arecontained in NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1. Certainforms, such as the Station Information File (SIF), can bedownloaded from the FNMOD website.

Q16.

Q17.

Q18.

Q19.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Where can you find information regardingpublications that are required at yourcommand?

Where can you find information pertaining toclassified Naval Oceanographic Publications?

Where is the best place to find out whatclimatological information is available for aspecific region?

Weather plotting charts are supplied by whatagency?

SUMMARY

In this chapter, we have discussed some of the basicterminology associated with administration andexplained the basic organization of files, directives, andrecords. We also discussed general record maintenanceand the maintenance of files and directives, includinghow to obtain directives and how to process changetransmittals. We completed the chapter with adiscussion of the maintenance of meteorological andoceanographic publications and forms.

3-11

A1.

A2.

A3.

A4.

A5.

A6.

A 7.

A8.

A9.

A10.

A11.

A12.

A13.

A14.

A15.

A16.

A17.

A18.

A19.

According to subject.

A directive.

1 year.

General Administration and Management.

A revision of the instruction.

OPNAV NOTE 5215.

Permanent records.

Temporary records.

30 September.

SECNAVINST 5212.5.

Each file should contain the file subject title, the SSIC, a specific cutoff date, theretention period, and the transfer or disposal date.

Inventory the instructions and notices currently on board, making note of any thatare missing.

Cross-reference sheets are used to indicate the location of directives, that forwhatever reason, are not held in the directives binder.

The "Navy Electronic Directives System" on the Internet.

Change transmittals provide a simple method to make small changes to directivesas they occur.

The "Master Publications Allowance List" published by the NavalOceanographic Office.

The Catalog of Classified Naval Oceanographic Office Publications, RP-51(S).

FNMOD Asheville Internet website.

The National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA).

ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

3-12

APPENDIX I

GLOSSARY

A

ACTIVE USW—A method for determining thelocation and distance of a submarine by measuringthe time interval between the transmission of asound signal and its reflection back to the projector.

AEROSOLS—Small droplets (solid or liquid)suspended in a gas.

AFMEDS—Air Force Meteorological Data System.

AFWA—Air Force Weather Agency headquartered atOffutt AFB, NB.

AIG—Address indicator group.

ALGORITHM—A step-by-step procedure for solvinga mathematical problem.

ANALOG—Proportional and continuous. An analogrecorder draws continuous lines proportional to theelectronic signal input.

AOR—Area of responsibility.

APT—Automatic picture transmission. The automatictransmission of images by polar-orbiting satellites.

ARQ—Automatic response to query. A method ofobtaining data using AFMEDS.

ASOS—Automated surface observing system.

AUTODIN—Automatic digital network:

AWN—Automated weather network; the complexworldwide collection and distribution network ofmeteorological data operated by the Air Force.

AZIMUTH—The horizontal angular measurementfrom a fixed reference to a point. The navy usesangular measurements in clockwise degrees from 0to 360. When 0 is referenced to true north, the resultis a true azimuth bearing. When referenced to anarbitrary direction, such as the bow of a ship, theresult is a relative azimuth bearing.

B

BATHYTHERMOGRAPH—Any device used tomeasure and record temperatures through a columnof water.

BAUD—A measurement unit of electronic datatransmission speed.

BT—Abbreviation for break transmission, used toindicate the beginning and end of a message body.

BULLETIN BOARD—A communications systemthat uses standard telephone lines to dial-in andaccess computer networks.

BYTE—A group of adjacent binary digits (bits).

C

CAD—Collective address designator.

CCTV—Closed-circuit television.

CHAFF—Material (such as strips of foil) ejected intothe air in order to confuse enemy radar devices.

COMSEC—Communications security.

CONFIDENTIAL—Classified information that ifdisclosed could be expected to cause damage tonational security.

COTS—Commercial-off-the-shelf.

CPU—Central processing unit of a computer.

CW—Continuous wave radio transmission.

D

DATA BASE—A collection of data organized forrapid search and retrieval by a computer.

DIFAX—Digital facsimile.

DMSP—Defense meteorological satellite program.

DPVS—Distributed plain language verificationsystem.

DSN—Defense switched network, an upgrade andname change to the automatic voice network(AUTOVON).

DUCT—A layer in the atmosphere that readily trapselectromagnetic energy permitting extendedtransmission ranges.

DUCTING—The process occurring within a duct, alsoknown as trapping.

AI-1

E

E-MAIL—Electronic mail.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM—The totalrange of the various radiation frequencies andcorresponding wavelengths.

ELECTRO-OPTICS—General term used to describeweapons that make use of electromagnetic energyin order to function. These systems normallyoperate in the visible and infrared portions of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

ESM—Electronic support measures. Radarsurveillance conducted in passive mode designed tointercept hostile radar emissions.

F

FAA—Federal Aviation Administration.

FALLOUT—Radioactive particles resulting from anuclear explosion and descending through theatmosphere.

FAX—Short form of facsimile, referring to weatherfacsimile or a telefacsimile transmission.

FLIB—Forward--looking infrared radar.

FMCR—Fleet multi-channel broadcast.

G

GCCS-M—Global command and communicationssystem-maritime.

GFMPL—Geophysics fleet mission program library.

Ghz—Gigahertz. One billion hertz or cycles persecond.

GIGABYTE —A unit of information equal to onebillion bytes.

GOTS—Govemment-off-the-shelf.

GWCS—Global weather communications system.

H

HECTOPASCAL (hPa)—A unit of 100 pascals usedto measure pressure, exactly equivalent to 1millibar.

HERTZ—A frequency defined as one cycle persecond.

HF—High-frequency. Radio waves between 3 MHz to30 MHz.

HOMEPAGE—The first page or index of a particularwebsite.

HTML—Hypertext Markup Language.

I

INFRARED (IR)—The portion of the electromagneticspectrum with wave lengths just slightly longerthan visible light energy (thermal energy).

INTERNET—A connection of several wide areanetworks. The Internet is also a term that issynonymous with the World Wide Web.

K

KILOBYTE—A unit of information equal to onethousand bytes. Also abbreviated as "KB".

KHz—Kilohertz. One thousand hertz or cycles persecond.

L

LAN—Local area network.

LASER—Light amplification by stimulated emissionofradiation, approximately equal to 1.06 microns.

LCD—Liquid crystal diode. A gray or black display ofnumbers or shapes commonly used in electronics.

LPM—Lines per minute. A setting used for HF radioweather facsimile transmissions.

LUF—Lowest usable frequency.

M

MANOP—Formatted weather message header thatidentifies the product type, originator, and areacovered by the product.

MEGABYTE—A unit of information equal to onemillion bytes.

MET—U.S. Navy mobile environmental team.

METEOROLOGY—The study of phenomenon of/the atmosphere.

MHz—Megahertz. One million hertz or cycles persecond.

METMF—U.S. Marine Corps meteorological mobilefacility. Weather personnel who operate USMCMetvans.

AI-2

MSI—Modified surf index. A single dimensionlessnumber that is used to provide a relative measure ofconditions likely to be encountered in a surf zoneduring amphibious operations.

MTF—Editor-Message text format. The AUTODINmessage formatting software endorsed by theNavy.

MUF—Maximum usable frequency.

N

NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

NAVAID—An acronym for navigation aid, usuallyreferring to an aircraft navigation aid.,

NAVMETOCCOM —Short title for NavalMeteorology and Oceanography Commandheadquartered at the Stennis Space Center,Mississippi.

NAVOCEANO—Short title for the NavalOceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, MS.Also NAVO.

NEXRAD—Next generation radar. The weathersurveillance radar-1988-Doppler (WSR-88D).

NIMA—National Imagery and Mapping Agency,headquartered in Washington, D.C.

NIPRNET—Nonsecure Internet protocol routingnetwork used by the military.

NITES—Navy integrated tactical environmentalsystem.

NOAA—National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, a division of the U.S. Departmento f C o m m e r c e .

NOTAM—Notice to airmen.

O

OA—Abbreviation for shipboard aviation operationsdivision, the shipboard division for which mostAerographer’s Mates work.

OAML—Oceanographic and atmospheric masterlibrary.

OMNI-DIRECTIONAL —An antenna capable ofsending or receiving radio waves in all directions.

OTCIXS—Officer in tactical command informationexchange system.

P

PASSIVE USW—A method for detecting submarinesthat evaluates a signal received by a hydrophone.

PLA—Plain language address used with AUTODINmessages.

PMSV—Pilot-to-meteorological service.

PSN—Processing sequence number used withAUTODIN messages.

R

RADFO—An acronym for radiological fallout.

RATT—Radio teletype.

REFRACTIVITY —The study of how elec-tromagnetic energy is bent (refracted) as it movesthrough different density layers within theatmosphere.

S

SAR—Search and rescue.

SECRET—Classified information that if disclosedcould cause serious damage to national security.

SERVER—A fast computer connected to the Internetfull time. It directs Internet traffic to its properdestination.

SHF—Super-high frequency radio waves. Generallybetween 3 GHz and 30 GHz.

SIPRNET—Secure Internet protocol routing networkused by the military.

SMOOS—Shipboard meteorological and ocea-nographic observation system.

SPECIAL-HANDLING MARKING—Designationapplied to messages requiring special handlingprocedures. Special handling markings ensuremessages so marked will be handled and viewed byauthorized personnel only.

SSIC—Standard subject identification code.

STU-III—Secure telephone unit-third generation.

SYNOPTIC—In general, pertaining to or affording anoverall view. In meteorology, this term has becomespecialized in referring to the use of meteorologicaldata obtained simultaneously over a wide area forpresenting a comprehensive picture of the state ofthe atmosphere.

AI-3

T W

TADIXS—Tactical data information exchange system.

TAF—Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.

TOP SECRET—Classified information that ifdisclosed could cause exceptionally grave damageto national security.

WAN—Wide area network.

WEBSITE—A collection of one or more web pagescreated by a person, company, or organization onthe Web.

U

WEFAX—An acronym for weather facsimile,specifically the NWS service providing satelliteimagery and graphic products via a geostationarysatellite data broadcast.

UHF—Ultra-high frequency radio transmission, WMO—World meteorological organization.generally between 300 MHz and 3 GHz.

URL—Uniform resource locater.

USMTF—United States message text format.

USW—Undersea warfare.

WORLD WIDE WEB—The large hypertext networkof the Internet. Generally refers to the collection ofwebsites on the Internet and the information thatcan be accessed from them.

WPM—Words per minute.

VX

VALID—Effective, good.

VHF—Very-high frequency radio transmission,generally between 30 MHz and 300 MHz.

XBT—Expendable bathythermograph, usuallyreferring to the probe that is dropped in the water andnot recovered.

AI-4

APPENDIX II

MANOP CODES

AB

AC

AN

AR

AS

AU

AW

AX

CA

CB

CM

CO

CS

CT

CU

DF

FA

Environmental data messages use coded MANOP headings to facilitate therapid automatic switching of the information at the AWN Automated Weather DataSwitch (AWDS), as well as to provide recognition of the data contents. Refer toChapter 1 of this module for a discussion on the format of MANOP headers.

TT- DATA CONTENT IDENTIFIERS

Weather summaries; current conditions,previous day conditions, tropical weathersummaries and outlooks, agriculturalsummaries, and agricultural advisories.

Convective analysis.

Analysis of satellite imagery and radarobservations.

Radar analysis.

Analysis, surface level, pressure, fronts.

Analysis, constant pressure levels, heights,centers.

Analysis, wind.

Analysis, miscellaneous: ice edge, satelliteweather summaries, skew-t, terminal fore-cast receipt summaries, tropical cyclone,graphic analysis plots, analysis discussions,upper air, thickness analysis, flight hazards,snow depth, tropical weather summaries,observation receipt summary, alerts ofsignificant tropical feature in satelliteimagery, surface analysis, surface forecasts,upper-air observation receipt summary.

Noncurrent scheduled TAF.

Soil moisture.

Noncurrent scheduled METAR.

Monthly means (Oceanic).

Monthly means (Surface).

Soil temperature reports.

Monthly means (Upper-air).

Forecast, radiological fallout winds.

Forecast, aviation area weather (some withflight level winds/temps), aviation SARweather.

FB

FC

FD

FE

FJ

FK

FM

FN

FO

FP

FQ

FR

FS

FT

Forecast, flight level winds/temps, navyaltimeter setting, aviation area, public,prognostic discussions.

Terminal forecast valid 12 hours or less.

Forecasts; flight level wind/temp.

Forecasts, general surface, extended andoutlooks; ice synopsis and outlook, upper airforecast and outlook.

Forecasts, parcel trajectory.

Forecast, air pollution potential.

Forecast, temperature extremes, specialtemperatures, convective gust potential.

Forecasts; general area weather (regional).

Forecasts, Military: air routes, missioncontrol, mission planning, operation area,air-refueling areas; paradrop zone, helolanding zone, SAR, High Interest Areaupper winds/temps;

Also, automated forecast guidance formilitary locations of MOS, NGM, LFM, andtrajectory models (numerous parameters).

Public forecasts; general weather, coastalmarine, lakes, mid-ocean;

Special public forecasts; ozone, UV,lightning.

Height prog for standard isobaric levels.

Forecasts, Air-routes.

Forecasts, Surface coded: Pressure, tem-peratures, winds;

Forecasts, 1000-hPa level.

Forecast, Terminal Aerodrome (TAF)bulletins with valid periods of 12 hours orgreater.

AII-1

FU

FX

FY

FZ

GH

GP

GT

GW

HE

HF

HI

HM

HO

HR

HS

HX

IU

MM

MS TWMT

MV

NO

UD

OB

Forecasts, Upper Air: Heights (IAC code),winds, temperatures, D-values, turbulence,vertical motion.

Forecasts, Miscellaneous: any and everytype of forecast-Specialized militaryoperation forecasts, FNMOC Navy forecastsupport packages, forest fire forecasts, NBCnuclear EDFs and chemical CDFs, andforecaster discussions;

Forecaster guidance bulletins, mis-cellaneous.

Forecasts, Upper level temperatures, winds.

Forecasts, Marine, SAR, small craftadvisories;

Forecaster guidance bulletins for marineshipping areas.

Gridded 500-hPa level forecasts.

Gridded surface analysis.

Gridded upper-level temperature forecasts.

Gridded upper-level wind forecasts.

Solar significant-event alerts.

Solar flux high frequency radio propagationconditions/forecasts.

Ionosphere observations.

Geomagnetic (magnetometer) observations.

Solar optical observations.

Solar radio-emission observations.

Solar observations from satellites.

Solar products, miscellaneous.

Geophysical alert, stratospheric alert.

Civil emergency warning.

Marine, combined wind wave/sea swell.

Marine, sea-surface temperature analysis.

Marine, sound channel data.

Notices, weather circuit delays or changes,or product changes;

Notices about temporary special supportproducts;

Notices, schedules, frequency changes.

Oceanographic, beach surf-height forecasts(SURFCSTs).

OS

PD

PL

PW

RW

SA

SE

SF

SH

SI

SM

SN

SO

SP

SR

SS

ST

SW

SX

TB

TC

TP

TR

TS

TU

TX

UA

UE

UF

UG

UH

Ocean surface, spectral sea data.

Prognostic discussions (forecasterreasoning or model comparisons).

Automated wind data.

WARNINGS, point weather (military).

River report.

Aviation hourly observations.

Seismograph earthquake observations.

Atmospheric observations.

Ship synoptic report.

Synoptic surface observation, intermediatehours (3-hourly synoptic).

Synoptic surface observation, main hours(6-hourly synoptic)

Hourly synoptic report.

BATHY observations.

Special (aviation hourly) observations.

River stage and special service observa-tions.

Drifting buoy report.

Ice report.

Supplementary aviation weather reports.

Miscellaneous data.

Satellite orbital prediction data

Satellite tropical disturbance bulletin.

METSAT tropical storm position data.

Satellite clear radiance data.

WMO satellite wind data.

Satellite vertical temperature soundings.

Satellite cloud motion derived wind data.

Data buoy position data.

Aircraft observations: PIREP, AIREP,AMDAR.

Maximum wind.

RAOB (part D).

RAOB (part C/D).

PIBAL (part B).

PIBAL (part C).

AII-2

UI

UJ

UK

UL

UM

UN

UP

UQ

USWP

UT WRUV

UX

UY WUUZ WWWA

WD

WE

WF

WH

WM

WN

WO

PIBAL (part A/B).

RAOB/PIBAL (all parts).

RAOB (part B).

RAOB (part C).

RAOB (part A/B).

Rocketsonde observations.

PIBAL (part A).

PIBAL (part D).

RAOB (part A).

Aircraft report.

Wind vector difference.

Upper Air, miscellaneous.

PIBAL (part C/D).

Dropsonde data.

Flight advisories, AIRMET/SIGMET.

Tropical cyclone forecaster discussions;

Tropical cyclone advisories;

Significant weather summaries.

WARNINGS, Tsunami.

WARNINGS, Tornado and special marine.

WARNINGS, Tropical Cyclone, includingformation alerts;

WARNINGS, High Winds.

Forecast, Strike Probability.

WARNINGS, High Seas;

WARNINGS, Severe Weather (IndianOcean);

WARNINGS, Special Marine.

Nuclear bulletins.

WARNINGS, Severe Weather, High water,Marine shipping;

WX

WARNINGS, Marine, High Winds, highXN

surf, high tide (storm surge), flooding,thunderstorm, tornado;

WS

WT

XT

YS

WARNINGS, gale, storm, High Wind,small craft, harbor.

Bulletin, tropical disturbance status (U.S.)

Hazardous weather reports;.

Severe PIREPs, AIREPs;

Severe radar reports;

Special weather statements;

Urgent specials.

WARNINGS, and advisories for the public(Canada).

WARNINGS, flash flood.

Flight advisories, SIGMETs.

WARNINGS, tropical cyclone.

WARNINGS, severe thunderstorm.

WARNINGS, Weather, general;

Advisories, tropical disturbance (Australia);

WARNINGS, tropical cyclone (IndianOcean, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea);

WARNINGS, gale, storm;

WARNINGS, Tsunami (Japan);

WARNINGS, point weather (Navy-Mediterranean);

WARNINGS, High Wind/High Sea;

WARNINGS, marine Sub-tropical cyclone;

Summary, destructive/severe weatherreports;

WATCH, severe weather;

WARNINGS, severe weather;

Special weather statements;

WARNINGS, (military) gale, small craft,gust.

WARNINGS, miscellaneous (military).

Automated METAR.

Forecasts, military planning.

Worldwide METAR specials.

AII-3

AA

AC KA

AE

AF

AK

AMME

AOMM

APMV

AR MW

AS MX

AU MY

BN

BQ

CA

CI

CN

EA

EC

EE

EM

EN

EU

EW

FE

GA

GL

GM

GX

HW

IO

Most MANOP headings do not use specific country codes for products, butrather use regional identifiers. The following are the regional identifiers mostfrequently used in MANOP headings:

Antarctica

Arctic Region

Southeast Asia

Africa

Alaska

Central Africa

West Africa

Southern Africa

Arabian Sea

Asia

Australia

Bahrain

Baltic Sea

Caribbean

China

Canada

East Africa

East China Sea

Eastern Europe

Middle Europe

Northern Europe

Europe

Western Europe

Far East

Gulf of Alaska

Greenland

Guam

Gulf of Mexico

Hawaiian Islands

Indian Ocean

JP

KO

LU

MC

NA

NT

OC

OH

PA

PE

PH

PK

PN

PQ

PS

PW

PZ

RS

SA

SD

SE

SJ

SS

AII-4

Japan

Caroline Islands

South Korea

Aleutian Islands

Central Mediterranean

Eastern Mediterranean

Mediterranean

Maldives

Western Mediterranean

Mexico

Marianas Islands

North America

North Atlantic

Oceania

Sea of Okhotsk

Pacific

Persian Gulf

Philippines

Pakistan

North Pacific

Western North Pacific

South Pacific

Western Pacific

Eastern Pacific

Russia (Europe)

South America

Saudi Arabia

Southern Oceanic Area

Sea of Japan

South China Sea

AA - GEOGRAPHICAL ORREGIONAL IDENTIFIERS

ST

UK

US XW

XE

South Atlantic

United Kingdom

United States

Eastern Hemisphere (between 0 and 180degrees East) XX

XN Northern Hemisphere

XS

XT

Southern Hemisphere

Tropical Belt

Western Hemisphere (between 0 and 180degrees West)

For use when other designations are notappropriate.

AII-5

APPENDIX III

REFERENCES USED TODEVELOP THE TRAMAN

NOTE: Although the following references were current when thisTRAMAN was published, their continued currency cannot be assured. Youtherefore need to be sure you are studying the latest revision.

Chapter 1

Aeronautical Information Manual, U.S. Department of Transportation/FederalAviation Administration, Washington, D.C., February 1998.

Allied Communications Publication, Communications Instructions RadiotelephoneProcedure, ACP-125 (E), Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C., August1987.

Allied Communications Publication, Communications Instructions Teletypewriter(Teleprinter) Procedures, ACP 126 (C), Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington,D.C., May 1989.

Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) Operating Procedures, JANAP 128 (J),Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C., July 1993.

Configuration Management of Automated Information Systems,NAVMETOCCOMINST 5231.1, March 1996.

Department of the Navy Automatic Data Processing Security Program,OPNAVINST 5239.1 A, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington,D.C., August 1982.

Department of the Navy Information and Personnel Security Program Regulation,OPNAVINST 5510.1, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington,D.C., 1988.

DOD Flight Information Publication (Enroute), IFR - Supplement United States(April 1998 edition), National Imagery and Mapping Agency, St. Louis, MO,1998.

DSN User Services Guide, DISA Circular 310-225-1, Defense Information SystemsAgency, Arlington, VA, April 1998.

Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) Integrated Data Display System(MIDDS) User’s Guide (version 2.1), Naval Oceanographic Office, StennisSpace Center, MS, June 1998.

Naval Telecommunications Procedure, Telecommunications Users Manual, NTP-3(J), Naval Computer Telecommunications Command, Washington, D.C., July1997.

NAVMETOCCOM Policy on Internet Access and Use of Government InformationSystems, NAVMETOCCOMINST 5230.3, June 1998.

Networking Essentials, Microsoft Press, Redmond, WA, 1996.

AIII-1

Performance Specification for the Tactical Environmental Support System/NextCentury TESS (NC) (NITES version I and II), Draft, Commander, Space andNaval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA, December 1997.

Radioman Training Series, Module 4—Communications Hardware, NAVEDTRA12848, Naval Education and Training Professional Development andTechnology Center, Pensacola, FL., September 1997.

Radioman Training Series, Module 5—Communications Center Operations,NAVEDTRA 12849, Naval Education and Training Professional Developmentand Technology Center, Pensacola, FL, October 1997.

Secure Telephone Unit Third Generation (STU-III) COMSEC MaterialManagement Manual, CMS 6, Director, Communications Security MaterialSystem, Washington, D.C., October 1990.

Steele, Heidi, How to Use the Internet (third edition), New York, NY, 1996.

Supplemental Operator’s Manual for Tactical Environmental Support System(TESS (3)), (Next Century (NC) Transition), SPAWAR EE685-HC-SUP-010,Commander, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, June 1998.

Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS (3)) and Shipboard Meteorologicaland Oceanographic Observing System (SMOOS) Operator’s Manual, Vol. IIA,NAVELEXCEN VJO 14203-0302428A, NISE WEST, Vallejo, CA, 1993.

Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS (3)) and Shipboard Meteorologicaland Oceanographic Observing System (SMOOS) Operator’s Manual, Vol. IIB,NAVELEXCEN VJO 14203-0302428A, NISE WEST, Vallejo, CA, 1993.

Technical Manual Comparator-Converter Group AN/URA-17, AN/URA-17A,AN/URA-17B, Operation and Maintenance Instructions, SPAWAR EE162-JA-OMI-010/E110 URA17,A,B, Commander, Naval Space and Naval WarfareSystems Command, Washington D.C., 1983.

United States Navy Meteorological and Oceanographic Support Manual,NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K, Commander, Naval Meteorology andOceanography Command, Stennis Space Center, MS, September 1996.

Worldwide Marine Radiofacsimile Broadcast Schedules, (seventh edition), U.S.Department of Commerce/National Weather Service, Washington, D.C.,March 1998.

Chapter 2

Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS) User’s Manual (version1.0), Technical Document 3028, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center,April 1998.

Data Request Product (DRP) User Manual, FLENUMFTOCCEN Publication P-3146, September 1997.

Electra-Optical Tactical Decision Aid (EOTDA) User’s Manual (version 3.1), PL-TR-94-2174 (I), Hughs STX Corporation, Lexington, MA, June 1994.

FNMOC Products Manual, FLENUMETOCCEN Publication P-3140, October1997.

Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library New Technology (GFMPL NT) User’sManual, Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, MS, July 1998.

AIII-2

Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library (GFMPL) Summary, NavalOceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, MS., February 1997.

Interim Mobile Oceanography Support System (IMOSS) User’s Guide (DRAFT),Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, MS, December 1997.

Joint METOC Viewer User Manual, FLENUMETOCCEN Publication P-352,November 1997.

Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) Integrated Data Display System(MIDDS) User’s Guide (version 2.1), Naval Oceanographic Office, StennisSpace Center, MS, June 1998.

Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution System (NODDS) Manual,FLENUMETOCCEN Publication P-3147, May 1996.

Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution System Products Manual,FLENUMETOCCOMINST 3147.1, February 1993.

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Master Library (OAML) Summary, NavalOceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, MS, April 1998.

Optimum Path Aircraft Routing System (OPARS) Manual FLENUMETOCCENPublication P-3710, February 1997.

Performance Specification (PS) for the Tactical Environmental SupportSystem/Next Century TESS (NC) (NITES version I and II), Draft, Commander,Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA, December 1997.

Supplemental Operator’s Manual for Tactical Environmental Support System(TESS (3)), (Next Century (NC) Transition), SPAWAR EE685-HC-SUP-010,Commander, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, June 1998.

Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS (3.0)) and ShipboardMeteorological and Oceanographic Observing System (SMOOS) Operator’sManual, Vol. IIA, NAVELEXCEN VJO 14203-0302428A, NISE WEST,Vallejo, CA, 1993.

Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS (3.0)) and ShipboardMeteorological and Oceanographic Observing System (SMOOS) Operator’sManual, Vol. IIB, NAVELEXCEN VJO 14203-0302428A, NISE WEST,Vallejo, CA, 1993.

United States Navy Meteorological and Oceanographic Support Manual,NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K, Commander, Naval Meteorology andOceanography Command, Stennis Space Center, MS, September 1996.

Chapter 3

Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual, SECNAVINST 5216.5D,Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., August 1996.

Department of the Navy Directives Issuance System, SECNAVINST 5215.1C,Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C., April 1970.

Department of the Navy Directives Issuance System Consolidated Subject Index,OPNAVNOTE 5215, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington,D.C., February 1998.

Department of the Navy File Maintenance Procedures and Standard SubjectIdentification Codes (SSIC), SECNAVINST 5210.11D, Department of theNavy, Washington, D.C., October 1987.

AIII-3

Navy and Marine Corps Records Disposition Manual, SECNAVINST 5212.5D,Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., April 1998.

United States Navy Meteorological and Oceanographic Support Manual,NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K, Commander, Naval Meteorology andOceanography Command, Stennis Space Center, MS, September 1996.

AIII-4

INDEX

A

Address indicator group, 1-22

Administration, general terminology, 3-1 to 3-2

Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction Program, 2-12

AFMEDS, 1-11 to 1-12

equipment, 1-12

AIG, 1-22

Air Force Meteorological Data System, see AFMEDS

AN/SRA-12 antenna patch panel, 1-38

AN/UGC-143A(V) teleprinter, 1-44

AN/UGC-20 teleprinter, 1-42 to 1-43

AN/UGC-25 teleprinter, 1-44

AN/URA-17( ) comparator-converter, 1-40

AN/WRR-3( ) receiver, 1-38

Antenna, radio, 1-37 to 1-38

Antenna patch panel, AN/SRA-12, 1-38

AREPS, 2-12

AUTODIN, 1-2 1

message formats, 1-21 to 1-22

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), 1-18 to1-19

Automated Weather Network see AWN, 1-11,1-16

Automatic Digital Network, see AUTODIN

Automatic Response to Query (ARQ), 1-12

AWN, 1-11 to 1-13, 1-16

AFMEDS, 1-12

ARQ, 1-12

MANOP headings, 1-12

Message Format Transmitter (MFT), 1-12

B

Baud, 1-42

Baud rate, 1-42

Broadcast,

facsimile, 1-35

fleet multi-channel, 1-33 to 1-34

HF, 1-37

SHF, 1-33

Bulletin board systems, 1-9

C

CAD, 1-22

Change transmittals, 3-8 to 3-9

processing of, 3-8 to 3-9

Charts,

maintenance of, 3-11

Classification, markings, 1-1

Classification, message, 1-22

Classification, security categories, 1-1

CMW, 1-14

Collective address designator, 1-22

Commercial long-distance telephone, 1-3 to 1-4

Communications protocol programs, 1-6

Communications security, 1-1

Communications, telephone, 1-3 to 1-6

Comparator-converter, AN/URA-17( ), 1-40 to 1-42

Computer flight plans, 2-18

Computer networks, 1-7 to 1-13

Contel Meteorological Workstation, 1-14

Converter, CV-483/URA-17, 1-40 to 1-42

CV-483/URA-17, converter, 1-40 to 1-42

D

Data Request Product, see DRP

Declassification instructions, message, 1-24

Defense Message System (DMS), 1-20

Defense Switched Network (DSN), 1-4

Digital facsimile (DIFAX), 1-13, 1-16

INDEX-1

Directives,

organization of, 3-2 to 3-4

maintenance of, 3-7 to 3-8

Distributed Plain Language Address VerificationSystem (DPVS), 1-22

DRP, 2-18 to 2-21

BALW, 2-21

BTXT, 2-20

ENVR, 2-20

GEM, 2-20

JJPRO, 2-20 to 2-21

PNTDT, 2-20

RIBS, 2-20

SAR, 2-20

SNDFO, 2-21

SPOUT, 2-20

DSN (Defense Switched Network), 1-4

precedence, 1-4

DTG, message, 1-22

E

E-mail, 1-9 to 1-10

Electra-optics, 2-12 to 2-14

Electronic mail, 1-9 to 1-10

EO systems, 2-13

EOTDA, 2-12 to 2-14

F

Facsimile,

Alden 9315 series TRT, 1-36 to 1-37

Alden 9315 series TR4, 1-36

HF broadcasts, 1-34 to 1-35

recorders, 1-36

recorder, telephone, 1-6

Fax, see facsimile

Files,

maintenance of, 3-2 to 3-4, 3-7

organization of, 3-2 to 3-4

Fleet multi-channel broadcast (FMCB), 1-33 to 1-34

Forms,

maintenance of, 3-11

Free format message body, 1-24

Frequency range,

ultra-high (UHF), 1-25

very-high (VHF), 1-25

G

Gateguard, 1-20

GCCS-M, 1-30

Geophysics Fleet Mission Program Library (GFMPL),1-19

GFMPL, 1-19, 2-3

functions, 1-19, 2-4

programs, 1-19, 2-4 to 2-5

Global Weather Communications System, 1-10

Global Weather Intercept Program, 1-10, 1-13

GWCS, 1-10

GWIP, 1-10, 1-13

H

High-frequency (HF) broadcasts, 1-34

Coast Guard broadcasts, 1-35

Foreign broadcasts, 1-35

Navy fleet broadcasts, 1-35

regional broadcasts (HFRB), 1-35

High frequency regional broadcasts (HFRB), 1-34 to1-35

Homepage, 1-9

Hypertext link, 1-7

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 1-18

I

IMOSS,

communications module, 1-32 to 1-33

configuration, 1-31

main module, 1-31 to 1-32

satellite module, 1-33

INDEX-2

IMOSS—Continued

Weather Fax, 1-33

WEATHERTRAC, 1-33

Instructions, 3-1

Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System, 2-12

Interim Mobile Oceanographic Support System, seeIMOSS

Internet, 1-7 to 1-9

Internet service provider, 1-7

IREPS, 2-12

J

JMV, 1-13, 2-16

features, 2-16

products, 2-16

Joint METOC Viewer, see JMV

Joint Operations Tactical System (JOTS), 1-34

K

KSD-64A, 1-5

L

Local Area Network (LAN), 1-7

M

Message Format Transmitter (MFT), 1-19

Meteorology and Oceanography Integrated DataDisplay System, see MIDDS

MIDDS, 1-14 to 1-19

ASOS communications link, 1-18 to 1-19

briefing support, 1-17 to 1-18

bulletin board access, 1-19

functions of, 1-14 to 1-19

GFMPL application software, 1-19

Internet access, 1-19

receiver modules, 1-16

router modules, 1-15

weather group applications software, 1-16 to1-17

Military networks,

NIPRNET, 1-8

SIPRNET, 1-9

Model 28 teleprinter, 1-42 to 1-44

Modems, 1-6

N

National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), 3-11

Naval message, 1-20

addressee, 1-2 1

address indicator group (AIG), 1-22

body, free format, 1-24

body, USMTF GENADMIN, 1-21 to 1-25

classification, 1-2 1

collective address designator (CAD), 1-22

Date/time group (DTG), 1-21

declassification, 1-21

DPVS, 1-22

format, AUTODIN, 1-20

format, GENADMIN, 1-22 to 1-25

format, USMTF, 1-20 to 1-21

formatting software, 1-20

gateguard, 1-20

header, 1-2 1

info addee, 1-21, 1-22

minimize, 1-25

originator, 1-21, 1-22

plain language address (PLA), 1-22

precedence, 1-21, 1-22

readdressal, 1-24 to 1-25

Standard Subject Identification Code (SSIC), 1-22

text separator, 1-21, 1-22

transmission ID, 1-21, 1-22

NAVCOMPARS, 1-45

Navy Integrated Tactical Environmental Subsystem,see NITES

Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution System, seeNODDS

INDEX-3

Navy standard teleprinter, 1-49

NIPRNET, 1-9

NITES, 1-30

NODDS, 1-9, 2-14 to 2-16

processing and display features, 1-9, 2-15

products, 1-9, 2-15

NOTAM, 1-10

Notices, 3-1

O

OAML,

databases, 2-1 to 2-3

models, 2-1 to 2-3

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Master Library, 2-1 to2-3

OPARS, 2-17 to 2-18

flight plan processing, 2-18

MIDDS program, 2-18

subsystems, 2-17 to 2-18

Optimum Path Aircraft Routing System, see OPARS

OTCIXS, 1-34

P

Permanent records, 3-4 to 3-5

Plain language address (PLA), message, 1-22

PMSV radio, 1-25 to 1-26

communications protocol, 1-26 to 1-28

prowords, 1-26 to 1-28

Publications,

maintenance of, 3-10 to 3-11

types of, 3-9 to 3-10

R

R-1051/URR receiver, 1-38

R-2368/URR receiver, 1-39

Radio,

PMSV, 1-25 to 1-26

terms, 1-27

Radio frequencies, 1-25

Radio, PMSV, 1-25 to 1-28

Radio receivers,

AN/WRR-3( ), 1-38

R-105l/URR, 1-38 to 1-39

R-2368/URR, 1-38 to 1-40

switchboard SB-973/SRT, 1-40

RATT (radio teletype), 1-37

Receiver, see radio receiver

Records,

disposal of, 3-6

maintenance of, 3-6

organization of, 3-2 to 3-4

storage of, 3-6

Refractive effects prediction programs, 2-12

S

SB-973/SRT receiver switchboards, 1-40

Search engine, 1-9

Secure telephone unit, 1-5 to 1-6

Security clearance, 1-2

Security manual, 1-1

Server, 1-7

SHF, 1-33

Shipboard antenna, 1-37 to 1-38

Shipboard communications, 1-37 to 1-46

Shipboard radio receivers, 1-38 to 1-40

RATT broadcast, 1-37

voice broadcast, 1-37

Shipboard teleprinters, 1-42 to 1-46

SIPRNET, 1-9

SMOOS, 2-6

Special-handling markings, 1-1 to 1-2

Standard Subject Identification Code (SSIC), 3-2

STU-III, see secure telephone unit

INDEX-4

T

Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS), 2-5 to2-12

TADIXS, 1-39

Telefax, 1-6

Telecommunications systems, 1-3 to 1-13

Telephone systems, 1-3 to 1-6

commercial long-distance, 1-3 to 1-4

communications, 1-3 to 1-6

defense switched network, 1-4 to 1-5

equipment, 1-5 to 1-6

modems, 1-6

secure, 1-5 to 1-6

system access, 1-3

Teleprinter terminals,

AN/UGC-143A, 1-42

AN/UGC-20, 1-42 to 1-44

AN/UGC-25, 1-42 to 1-45

model 28, 1-42 to 1-45

Navy standard, 1-44

TT-48/UG, 1-42 to 1-43

TT-69/UG, 1-42 to 1-44

TESS (3), 1-28 to 1-30

hardware configuration, 1-29, 2-6 to 2-11

software programs, 1-29 to 1-40, 2-6 to 2-11

TESS-NC,

hardware configuration, 1-30

software programs, 1-30, 2-11

TESS-NC Transition,

hardware configuration, 1-29

software programs, 1-29 to 1-30, 2-11 to 2-12

Transmission ID, message, 1-22

TT-48/-UG, 1-42 to 1-43

TT-69/UG, 1-42 to 1-44

U

Ultra-high-frequency (UHF), 1-25

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 1-9

USMTF GENADMIN message body, 1-22 to 1-25

V

Very-high-frequency (VHF), 1-25

W

Weather communications networks, 1-10 to 1-13

Global Weather Intercept Program (GWIP), 1-1 0

Automated Weather Network (AWN), 1-11 to1-12

Web browser, 1-9

Website, 1-9, 1-11

METOC-related, 1-9, 1-11

Wide Area Network (WAN), 1-7

World Wide Web (WWW), 1-7 to 1-8

INDEX-5