AERODYNAMICS AERODYNAMICS l Bernoulli's Principal l Lift & Lift Equation l Stall & Stall...
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Transcript of AERODYNAMICS AERODYNAMICS l Bernoulli's Principal l Lift & Lift Equation l Stall & Stall...
AERODYNAMICSAERODYNAMICS
AERODYNAMICSAERODYNAMICS
Bernoulli's Principal Lift & Lift Equation Stall & Stall
Characteristics Factors Affecting
Performance Climbing Performance Gliding Performance
Turning Performance
Takeoff & Landing Performance
Stability Vg Diagram
Torque & “P” Factor Spins
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPALBERNOULLI’S PRINCIPAL
Bernoulli’s principal is best described using which effect?
a. Coriolis effect.
b. Venturi effect.
c. Neither a nor b
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPALBERNOULLI’S PRINCIPAL
Bernoulli’s principal is best described using which effect?
VENTURI EFFECT
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPALBERNOULLI’S PRINCIPAL
Concerning the Venturi effect, as the cross-sectional area of a tube is reduced, the velocity of the airflow through the tube must--
a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. Remain the same
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPALBERNOULLI’S PRINCIPAL
Concerning the Venturi effect, as the cross-sectional area of a tube is reduced, the velocity of the airflow through the tube must--
As the velocity of the air moving through a venturi increases--
a. Static pressure decreases
b. Static pressure increses
c. Static pressure is difficult to measure and therefore an increase or decrease is considiered neglible.
BEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPALBEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPAL
BEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPALBEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPAL
As the velocity of the air moving through a venturi increases--
BEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPALBEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPAL
Static pressure is defined as--
a. Compressed air containing positively charged ions.
b. The atmospheric pressure of the air through which an airplane is flying.
c. The pressure of a fluid resulting from its motion.
BEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPALBEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPAL
Static pressure is defined as--
The atmospheric pressure of the air through which an airplane is flying.
BEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPALBEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPAL
Dynamic pressure is defined as--
a. Compressed air containing positively charged ions.
b. The atmospheric pressure of the air through which the airplane is moving.
c. The pressure of a fluid resulting from its motion.
d. None of the above.
BEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPALBEROUNILLI’S PRINCIPAL
Dynamic pressure is defined as--
The pressure of a fluid resulting from its motion.
LIFTLIFT
Relative wind is--
a. The air in motion that is equal and opposite the flight path velocity of the airfoil.
b. The angle measured between the resultant relative wind and the chord.
c. The angle between the airfoil chord line and the longitudinal axis of the airplane.
d. None of the above.
LIFTLIFT
Relative wind is-
The air in motion that is equal to and opposite the flight-path velocity of the airfoil.
LIFTLIFT
Angle of Attack is the angle measured between the resultant relative wind and the chord
a. True
b. False
LIFTLIFT
Angle of Attack is the angle measured between the resultant relative wind and the chord
a. Trueb. False
LIFTLIFTCenter of Pressure is defined as:
a. The point along the mean camber line where all aerodynamic forces are considered to act.
b. The point along the chord line of an airfoil through which lift is considered to act.
c. The point along the chord line on an airfoil through which all aerodynamic forces are considered to act.
LIFTLIFT
Center of Pressure is defined as:
The point along the chord line on an airfoil through which all aerodynamic
forces are considered to act.
LIFTLIFT
Aerodynamic center is the point along the chord line of an airfoil through which all aerodynamic forces are considered to act.
a. True
b. False
LIFTLIFT
Aerodynamic center is the point along the chord line of an airfoil through which all aerodynamic forces are considered to act.
a. Truea. Trueb. False
LIFTLIFT
Lift is defined as--
a. the component of the total aerodynamic force that acts at right angles to drag.
b. the component of the total aerodynamic force that acts at right angles to the RRW.
c. Neither a nor b are true.
LIFTLIFT
LIFT
The component of the total aerodynamic force that acts at right angles to the
resultant relative wind
LIFTLIFT
The two factors that most affect the coefficient of lift and the coefficient of drag are:
a. weight & balance
b. thrust & air density
c. shape of the airfoil & angle of attack
LIFTLIFT
The two factors that most affect the coefficient of lift and the coefficient of drag are:
Shape of the airfoil & angle of attack
LIFTLIFT
L= CL 1/2p S V2
L ~ Lift force
CL ~ Coefficient of lift
p(rho) ~ density of the air in slugs
S ~ total wing area in square feet
V ~ airspeed (in feet per second)
DRAGDRAG
D= CD 1/2p S V2
D ~ Drag force
CD ~ Coefficient of lift
p(rho) ~ density of the air in slugs
S ~ total wing area in square feet
V ~ airspeed (in feet per second)
DRAGDRAG
TWO TYPES OF DRAG:
– PARASITEPARASITE
– INDUCEDINDUCED
DRAGDRAG
PARASITIC DRAG
Drag that is produced by non-lifting portions of the airframe. There are 3 components of parasitic drag:
• Form D.rag
• Skin Friction Drag.
• Interference Drag.
DRAGDRAG
FORM DRAG--
– The portion of drag that is generated because of the shape of the airplane.
– Generated in the turbulent areas of airflow where slipstream does not conform to aircraft shape.
– Varies directly with the airspeed.
DRAGDRAG
SKIN-FRICTION DRAG--
– The boundary layer air creates stagnant layer of air molecules.
– Drag is created when the slipstream comes in contact with this stagnant flow.
– Varies directly with the airspeed.
DRAGDRAG
INTERFERENCE DRAG--
– Created by the collision of airstreams.– Causes eddy currents, restrictions, and
turbulence to smooth flow. – Varies directly with the airspeed.
DRAGDRAG
INDUCED DRAG
Drag created as a result of the production of lift.
Induced drag creates wingtip vortices and vertical velocities.
Varies inversely with the airspeed.
DRAGDRAG
Total drag is that component of the total aerodynamic force parallel to the ___________ that tends to retard the motion of the aircraft.
a. chord line
b. center of pressure
c. relative wind
d. none of the above
DRAGDRAG
Total drag is that component of the total aerodynamic force parallel to the RELATIVE WIND that tends to retard the motion of the aircraft.
DRAGDRAG
An airfoil with a higher lift to drag ratio is more efficient than an airfoil with a lower lift to drag ratio.
a. True
b. False
DRAGDRAG
An airfoil with a higher lift to drag ratio is more efficient than an airfoil with a lower lift to drag ratio.
a. Trueb. False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
A stall occurs when:
a. The airplane enters the region of reverse command.
b. The airplane is flown above CL max.
c. The airfoil is flown at an angle of attack greater than that for maximum lift.
d. None of the above.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
A stall occurs when:
The airfoil is flown at an angle of attack greater than that for maximum lift.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
An aerodynamic stall occurs when an increase in the angle of attack results in a loss of lift and is due to:
a. low airspeed
b. density altitude
c. seperation of boundary-layer air.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
An aerodynamic stall occurs when an increase in the angle of attack results in a loss of lift and is due to:
Separation of Boundary Layer Air
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
When the boundary layer separates, turbulence occurs between the boundary layer and the surface of the wing. This results in--
a. an increase in dynamic pressure above the wing.
b. an increase in the static pressure above the wing.
c. Neither a or b
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
When the boundary layer separates, tubulence occurs between the boundary layer and the surface of the wing. This results in--
An increase in the static pressure above the wing
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Increasing the AOA beyond the boundary-layer separation point will result in--
a. a further increase in lift.
b. the boundary-layer separation point moving forward on the airfoil.
c. a decreased top surface area of the wing available to produce lift.
d. b and c
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Increasing the AOA beyond the boundary-layer separation point will result in--
The boundary-layer separation point moving forward leaving a smaller wing
surface area available to develop lift.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Designing the wing to stall from the wingtips progressively inboard toward the root section is a desirable airplane design characteristic.
a. True
b. FalseFalse
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Three reasons why airplane wings are designed to stall root first:
Impending stall warning over elevator
Lessens severity by preventing sudden stall
Allows better lateral control
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Define Geometric Twist--
a. A method used to counteract torque.
b. That stupid lemon they always ruin your Corona with.
c. The twist of an airfoil having different geometric angles of attack at different spanwise locations.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
GEOMETRIC TWIST The twist of an airfoil having different
geometric angles of attack at different spanwise locations.
Root has greater angle of incidence than tip Root operates at an aerodynamically lower
of attack.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Aerodynamic Twist is accomplished by--
a. Varying the angle of incidence along the wing.
b. The addition of leading-edge slots.
c. Designing different values of CL maximum along the span of the wing.
d. Adding full top rudder during the execution of an aileron roll.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Aerodynamic Twist is accomplished by--
Designing different values of CL maximum along the span of the wing.
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
WITH 100% ACCURACY, STATE THE PURPOSE OF THE
STALL STRIP
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
The stalling speed of an airplane is affected by it’s weight.
a. True
b. False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
The stalling speed of an airplane is affected by it’s weight.
a. True
b. False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
THE STALL-SPEED EQUATION
Vs = 2W
CL p S
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Altitude does not affect the stall speed of an aircraft.
a.True
b.False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Altitude does not affect the stall speed of an aircraft.
a.True
b.False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
THE STALL-SPEED EQUATION
Vs = 2W
CL p S
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
As flaps are lowered, CL MAXIMUM
_____________.
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Becomes Cmax
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
As flaps are lowered, CL MAXIMUM
_____________.
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Becomes Cm
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
THE STALL-SPEED EQUATION
Vs = 2W
CL p S
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Load Factor is the lift the aircraft is required to develop, divided by the weight of the aircraft (n = L/W). An increase in load factor will result in an increase in stall speed.
a. True
b. False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
TRUE
Vs = 2nW
Clmax p S
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
If stalling speed is directly proportional to the the square root
of the load factor then . . . .
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
What is Vs for a C-12 in a 60 degree bank?
Accelerated Stall Speed = Vs n
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
The airplane can fly slower with more thrust applied.
a. True
b. False
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
TRUE
Vs = 2(nW - T sin a )
Clmax p S
STALL & STALL STALL & STALL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT THRUST The angle between thrust vector & RW is the AOA The thrust vector is considered to act along chord There is a vertical component of thrust that acts
parallel to lift and is expressed as T sin a. L + T sin a - nW = 0 The vertical component of thrust reduces stall speed
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Identify the factor that most affects an aircraft’s ability to climb.
a. Drag
b. Lift
c. Excess Power
d. Thrust
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Identify the factor that most affects an aircraft’s ability to climb.
EXCESS POWER
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
During climb, lift operates perpendicular to:
a. drag.
b. the flight path.
c. weight
d. thrust
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
During climb, lift operates perpendicular to:
a. drag.
b. the flight path.
c. weight
d. thrust
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
During climb with the flight path inclined, lift is acting partially rearward resulting in an increase in--
a. parasite drag
b. profile drag
c. induced drag
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
During climb with the flight path inclined, lift is acting partially rearward resulting in an increase in--
a. parasite drag
b. profile drag
c. induced drag
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Weight always acts perpendicular to the earth’s surface. With this in mind, which statement is correct during climb?
a. Thrust must overcome drag and gravity.
b. Weight is not perpendicular to the RW.
c. Weight acts perpendicular to thrust
d. Both a & b
e. Both b & c
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Weight always acts perpendicular to the earth’s surface. With this in mind, which statement is correct during climb?
a. Thrust must overcome drag and gravity.
b. Weight is not perpendicular to the RW.
c. Weight acts perpendicular to thrust
d. Both a & b
e. Both b & c
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
POWER REQUIRED FOR CLIMB
T = D + W sin y
T ~ Thrust
D ~ Drag
W ~ Weight
sin y ~ angle of climb
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Best angle of climb speed (Vx) listed in the operators manual--
a. provides the best obstacle clearance performance.
b. is a safe best angle of climb speed.
c. is greater than the true best angle of climb speed.
d. a & b
e. b & c
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Best angle of climb speed (Vx) listed in the operators manual--
a. provides the best obstacle clearance performance.
b. is a safe best angle of climb speed.
c. is greater than the true best angle of climb speed.
d. a & b
e. b & c
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANGLE OF CLIMB
ALTITUDE
WEIGHT
WIND
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORSFACTORS AFFECTING ANGLE OF CLIMB
(ALTITUDE)– Thrust available (TA) decreases with increase in altitude.
– Thrust required (TR) remains same at all altitudes.
– sin y must decrease to compensate for decreasing TA
ABSOLUTE CEILING
TA = TR and sin y = 0
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANGLE OF CLIMB
(WEIGHT)
– An increase results in an increase of TR.
– An increase results in decrease of excess TA.
– An increase results in shallower angle of climb.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANGLE OF CLIMB
(WIND)
– Affects the angle the aircraft climbs over the ground.– Affects the horizontal distance covered across ground.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF CLIMB
ALTITUDE
WEIGHT
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF CLIMB
(ALTITUDE)– HPA decreases with increase in altitude.
– HPR remains relatively constant.
– ROC decreases with increase in altitude.
ABSOLUTE CEILING
HPA = HPR & ROC = 0 FEET
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF CLIMB
(WEIGHT)
– Increase in weight results in increase in HPR.
– Increase in weight results in decrease in excess HPA.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
An airplane will descend when--
a. Weight exceeds lift.
b. Lift exceeds thrust.
c. Thrust exceeds drag.
d. All of the above.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
An airplane will descend when--
a. Weight exceeds lift.b. Lift exceeds thrust.
c. Thrust exceeds drag.
d. All of the above.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
What affect does weight have on the maximum-glide
distance?
a. Increase in weight shortens gliding distance.
b. Increase in weight lengthens gliding distance
c. Weight has no affect on gliding distance.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
Maximum gliding distance is attained--
a. At Clmas
b. At it’s minimum glide angle.
c. At it’s maximum glide angle.
d. None of the above.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
Maximum gliding distance is attained--
a. At Clmas
b. At it’s minimum glide angle.
c. At it’s maximum glide angle.
d. None of the above.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GLIDES
Minimum glide angle corresponds to the same angle that will produce--
a. Clmax
b. Vref
c. L/Dmax
d. All of the above
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TURNING FORCES
The force(s) that turns the aircraft is--
a. Centrifugal force.
b. Centripetal force.
c. The lift force.
d. All of the above.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TURNING FORCES
The force(s) that turns the aircraft is--
a. Centrifugal force.
b. Centripetal force.
c. The lift force.d. All of the above.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TURNING FORCES
The apparent increase in weight during a turn
is caused by which force(s)?
a. Centripetal
b. Lift
c. Centrifugal
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TURNING FORCES
The apparent increase in weight during a turn
is caused by which force(s)?
a. Centripetal
b. Lift
c. Centrifugal
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORSTURNING FORCES
During the turn, lift is divided into two components that act at right angles to each other.
Horizontal Component
of Lift
Vertical Component
of Lift
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORSTURNING FORCES
The force opposing the vertical component is __________, and the force opposing the horizontal component is _________.
a. drag, thrust
b. centripetal, centrifugal
c. centrifugal, centripetal
d. weight, centrifugal
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TURNING FORCES
The force opposing the vertical component is weight, and the force opposing the horizontal component is centrifugal.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Three Factors That Limit Radius of TurnThree Factors That Limit Radius of Turn
AERODYNAMIC LIMIT OF PERFORMANCE
STRUCTURAL LIMIT OF PERFORMANCE
POWER LIMIT OF PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS Three Factors That Limit Radius of TurnThree Factors That Limit Radius of Turn
AERODYNAMIC– Occurs when airplane turns at it’s stall velocity
STRUCTURAL– Occurs when aircraft turns at it’s max load limit
POWER– TR cannot overcome induced drag
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Banking an aircraft into a level turn does not change the amount of lift.
Division of lift reduces amount of lift to overcome weight.
Increasing AOA increases total lift and until vertical component equals weight again.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
When close to runway the airplane experiences ground effect. This phenomenon--
a. is a cushion of air.
b. is cancelled out with approach flaps.
c. reduces induced drag.
d. a & c
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
When close to runway the airplane experiences ground effect. This phenomenon--
a. is a cushion of air.
b. is cancelled out with approach flaps.
c. reduces induced drag.
d. a & c
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
Ground Effect Reduces Induced DragGround Effect Reduces Induced Drag:
1.4% @ 1 wingspan
23.5% @ 1/4 wingspan
47.6% @ 1/10 wingspan
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORSTAKEOFF & LANDING
During takeoff roll the aircraft must overcome the sum of the horizontal forces in order to accelerate. These forces are:
a. Drag
b. Friction
c. Propeller slippage
d. All of the above
e. a & b
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
During takeoff roll the aircraft must overcome the sum of the horizontal forces in order to accelerate. These forces are:
DRAG
&
FRICTION
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDINGFor a given altitude and RPM, the thrust from a propeller-driven airplane ___________ as velocity increases during the takeoff roll.a. remains unchangedb. decreasesc. increases
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
For a given altitude and RPM, the thrust from a propeller-driven airplane decreases as velocity increases during the takeoff roll.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORSTAKEOFF & LANDING
Takeoff distance is directly proportional to takeoff velocity squared.
Takeoff velocity is a function of stalling speed.
Takeoff speed is 1.2 x Vso
Flaps 40%Flaps 40%
Improve L/D ratioImprove L/D ratio
Increase CLmaxIncrease CLmax
Decrease VsDecrease Vs
Decrease VlofDecrease Vlof
Decrease Takeoff DistanceDecrease Takeoff Distance
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
1. An increase in Density Altitude results in an increase in takeoff distance.
2. This increase is due to the additional IAS required to develop the same amount of lift required at a lower Density Altitude.
a. 1 & 2 are correct.
b. neither 1 nor 2 are correct.
c. only 1 is correct
d. only 2 is correct
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
1. An increase in Density Altitude results in an increase in takeoff distance.
2. This increase is due to the additional IAS required to develop the same amount of lift required at a lower Density Altitude.
a. 1 & 2 are correct.
b. neither 1 nor 2 are correct.
c. only 1 is correctd. only 2 is correct
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING Forces that comprised acceleration during
takeoff are reversed for landings.
Deceleration forces are reversed.
Primary concern is dissipation of kinetic energy.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
Residual thrust of the propellers must be overcome during landing. This is overcome with:
a. Flaps
b. Speed brakes
c. Reverse thrust
d. Braking
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
Residual thrust of the propellers must be overcome during landing. This is overcome with:
REVERSE THRUSTREVERSE THRUST
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
Aerodynamic braking creates a net deceleration force by:
a. Adding more flat-plate drag surface area to the slipstream.
b. Increasing induced drag.
c. Shifting weight of airplane to the tires and thereby increasing rolling friction.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
Aerodynamic braking creates a net deceleration force by:
a. Adding more flat-plate drag surface area to the slipstream.
b. Increasing induced drag.Increasing induced drag.
c. Shifting weight of airplane to the tires and thereby increasing rolling friction.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
The net deceleration force of aerodynamic braking is most effective--
a. During the last half of the landing roll.
b. During the first half of the landing roll.
c. Throughout the entire landing roll.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
The net deceleration force of aerodynamic braking is most effective--
a. During the last half of the landing roll.
b. During the first half of the landing During the first half of the landing roll.roll.c. Throughout the entire landing roll.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
The net deceleration force of wheel braking is most effective--
a. During the last half of the landing roll.
b. During the first half of the landing roll.
c. Throughout the entire landing roll.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
The net deceleration force of wheel braking is most effective--
a. During the last half of the landing During the last half of the landing roll.roll.b. During the first half of the landing roll.
c. Throughout the entire landing roll.
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
Which deceleration force is the most effective during landing?
a. Aerodynamic braking
b. Wheel braking (friction)
c. Reverse thrust
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
Which deceleration force is the most effective during landing?
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
The speed at which hydroplaning occurs is dependent upon:
a. Flap setting
b. Aircraft weight
c. Water depth
d. Tire pressure
e. Tread design
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
The speed at which hydroplaning occurs is dependent upon:
a. Flap setting
b. Aircraft weight
c. Water depth
d. Tire pressureTire pressure
e. Tread design
PERFORMANCE FACTORSPERFORMANCE FACTORS
TAKEOFF & LANDING
HYDROPLANING SPEED
TP (9)
INCREASE LANDINGINCREASE LANDING
NO WINDS
NO FLAPS
NO BRAKES
NO REVERSE
HYDROPLANING
HIGH WEIGHT
DECREASE LANDINGDECREASE LANDING
HEADWIND
FULL FLAPS
FULL BRAKING
FULL REVERSE
DRY RUNWAY
LOW WEIGHT
STABILITYSTABILITY
THREE TYPES OF STABILITY
Positive Static Stability
Negative Static Stability
Neutral Static Stability
STABILITYSTABILITY
An object possesses _______ _______ _______ if it tends to return to its equilibrium position after it has been moved.
a. positive dynamic stability
b. positive static stability
c. desirable static stability
STABILITYSTABILITY
POSITITVE STATIC STABILITYPOSITITVE STATIC STABILITY
An object possesses positive static stability if it tends to return to its equilibrium position after it has been moved.
STABILITYSTABILITY
If an object that has been displaced tends to return to its equilibrium position through a series of diminishing oscillations, it is said to have--
a. Negative static and negative dynamic stability.
b. Neutral static and neutral dynamic stability.
c. Positive static and positive dynamic stability.
STABILITYSTABILITY
If an object that has been displaced tends to return to its equilibrium position through a series of diminishing oscillations, it is said to have--
a. Negative static and negative dynamic stability.
b. Neutral static and neutral dynamic stability.
c. Positive static and positive dynamic stability.Positive static and positive dynamic stability.
STABILITYSTABILITY
The overall static stability of the aircraft The overall static stability of the aircraft along the longitudinal axis depends on along the longitudinal axis depends on the position of the Center of Gravity the position of the Center of Gravity
( CG) in relation to the Aerodynamic ( CG) in relation to the Aerodynamic Center (AC).Center (AC).
STABILITYSTABILITY
In order for positive static and dynamic stability to exist along the longitudinal axis,
which of the following statements is true?
a. The AC must be ahead of the CG
b. The AC must be behind of the CG
c. The AC and CG must always be the same
STABILITYSTABILITY
In order for positive static and dynamic stability to exist along the longitudinal axis,
which of the following statements is true?
a. The AC must be ahead of the CG
b. The AC must be behind of the CGThe AC must be behind of the CG
c. The AC and CG must always be the same
STABILITYSTABILITY
Which of the following methods is employed to improve stability about the longitudinal axis?
a. Symmetrical horizontal stabilizer
b. Differential Ailerons
c. Dihedral
STABILITYSTABILITY
Which of the following methods is employed to improve stability about the longitudinal axis?
DIHEDRALDIHEDRAL
TORQUETORQUE
Torque is the rotation of the aircraft in a direction opposite the rotation of the propellers. It is best described by:
a. Newton’s first law of motion.
b. The coriolis effect
c. Newton’s third law of motion.
TORQUETORQUE
Torque is the rotation of the aircraft in a direction opposite the rotation of the propellers. It is best described by:
a. Newton’s first law of motion.
b. The coriolis effect
c. Newton’s third law of motion.
““P” FACTORP” FACTOR
“P” Factor is most noticeable--
a. during takeoff roll.
b. during long flights with a inoperative relief tube.
c. during high angles of attack and high power settings.
““P” FACTORP” FACTOR
“P” Factor is most noticeable--
a. during takeoff roll.
b. during long flights with a inoperative relief tube.
c. during high angles of attack and high during high angles of attack and high power settings.power settings.
SLIPSTREAM ROTATIONSLIPSTREAM ROTATION
Slipstream rotation is caused by the spiraling airflow from the propellers.
a. True
b. False
SLIPSTREAM ROTATIONSLIPSTREAM ROTATION
Slipstream rotation is caused by the spiraling airflow from the propellers.
a. TrueTrueb. False
SLIPSTREAM ROTATIONSLIPSTREAM ROTATION
The pilot must correct for slipstream rotation by--
a. Adding left aileron.
b. Reducing power on #1 engine
c. Adding the appropriate amount of rudder to prevent the yaw.
SLIPSTREAM ROTATIONSLIPSTREAM ROTATION
The pilot must correct for slipstream rotation by--
a. Adding left aileron.
b. Reducing power on #1 engine
c. Adding the appropriate amount of Adding the appropriate amount of rudder to prevent the yaw.rudder to prevent the yaw.
SPINSSPINS
A spin is a stall that is aggravated with A spin is a stall that is aggravated with a turning & yawing condition.a turning & yawing condition.
SPIN SPIN
ONE WING STALLS
YAW BEGINS
ROLL BEGINS
SPIN
SPIN SPIN
RECOVERYRECOVERYPOWER
OFF
FULLRUDDER
FORWARDYOKE
AILERONSNEUTRAL
RECOVERY
AERODYNAMICSAERODYNAMICS
THE ENDTHE END