1

Advanced Water Treatment

and Membrane Technology

in Japan

Masahiro FUJIWARA, Dr.Eng. President

Japan Water Research Center

PUB-JWRC Symposium

“Dealing with Source Water Deterioration-Advanced Water Treatment

Technology and Management”

2012.7.5

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WHAT IS JWRC ? (Japan Water Research Center)

JWRC was established in 1988 with the authorization of the

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

JWRC is a public foundation, with membership of drinking water

utilities, private companies, universities, and other research

institutions.

JWRC has conducted R&D on advanced water treatment

technology in collaboration with industry, utilities, and academia.

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Advanced Water Treatment

3

Population affected by offensive taste and

odor increased

Water quality of raw water taken deteriorated

Advanced treatment systems introduced

Water pollution in rivers

4

Plants with Advanced Treatment Systems

30

73

158

0

50

100

150

200

250

<1930

<1940

<1950

<1960

<1970

<1980

<1990

<2000

2000<=

Nu

mb

er

of

pla

nts

Number

232

5 5

20 million people affected around 1990

3 million people affected after 2000

Big Impact on offensive taste & odor!

85 90 95 00 05

Popu

lation a

ffecte

d （×

10

00）

Utilities affected

Population affected

Nu

mb

er

of

wa

ter

utilit

ies a

ffe

cte

d

Year

6 6

Citizen’s Evaluation for Tap Water on the scale of 1 to 10

by ミツカン水の文化センター

Nagoya area

Total

Tokyo area

Year

Sco

re

Osaka area

7

Typical flow diagram

of Advanced Water Treatment

Biological

Treatment

Coagulation

/Sedimentation Filtration Ozone GAC

Raw

Water

Treated

Water

chlorine coagulant

8

Typical Flows

of Advanced Water Treatment

Ozone＋GAC Filtration

Filtration

Sedimen-

tation

Ozone＋GAC Sedimen-

tation

①

②

e.g. Kanamachi Treatment Plant in Tokyo

e.g. kunijima Treatment Plant in Osaka

9

Typical Flows of Advanced Water Treatment

PAC

Biological

Treatment

③

④

⑤

(continued)

Sedimen-

tation Filtration

Filtration

Filtration

GAC

Ozone

＋GAC

Sedimen-

tation

Sedimen-

tation

10

Amount of Water Treated

by Various Treatment Processes

Ozone+GAC

GAC 18%

Bio+Ozone +GAC

Bio

0.8%

Bio+GAC

PAC

27.1%

Non Advanced

Treatment:

53.4%

Note: 47% treated by advanced treatment systems

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粉末炭

オゾン＋粒状炭

粒状炭

生物処理＋オゾン＋粒状炭

生物処理

生物処理＋粒状炭

その他

PAC

58％

Ozone＋GAC 32％

GAC 4％

Ozon

Ozon

PAC

Ozone+GAC

GAC

Bio+Ozone+GAC

Biological

Biological+GAC

Others

(195 Plants) (32 Plants)

(82 Plants)

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Amount of Water Treated

by Various Advanced Treatment Systems

Note: 32% treated by ozone+GAC

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Drinking W. Std. Quality Before Quality After

Std. Guideline Raw W. Treated

W.

Raw

W.

Treated

W.

Musty odor

2-MIB [ng/l] － ≤10 50 40 12 ND

Geosmin

[ng/l] － ≤10 362 173 37 ND

TON － ≤ 3 24 6 27 2

Potassium

permanganate

consumption

value

[mg/l]

≤10

≤ 3 6.9 1.9 6.8 1.0

THMFP [mg/l] － － 0.043 0.032 0.042 0.010

Anionic

surfactants [mg/l] ≤ 0.2 － 0.03 0.02 0.03 ND

Effect on Water Quality of Advanced Water Treatment

(Murano Plant, Osaka)

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Membrane Technology

in Japan

MF,UF for river water, etc.

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92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10

Membrane Filtration Plants （MF／UF） N

um

ber

of

Pla

nts

Year

Cap

acit

y

（1000m

3 ／

day）

14

Capacity

Number of Plants

15

Project Name Term

MAC21 1991– 93

Advanced-MAC21 1994– 96

ACT21 1997– 2001

e-Water 2002– 04

e-Water II 2005– 07

Aqua-10 2008– 10

Large-scale R&D projects implemented by JWRC

Purification Technology Projects

Japan Water Research

Center

Public Water

Utilities

Private

Companies

Universities

Trilateral Industry-Utilities-

Academia R&D on Water

Technology

16 16

R&D started in1991

Big Impact → 738 plants

in 2010

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Major Membrane Plants in Japan

Water Utility Water Source Type Capacity

Yokohama city Surface W． Inorg.ＭＦ 171,000 m3/d

Tottori city River Bed W． Org.ＵＦ 80,000 m3/d

Matsuyama city Ground W． Org.ＭＦ 40,300 m3/d

Tokyo met．Ａ River Bed W． 〃 40,000 m3/d

Tokyo met．Ｂ River Bed W． 〃 40,000 m3/d

Fukui pref． Surface W． Inorg.ＭＦ 38,900 m3/d

Matsuyama city Ground W． Org.ＭＦ 32,700 m3/d

OomutaｰArao city(Joint)

Surface W． Inorg.ＭＦ 26,100 m3/d

Imabari city River Bed W． 〃 23,600 m3/d

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(Kinuta Plant, Tokyo)

Capacity 40,000m3/d MF Module 142

A Membrane Treatment Plant (Org.MF)

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A Membrane Filtration Plant (org.UF) (Nikko city, Seo)

Capacity: 10,000 m3/day

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capacity 38,900m3/d MF Module 1800

A Membrane Treatment Plant (Inorg.MF) （Fukui prefecture）

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Types of Membrane Materials Organic membrane Inorganic membrane

Polysulfone (PS)

Polyethylene (PE)

Cellulose acetate (CA)

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polyamide (PA)

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Etc.

Ceramic

Etc.

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Disinfection

byproducts

Synthetic organic

pesticides

Surface-active agent

Fulvic acid Humic acid

Desalination (desalination of

seawater)

Demineralization (Brine)

Nitrate nitrogen

Hard elements

Water softening

Ultrafiltration membrane (UF)

Nanofiltration

membrane (NF) Reverse osmosis

membrane (RO) Microfiltration membrane (MF)

Sand filtration

Suspended matter

Silt

Algae

Viruses

Bacteria

Particle domain Polymer/colloid domain Molecular domain Ion domain

10 1 10-1

10-2

10-3

(m)

Cryptosporidium

Gen

eral

cla

ssif

icat

ion

Mem

bra

ne

for

wat

er

supp

ly s

yst

em

Siz

e T

arget

solu

tes

to b

e re

moved

PP PAN Cellulose

acetate-base PAN

PVDF/

ceramic

Coagulation domain

Wide-bore

membrane

Target solutes to be removed

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No. Standard Spec． Type

１ Vertical Casing TypeⅠ ◎Type１－Ａ ◎Type１－Ｂ

２ Horizontal Casing Type ◎Type２－Ａ

３ Vertical Casing TypeⅡ ◎Type３－Ａ ◎Type３－Ｂ

◎Type３－Ｃ

４ Submergible Type センター仕様制定の検討

５ Others

Module ＪＷＲＣ Standard

Certificated modules: 10

JWRC Standard Type1-A

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Highly effective in removing Suspended Solids,

especially Cryptosporidium

Automatic operation

Coagulant unnecessary or reduced

Easy operation management

Labor savings

Less civil engineering work

Characteristics of Membrane Filtration

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Membrane fouling

Membrane lifespan

Breakage/rupture of membrane

Dissolved substances are irremovable

Coagulation, adsorption, and others need

to be used in combination

Precautions in a Membrane Filtration

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Hybrid treatment system

＋

Biological Activated

Carbon Treatment(BAC)

Membrane

Treatment

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Purification Plants with Advanced

Water Treatment Systems are

Resilient to Accidental Water

Contamination

27

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A Case of

Water Supply Suspension due to accidental spill near Tokyo

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Occurred on 17th-20th in May, in Tone & Edo river basin

Accidental spill of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) which was drained out from

an industrial-waste disposal business into rivers.

Lining up for emergency supply

Being combined with chlorine, HMT

generated formaldehyde.

Drinking water quality standard of

formaldehyde - 0.08 mg/liter.

Purification plants with advanced treatment

were able to maintain the standard.

But plants without advanced treatment were

not able to maintain the standard and had to

suspend water intake and supply.

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Thank you for your attention