ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration CHAPTER 7 Copyright Cmassengale.
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration
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Transcript of ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration
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ADP, ATP and Cellular
Respiration
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What Is ATP?Energy used by all Cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds
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Chemical Structure of ATP
3 Phosphates Ribose
Sugar
Adenine Base
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What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with
ENERGY!
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How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
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What is the Process Called?HYDROLYSIS (Adding
H2O)
H2O
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How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
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How is ATP Re-Made?The reverse of the previous
process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!ATP Synthase
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The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-ase
ATP Synthase
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When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
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Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that
require oxygen Glucose is oxidized and O2
is reduced Glucose breakdown is
therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules
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Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s
C6H12O6 + 6O2
YIELDS
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What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?
An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction
Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O (e- removed from C6H12O6)
Reduction O2 to H2O (e- passed to O2)
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What Carries the Electrons?
NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier
NAD+ is a coenzyme
It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion
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Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?
YES! Another Coenzyme!
FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Reduced to FADH2
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Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is exothermic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
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What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
GlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport
Chain
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Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:Glycolysis occurs in the CytoplasmKrebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
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Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix
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Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Cytoplasm Occurs
in Matrix
Occurs across Cristae
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Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
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Glycolysis Summary
• Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
• Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed
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Glycolysis Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming
phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level
phosphorylation)18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle36 ATP - TOTAL
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Glycolysis
Diagram
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Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP
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A Little Krebs Cycle History
Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery
Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish
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Krebs Cycle Summary
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Cyclical series of oxidation
reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of
mitochondria
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Krebs Cycle Summary
Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
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Krebs Cycle Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming
phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level
phosphorylation)18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle36 ATP - TOTAL
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Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2
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Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP ProducedH2O ProducedOccurs Across Inner
Mitochondrial membraneUses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+
to accept e- from glucoseNADH = 3 ATP’sFADH2 = 2 ATP’s
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Electron Transport Chain Animation
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ETC Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level
phosphorylation)04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming
phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level
phosphorylation)18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle36 ATP - TOTAL