Adapting to the Environment
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Transcript of Adapting to the Environment
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Adapting to the Environment
Section 3.2
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Adaptations of Organisms
• We have just finished studying 8 areas in the biosphere that have different climates and environmental conditions.
• We called these areas biomes.
• Today we will focus on the adaptations that organisms must have in order to survive the environments that these biomes provide.
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Adaptations of Organisms
• What is an adaptation?– Any trait that an organism has that improves its
chances of survival.– There are adaptations that affect and/or are
influenced by both the biotic and abiotic environments of the organisms.
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Adaptations of Organisms
• Examples:– Turtles• Abiotic adaptations: (help with life in water)–Eyes/nostrils high on head–Paddle shaped feet and skin between toes
• Biotic adaptations: (help escape predators)–Swims with most of its body under water–Hard shell for protection
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Adaptations of Organisms
• Examples:– Arctic Fox:• Abiotic adaptations: (for the cold temperatures)–Thick coat of fur
• Biotic adaptations: (to help escape predators)–White coat to blend in with environment
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Adaptations of Organisms
• Examples:– Hawk:• Abiotic adaptations: (to help fly)–Light, hollow bones–Wide wing span for soaring
• Biotic adaptations: (to catch prey)–Keen eyesight to spot prey–Sharp beak and claws–Fast movement to catch escaping prey
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The Process of Natural Selection
• When you think of Natural Selection there is one phrase that you need to remember:
“Survival of the fittest.”
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The Process of Natural Selection
• This means that:– Nature selects only the best adapted organisms to
survive and reproduce while the least fit are eliminated.
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The Process of Natural Selection
• Nature selects only the best adapted organisms to survive and produce offspring.
• How do these organisms acquire these important adaptations?
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The Process of Natural Selection
• These traits are passed down from generations to generation through genes that are inherited from parents.
• They are not acquired by the organism in order to survive.
“Adaptation happens by chance, not by choice.”
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Natural Selection & Predation
• Natural Selection will favour the best adapted predators as well as the best adapted prey.
• There are a few common mechanisms that have been observed…
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Natural Selection & Predation
• Camouflage:– This is an adaptation that allows the organism to
hide from predators, or to increase the chance of finding prey.
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Natural Selection & Predation• Warning Coloration:– Organisms develop a colour that warns potential
predators that they might be poisonous.– A.K.A. aposematic coloring
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Natural Selection & Predation
• Mimicry:– When one species has evolved a resemblance to
another poisonous/dangerous/distasteful organism.
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Natural Selection & Predation
• Coevolution:– Predator and prey evolve structures in response to
each other’s adaptations.– As one organism changes (evolves), so does the
other.
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Biodiversity
• Biodiversity:– The wide variety of living organisms and the
variation among organisms.
– The higher the primary productivity (productivity of producers) the more biodiversity there will be.
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Natural Selection & Predation
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Biodiversity
• Ecosystems with low primary productivity tend to be the fragile ecosystems.
• This is because there are few species to begin with, so the removal of any species can be devastating to the ecosystem.
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Keystone Species
• A keystone species is any species whose removal from an ecosystem can result in the collapse of the entire ecosystem.
• The sea otters that liveoff the west coast ofVancouver Island are agood example, see page65 in your book.
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Keystone Species
• This is their food chain:Kelp
Sea Urchin
Sea Otter
Crab
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Keystone Species
• For the rest, we need to know two definitions:– Extinction:• When a species is completely gone from the
Earth– Extirpation:• When a species is removed from one area
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Keystone Species
• What happened to the food chain when the otter population was nearly extirpated?
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Keystone Species
• Explain how the problem was solved in the late 60’s and early 70’s.