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![Page 1: A View of the Cell Cell Structure & Function. Discovering the Cell Robert Hooke – used a microscope to study cork coined the term “cell” Anton van Leeuwenhoek.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061610/56649e745503460f94b74df8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A View of the Cell
Cell Structure & Function
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Discovering the Cell
Robert Hooke– used a
microscope to study cork coined the term “cell”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek– first person to record looking at
water under a microscope
Chp. 7-1 Life is Cellular
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I. Introduction to the Cell
A. Cell Theory
– All organisms are made upof one or more cells.
– Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in organisms.
– All cells come from preexisting cells.
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B. Cells differ in size, shape, & organization.
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B. Cells differ in size, shape, & organization.
– Cell Size Small cells function more efficiently than
large cells. Large cells cannot function efficiently in
the transport of materials & waste into and out of the cell.
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B. Cells differ in size, shape, & organization.
– Cell Shape The shape of cell depends on its function.
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– Most cells contain a variety of membrane bound ORGANELLES - cell parts that PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL
C. Internal Organization
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– A Large Organelle near the Center of the Cell is the NUCLEUS. IT CONTAINS THE CELL'S GENETIC INFORMATION AND CONTROLS THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL.
– Whether a cell has or does not a NUCLEUS is important for classifying cells.
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II. Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
EUKARYOTES “true” nucleus– ORGANISMS WHOSE CELL OR CELLS
CONTAIN A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES.
PROKARYOTES “before” the nucleus– ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS NEVER
CONTAIN (OR LACK) A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES.
– Smaller (simple) than Eurkayotes– UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS such as bacteria
and blue green algae.
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Note: The difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is such an important distinction that they are placed in separate Kingdoms.
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•Notes 7-2 organelles•Grade Venn Diagram•Chapter 7 packet due FRIDAY!
•HW – Pre-lab due tomorrow!!
September 20
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III. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
Structures in a cell are determined by the specific functions carried out by the cell. Thus, there is N0 Typical Eukaryotic Cell.
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A. Cell Boundaries
Animal cell Plant cell
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CONTROL CENTER of the Cell NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
– Covered with many
small pores that allow
messages, like RNA,
to be sent from the
Nucleus
B. The Nucleus
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B. The Nucleus
DNA– Hereditary information
NUCLEOLUS – MAKES (syntheisizes)
RIBOSOMES, WHICH IN TURN, BUILD PROTEINS
CHROMATIN – Consists of DNA bound
to protein
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• EVERYTHING BETWEEN THE CELL
MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS
• Is a jellylike mixture that consists
MOSTLY OF WATER
C. Cytoplasm / Cytosol
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• Network of long protein strands give the
3D structure of the cell (SHAPE)
• Consists of TWO Types of structures:
- MICROFILAMENTS (threadlike)
- MICROTUBULES (hollow)
• HELPS THE CELL MOVE
and helps the organelles
with in the cell move!
D. Cytoskeleton
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1. MITOCHONDRIA and CHLOROPLASTS
• Source of energy in plant and animal cells
• Only organelles that contain their own genetic
information in the form of DNA molecules
E. OrganellesEach organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.
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MITOCHONDRIA• "POWERHOUSE" OF THE
CELL• Converts chemical energy
stored in food into compounds that the cell can use- ATP is the molecule that most cells use as their main energy source- ATP production is called CELLULAR RESPIRATION
E. Organelles
CHLOROPLASTS
• Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called
Photosynthesis
• Not found in animal cells
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2. RIBOSOMES
• Are the site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Some float free in the cytoplasm; others
attach to the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
E. Organelles
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3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Can be ROUGH OR SMOOTH
• System of membranous tubules that connect
the Nuclear Envelope to the Cell Membrane
to transport materials
• Functions Primarily as an
transportation system
Ex. Transports protiens–
from rER to the Golgi
E. Organelles
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4. GOLGI BODY
• Processing, Packaging, and Secretion
• System of membranes made of flattened sac like structures
Then the golgi sends the proteins out of the cell using the vesicles.
E. Organelles
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5. LYSOSOMES
• Digestion of macromolecules
(lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins)
into molecules that can be used by the cell
• Involved in breaking down old cell parts
E. Organelles
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6. CILIA AND FLAGELLA
• Extend from the surface of the cell
• Assist in movement
• CILIA ARE SHORT HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS
• FLAGELLA ARE LONG WHIPLIKE
PROJECTIONS
E. Organelles
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7. VACUOLES
• Membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials.
E. Organelles
VacuoleAnimalCell
PlantCell
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A Tour of the Cell
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September 23, 2010
PAP- Biology
Notes – Chapter 7-3 and 7-4
QUIZ??? HW- Pre-lab Semi permeable membrane
Turn in Onion and Cheek Cell LAB @ end of period– Check for: Drawing Name, Correct labels, color,
straight lines ect….
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A. Cell Boundaries (more detail) – Chp. 7.3
Animal cell Plant cellCell / Plasma
Membrane –gate keeper,
allows materials in and out of
the cell
Cell Wall – provides
support & protection,
usually made of
tough fibers
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Complex barrier separating the cell from it's external environment
Provides protection & support Is arranged in a double layer
called a Lipid Bilayer –
Made up of Phospholipids
(a phosphate group
& 2 fatty acids)
1. The Cell Membrane
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1. The Cell Membrane
"Selectively Permeable" membrane that regulates
(like a gate) what passes into and out of the cell
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Cell Membranes are FLUID Lipids and Proteins of the Cell Membrane are
always in motion
1. The Cell Membrane
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Diffusion– Movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration– Substances diffuse across membranes
without requiring the cell to use energy Osmosis
– Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
1. The Cell Membrane
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Diffusion & Osmosis
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Membrane Proteins– PROTEIN MOLECULES are EMBEDDED in
the Lipid Bilayer– HELP to MOVE larger Material INTO and
OUT of the Cell
1. The Cell Membrane
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– often have carbohydrates attached to them to serve as I.D. badges that allow cells to recognize each other
1. The Cell Membrane
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1. The Cell Membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion / Passive Transport – down hill (easy)– Uses proteins to move molecules
through a cell membrane along the concentration gradient
– high low
1. The Cell Membrane
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Active Transport – up hill (hard)– Uses proteins to move molecule against the
concentration gradient (high low)– Requires energy
1. The Cell Membrane
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Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Exocytosis – process of a cell releasing materials Endocytosis – process of cell taking materials in
Exocytosis
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Exocytosis and Endocytosis
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Concentration – the mass of solute in a given volume of solution
Equilibrium – when the concentration of solute is the same throughout a solution
Phagocytosis – process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround & engulf large particles and take them into the cell (Exp. Amoeba)
Pinocytosis – process by which the cell takes in a liquid from the surrounding environment
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Levels of Organizatio
nSubatomic particles →
Atoms → Molecules
Organic molecules →
Cells → Tissue →
Organs → Organ systems
→ Organism →
Population →
Community →
Ecosystem → Biosphere
Textbook p. 21
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Diversity of Cellular Life
Cell Specialization – separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms – Cells throughout an organism can develop in
different ways to perform different tasks
Chp. 7-4
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Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms
Individual cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system
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Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms
Tissue – group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organ – group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
Organ system – group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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Cell Structure (concept map)
Cells
prokaryotic eukaryotic
bacteria organelles
protists
fungi
plants
animals
can be
which are known as
which lack which
contain
which are
found in