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Transcript of Cells. History 1600 ’ s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - first to view nature w/microscope 1665 Robert...
![Page 1: Cells. History 1600 ’ s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - first to view nature w/microscope 1665 Robert Hooke - Coined term ‘ cells ’ 1838 Matthias Schleiden -](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/5697c01e1a28abf838cd12e5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cells
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History• 1600’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - first to view
nature w/microscope• 1665 Robert Hooke - Coined term ‘cells’• 1838 Matthias Schleiden - ‘All plants are made of
cells’• 1839 Theodor Schwann - ‘All animals are made of
cells’• 1855 Rudolf Virchow - ‘All cells come from pre-
existing cells’
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Cell Theory
• Schleiden and Schwann 1840.
• All living things are made of cells.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things.
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Two types of cells.
• Prokaryotic cells make up prokaryotes.• Eukaryotic cells make up eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes: No nucleus, genetic material in cytoplasm, only organelle = ribosomes, smaller, simpler, unicellular evolutionarily more ancient
• Eukaryotes: Have nucleus, larger, more complex, more organelles, evolutionarily more modern.
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Basic Cell Structures
• Most prokaryotes (bacteria) difficult to see with light microscope
• All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material and ribosomes
• Presence of other cells structures (organelles) varies
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Describing Cell Structures
• Include:– Structure: describes the shape and smaller
component parts of the organelle
– Location: Nucleus, cytoplasm or cell membrane, sometimes more specific
– Function: what does it do and how does it do it
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Cell Membrane
• Is a phospholipid bilayer with some proteins & carbohydrates associated with it.
• Integral proteins form channels & pumps to pass substances across the membrane.
• Represented by the “Fluid Mosaic Model”.
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Cell Membrane Picture
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Cell Membrane Functions
• Controls what goes in and out of the cell.
• Proteins are unique within species and individuals and therefore serves as a form of cellular identification.
• Encloses cell contents and separates from the extracellular space.
• Support & Protection?
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Cytoplasm
• A watery gel in which all the organelles reside
• The site of multiple enzyme controlled chemical reactions.
• Polar compounds go into solution while non-polar compound remain suspended
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Enzymatic Regulation of Cells
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• Enzymes are proteins
• Speed up the rate of chemical reactions
• Enzyme Action Effected By:– pH– Temperature– concentration
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Cell Wall
• When present is exterior to the cell membrane.
• Made primarily of cellulose and provides significant support and protection to the cell.
• Not present in animal cells.
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Cell Wall Picture
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Nucleus
• Spherical shape which can be seen with an ordinary light microscope.
• Contains nucleolus & chromatin• Controls all cell functions by controlling
protein synthesis and hereditary blue-print.
• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope - a double membrane layer with pores.
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Nucleus
• Nucleolus - a dense area where ribosome production begins.
• Contains DNA bound to histone proteins. The complex is called both chromatin and chromosomes depending on the stage of the cell cycle and the function it is performing.
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Nucleus Picture
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Organelles• “Little organs” including:• Ribosomes• Endoplasmic Reticulum• Golgi Apparatus• Lysosomes• Vacuoles• Chloroplasts• Mitochondria• Centrioles• Cytoskeleton
– (Microfilaments & Microtubules)
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Ribosome Picture
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Ribosomes
• Structure: “B” shape, smallest organelle, made of RNA & protein
• Location: Cytoplasm (Free) or surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum (Fixed)
• Function: AA joined on surface = site of protein synthesis
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Ribosome S.L.F.
• Consisting of a large and small subunit.
• Made of rRNA and protein
• The smallest organelle.
• Can be attached to R.E.R or free.
• Site of protein assembly, AA chemically bonded together here (10 Structure)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (R.E.R. & S.E.R.) Pictures
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• A flat & folded internal membrane maze
• In the cytoplasm usually close to the nucleus.
• Modifies & transports proteins.
• Assembles & transports cell membrane parts.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Does not have ribosomes attached.
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Golgi Apparatus Picture
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Golgi Apparatus S.L.F.
• Stacks of individual enclosed membranes wider than E.R.
• Located in the cytoplasm
• Assembles & packages lipoproteins
• Binds carbohydrates to proteins
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Lysosomes Picture
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Lysosomes S.L.F.
• Found in the cytoplasm
• Contains digestive enzymes
• Digests food particles
• Catabolism of waste & worn out cell parts
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Vacuoles S.L.F.
• Various sac-like shapes in cytoplasm
• Large in plant cells
• Stores water, proteins, carbos, salts
• The term ‘vesicle’ is used for a vacuole with a transport function.
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Vacuoles Picture
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Chloroplast Picture
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Chloroplast S.L.F.
• Contains maternal DNA, remnants of photosynthetic prokaryotic ancestors
• Found in plants of course but also in some protists.
• Captures the energy from sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen.
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Mitochondrion Picture
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Mitochondria
• Structure: Contains maternal DNA, Kidney shape, double folded inner membrane
• Location: Cytoplasm
• Function: Aerobic Cellular Respiration = Converts food energy into a form of energy (ATP) the cell can use.
• Special: Are remnants of aerobic prokaryotes as explained by the endosymbiotic theory
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Centrisome Picture
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Centrisome S.L.F.
• Term centrisome refers to a set of two centrioles in a cell.
• 2 centrioles arranged at 900 angles to each other, made of microtubules in a cylindrical shape grouped in 9 bunches of 3.
• Aids in cell division as part of the mitotic spindle.
• None present in plants.
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Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments
• Long hollow structures found at the base of cilia & flagella and acts as a rigid lever like bone aiding cilia & flagella movement. Serves to maintain cell shape as well as be a track for transport of organelles.
• Found in the cytoplasm and made of actin & myosin proteins.Contractile ability. Part of mitotic spindle. When attached to microtubules causes movement of cilia & flagella.
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Cytoskeleton Microtubules & Microfilaments
Pictures
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Microtubules
• Structure: long, slender, made of 11 tubulin proteins with 2 in the middle surrounded by 9.
• Location: throughout cytoplasm, also at base of cilia and flagella
• Function: acts as a rigid lever like bone in both the mitotic spindle and in movement of cilia & flagella, transport track
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Microfilaments• Structure: long, slender, made of actin
and myosin proteins
• Location: cytoplasm & base of cilia & flagella
• Function: contracts like muscle so aids in the movement of cilia, flagella and chromosome division by pulling on the mitotic spindle, structure and support of the cell
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Other Cell Structures
• Cilia - hairlike projections off a cell aiding in movement of the cell or if stationary… of movement of particles along the cell surface.
• Flagella - in humans only found in sperm
• Barr body - the second X chromosome in females only which is inactivated
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Cilia Picture
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Flagella Picture
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Cilia & Flagella Structure
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Cilia S.L.F.Skip?
• Structure -
• Location -
• Function -
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Flagella S.L.F.Skip?
• Structure –– Eukaryotic –– Prokaryotic -
• Location -
• Function -
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Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane is a selectively - permeable (semi-permeable) membrane.
• Many large molecules cannot cross.
• Many charged molecules cannot cross.
• Some non-lipid soluble molecules cannot cross.
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Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• Active Transport Mechanisms– Require energy (A.T.P.)– Move against a concentration gradient
• Passive Transport Mechanisms– Do not require energy– Moving with a concentration gradient
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Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• Active Transport Mechanisms– Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis - cell eating or engulfing solids• Pinocytosis - cell drinking of engulfing liquid
– Exocytosis
• Passive Transport Mechanisms– Diffusion– Osmosis– Facilitated Diffusion
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Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• Diffusion - driven by the movement of particles in a gas or liquid state from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Osmosis - diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
• Facilitated Diffusion - movement of particles down the concentration gradient with the help of integral proteins in the cell membrane
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Tonicity
• Isotonic - an equal concentration of solutes both in and outside a cell
• Hypertonic - a solution with a greater concentration of solutes in relation to another
• Hypotonic - a solution with a lower concentration of solutes in relation to another
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Tonicity in Cells
• Hypertonic - term used when the extracellular solute concentration is greater than the cell resulting in movement of water out of the cell causing cell shrinkage or crenation
• Hypotonic - term used when the extracellular solute concentration is less than the cell resulting in movement of water into the cell causing cell swelling
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Fluid Balance - Homeostasis
• All living things function best in a narrow range of conditions.
• Living things have mechanisms to maintain a stable internal environment
• Examples: temperature, pH, water content
• All living things need water
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Water Balance
• In plants, water balance is often controlled by: stoma, waxy cuticle, shape, size
• In complex organisms like humans water balance is primarily influenced by water intake versus water loss but, there are several regulating mechanisms that control this balance.
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Water Regulation
• Sweating, respiration, excretion = loss• Hypothalamus detects [H2O] in the blood.• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released and
kidneys decrease water removal from the blood & loss in urine.
• Thirst mechanism • Increased [H2O] in blood decreases [ADH]
and water removal from blood by kidneys increases again. (Negative Feedback Loop)
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The Cell as a Factory• Cell Membrane - gate security• Nucleus - C.E.O. office
– Chromosomes = secret recipe
• Cytoskeleton - building supports• Vacuoles (Vesicles) - raw material storage
and distribution • Ribosomes - assembly line machinery• Lysosomes - waste removal system &
cleanup• Mitochondrion - main power source• Chloroplasts - power source in ‘green’ plants• ER - product modification and transport• Golgi - product packaging
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Specialized Cell Types
• Differentiated cells contribute to the function of the organism as a whole.
• Unicellular organisms must perform all the activities associated with life
• Multicellular organisms are more complex & interdependent because individual cells perform only specific functions for the good of the whole organism.
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Examples of Specialized Cells
• Nerve Cells (Neurons) - carry messages in the form of an electrochemical signal
• Pancreas Cells - some secrete insulin and some secrete peptidase, amylase or lipase
• RBC - have hemoglobin to carry oxygen
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Levels of Organization
• Chemical (Least complex)
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism (Most complex)