A FRAMEWORK FOR CALCULATING THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF AIR TRANSPORT
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
A FRAMEWORK FOR CALCULATING THE
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF AIR
TRANSPORTHoward Cambridge,
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York,
York, UK
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Outline
• Context• Ecological Footprint• Footprinting Air Transport• Calculation Framework• Application Potential
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Context
• Global Growth
• Demand Drivers
• Impacts
• Climate Change
• Resource Consumption and Waste
• Levels and ResponsibilityBoeing, 2002
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint• Wackernagel and Rees (1996)
• It is a tool to help measure and understand how much bio-productive capacity the earth has and how much of it we use.
• Activity Based
e.g. Tourism, Construction, Services,Transport
• Bio-Productive Land Cropland and Grazing, Forestry, Fisheries, Energy, Built LandPlus Land to Absorb Pollution
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint• 2 Different Methods
• Component vs Compound Approach
• Looks at Bio-productive Area requirements for different activities and sums them up.
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint
• Resource Consumption
e.g. Fossil Fuels
• Impact – Ecological Footprint
Global Hectares (gha) per year
• Waste
e.g. CO2 Emissions
•Whole Economic System
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint
• Largest percentage of Global EF from burning of fossil fuels.
•Followed by utilization of cropland & pasture land.
Ecological Footprint of Nations, 2004. Redefining Progress
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Ecological Footprint
• Western Europe and North America highest EF per capita
•Regional Inequalities
•Fair-Earth Share
about 1.5 ghaEcological Footprint of Nations, 2004. Redefining Progress
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Footprinting Air Transport• 3 Main Sectors
Component Airports Airlines Passengers
Transport
EnergyConstruction
FoodWaterWaste• 5 Main Components
• Data Gathering
• Spreadsheet
• Software
• Sources: Airlines, Airports, Passengers
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Components - Transport
• Aircraft Type
Fuel Consumption
Distance
Engine Efficiency
• Passenger Mode
Distance
Car Type
Engine Efficiency
• Other Transport – Baggage Trucks
TRANSPORT (kms)
Types
Short Haul Long Haul Passenger travel to Airport
Passenger travel from Airport
Commuter Commercial (including freight)
Rental Engine CO2 Efficiency
Passengers/ Occupancy
Air Turboprop
Turbo Jet2 Engine
Turbo Jet 4 Engine.
Helicopter
Car Petrol
Diesel
Hybrid
Train HST
Local
Subsurface
Bus >20 pass. capacity
<20 pass. capacity
TramTaxi Petrol
Diesel
Vans / 4x4 vehicles
Rigid lorries
Artic. lorries
Specialist vehicles (powered) e.g. stairs
Trailed equipment (non-powered) e.g. baggage trucks
Other vehicles
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Components - Water• Water required for
cleaning, hygiene
• Water use in Airport
• Water on-board aircraft
• Passenger consumption
• Leakage/Recycled
WATER Airline(litres)
Clean Water -Passenger
-Catering -Cleaning
-Flight Operations Sewerage treatment/disposal Recycled/Reused Leakage Bottled Water
Airport Passenger
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Energy• Air-side Operations
– Runway lights– Radar– Stands– Baggage Handling
• Land-side Operations– Check-in– Shopping– Walkways, escalators– Machinery– Entertainment– Service– Hotels
ENERGY Solar
(KWh or Direct Wind Biofuel Hydro PhotoVoltaicLitres) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | AirlineSpace Heating
Water Heating
Catering
Lighting
Appliances/
Machines
ENERGY Diesel(KWh or Litres) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline
Space Heating
Water Heating
Catering
Lighting
Appliances/
Machines
Gas Petrol CHP Oil
Electricity
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Components - Waste
• Airport
• Aircraft
• Processing• Recycling• Incineration• Land-fill
• Passengers
WASTE Production Distance Recycled Incinerated Landfill(tonnes) (km) % % %
Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic /
Polymers
Glass
Aluminum
Wood
Organic
Other non-ferrous metals
Electronic
Other ferrous / white goods
Chemical waste
Mineral waste
Other
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Components - Food
• Airport
• Aircraft
• Production Location
• Organic
• Recycled
FOOD Import (Air)
Import (Surface)
Local Organic Recycled
% %(tonnes) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline
Milks & Creams
Cheese
Meat
Fish
Eggs
Fats & Oils
Sugar
Vegetables
Fruit
Bread
Cereals
Beverages
Alcoholic Drinks
Soft Drinks
Sweets
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• Runways, Offices
Hangars, Terminals
Transport links
Components - Construction
• Type of Material
• Source of Material
• Size of Building
CONSTRUCTION/ MATERIALS
Aircraft Operating
Hotels
Areas(tonnes)
Concrete (mass/slab)
Spoil/fill
Sand
Hardcore
Mortar
Blocks (light)
Bricks
Mineral wool insulation
Polyurethene ins. (HCFC)
Hard floor covering
Soft floor covering
Steel
Aluminum
Windows/doors uPVC
Windows/doors timber
Plasterboard
Plaster
Paint
Glass
Timber
Reinforced. beams/lintels
RunwayTerminal Building
Car Parks Airport Builidings
Aircraft Servicing
Freight Terminal
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Calculation
• Fuel use multiplied by energy conversion factors (co2 equivalents)
Higher global warming potential of aviation emissions.
• Calculate Total (km/tonnes) for each component (i)
Transport, Water, Waste, Food, Construction
D= Direct Bio-productive land useN= Indirect (fossil fuel) land usei = component
Fuel Type kg CO2 per kWh
Electricity 0.44
Gas 0.19Coal 0.3Oil 0.25Petrol 0.24Renewable Energy 0
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Calculation• Assign to Bio-Productive Area
e.g. how much cropland required to supply tonnage of food.
• Multiply each area by equivalence factors-in order to make comparisons between areas of different productivity i.e. comparing crop land to forest areas are 'normalized' by multiplying them by equivalence factors relating to their bio-productivity.
Arable Pasture Built Land Forest Fisheries Energy/Fossil2.11 0.47 2.11 1.35 0.35 1.35
Arable Pasture Built Land Forest Fisheries Energy/Fossil
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Calculation
Global Hectares /Year
• EF Expressed as:
Global Hectares /Passenger /Year
• EF for each Component EFcomp= (EFarable+ EFpasture+ EFbuilt+ EFforests+ EFfisheries+ EFfossil/energy)comp
• Total EF=Sum all Bio-Productive AreasEFtotal = EFarable+ EFpasture+ EFbuilt+ EFforests+ EFfisheries+ EFfossil/energy
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Application• Set Policies which reduce fuel
consumption
- improve airline profit margins- environmental benefits- reach emission reduction targets
• Assessment tool for future airport expansion
- assess total impact- model different scenarios- communication tool
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Application• Waste Reduction Strategies• Weight Reduction• Freight Logistics• Fleet Adjustments• Passenger Modal Substitution• Renewable energy supply e.g APU• Electric/Hybrid vehicles• Air Traffic Management• Congestion
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Conclusion• Air transport comprises many
different activities carried out by different industries and consumers.
• Air travel is forecast to increase annually for the next 50 years.
• This means increasing resource consumption and more waste produced. This includes greenhouse gas emissions a significant factor in climate change. • Therefore, concerns about environmental issues and sustainable development need to be assessed and addressed.
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Conclusion• The EF provides a method for the
total impact of air transport to be assessed.
• This type of assessment takes into account all activities not just the flight segment.
• The EF can be used as a communication and aware -ness tool to inform passengers about the impact they make. It can leads to shifts to public transport for airport access.
• The EF can be used by airports and airlines to identify operations where energy efficiency measures can be made and where resource consumption can be reduced.
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Methodology Improvement
PhD Research Topic
www.globalfootprintnetwork.org
Future
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ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
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