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Introduction:

“We are trying to make the Dream Real”

This is a small document for which you can access and log on and solve the common problems which faced us in the small period which we worked in the 3G equipments of Ericsson (3206, 3106, 3418, 3207, and 3107)

and be sure that there are a lot of other information which we did not know them but you can add them to our information and take this small information to your information which may help you to solve any new problem and in this situation you and all of us will be very happy as we co-operate in a good work.

Small Brief of 3G Family:

This family is a small family which contains of a lot of types of cabinets but all of them working in the same concept with a small difference depend on the customer needs

Indoor Cabinets (32**):

This is the most used cabinets which we faced and will face it a lot in our work

This cabinet consists of 4 sub racks:

A Sub Rack: Mainly not used but it can be used for add External alarms card and its OVP or other used as customer needs

B Sub Rack: Mainly you will find The Digital sub rack in it

C Sub Rack: Mainly used for Radio Units

D Sub Rack: Mainly used for Filter units

And above all this sub racks, we found the FCU which control the fan and transport its alarms and external alarms to CBU to EC Bus on the CBU

Sub Rack C

Sub Rack D

RBS 3206 used in Vodafone RBS 3206 used in Etisalat

Main Features:

A complete RBS in a four-sub rack cabinet Can be equipped with various Radio Units (RU) Can be equipped with transport network interface boards, which

support E1, J1, T1, E3, T3, STM-1/OC-3c or STM-1/OC-3 Can perform antenna sharing with (GSM) Variable baseband capacity uplink and downlink with up to 768

Channel Elements (CE) Supports High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Power supply alternative : -48 V DC (two-wire) Two-way RX diversity, two-way TX diversity (optional), and four-

way RX diversity (optional) Can be configured for 1-3 sectors, with up to two carriers per

sector Supports external alarm equipment Supports the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a

synchronization source Supports Ethernet-based site Local Area Networks (LAN)

Sub Rack A

Sub Rack B

Supports GSM or WCDMA Tower-Mounted Amplifiers (TMA) and Remote Electrical Tilt Units (RETU)

Outdoor Cabinets (31**):

This cabinet not differs a lot from the Indoor unit which has also 4 Sub racks

But each sub rack divided into 1 & 2 and in this cabinet, you can find a battery backup and also card called: AUH02 which collects all alarm cables from External alarms, PSUs, and FCU and transport them to CBU to EC Bus.

Main Features:

A complete RBS 3107 in a four-sub rack cabinet. Can be equipped with various Radio Units (RU) Can be equipped with transport network interface boards, which

support E1, J1, E3, or STM-1/OC-3c Can perform antenna sharing with GSM Variable baseband capacity of up to 768 Channel Elements (CE)

uplink and downlink Supports High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)-enhanced

uplink, with up to 90 high-speed codes Power supply: single-, two-, and three-phase 100 - 250 V AC

mains

Two-way RX diversity Can be configured for 1 - 3 sectors, with up to two carriers per

sector Supports external alarm equipment Can use the Global Positioning System (GPS) as synchronization

source Supports Ethernet-based site Local Area Networks (LAN) Supports WCDMA Tower-Mounted Amplifiers (TMA), Antenna

System Controller (ASC), and Remote Electrical Tilt Units (RETU)

Indoor Mini Cabinets (34**):

This cabinet working as Indoor cabinet but used in special areas (Hotels, Malls …) as it divided into two parts:

1) Main unit (MU): which is the Digital Rack in the Indoor Cabinet with new card called (OBIF) which is the interface between this MU and the other parts by Optical fiber cable to decrease the attenuation from feeders.

2) Remote Radio Unit (RRU): which contains most of the radio processing hardware.

The main parts of the RRU are the:

• Filter Unit

• TRX Board

• Amplifier Board (AMPB)

• Voltage converter

The RRUs are designed to be used without/With TMA/ASCs.

Main Features:

The MU Mounted only in 19 inch Rack and 4U High. Can be equipped with up to 6 (RRU) Power supply: -48 v DC From PBC02 Can be configured with: 6x1 (for both RRU11 and RRU22): MU

connected with six RRUs in single-carrier mode or 3x2 (only for RRU22): MU connected with three RRU22s in two-carrier mode

Supports external alarm equipment Variable baseband capacity of up to 512 Channel Elements (CE)

uplink and 768 CEs downlink Support for Remote Electrical tilt unit(RUTU)

Outdoor Micro Cabinets (33**):

Main Features:

A complete RBS in one cabinet

5 W or 20 W output power One sector and one carrier (1×1 configuration) Baseband capacity up to 128 channel elements Supports optional High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)-

enhanced downlink with up to five high-speed codes Supports AC or DC power supply alternatives Supports optional built-in battery backup in case of AC power

failure Supports eight customer alarm inputs and two customer control

outputs Supports DC power output when powered by AC Supports site configuration for two carriers with two antennas by

means of two RBS 3303 cabinets (two-carrier site configuration) Supports co-sitting with GSM, TDMA, and WCDMA

Now we will talk about the Hardware components which found in each cabinet:

Indoor Cabinets (32**):

1) Antenna system: This system consists of:

• Antennas• ASC• RETU

So we will be concentrating on each of them in the following page:

A) The Antenna:

We will find an antenna in each Sector (Cell) as in the pervious Figure

Which that this antenna working as polarization Diversity which working in all modern Mobile networks

This antenna is divided into Two Antennas (+45 Degree), (-45 Degree)

We have a lot of antennas which used in all Mobile networks but we used in our 3G Antennas which can be up-tilting using RETU and ASC or TMA with it

Main Function:

Transmit and receive the signal to the mobile sets

Mechanically tilting to increase or decrease the coverage

This Antenna has 3 Output as minimum which that be useful for 3G applications:

1) +45 Degree Antenna Output ---- Connected to Feeder +452) -45 Degree Antenna Output --- Connected to feeder - 45

TX/RXA

Connector

TX/RXB

3) RETU Output -Connected to RETU As shown in the following figure:

B) ASC: It Stands for the Antenna System Controller (ASC)

The ASC consists of two dual duplex Tower Mounted Amplifiers (ddTMA) units for support of two antenna branches and control circuits for (RETU). Each ddTMA unit supports one antenna array in a cross-polarized antenna, and is connected to one single TX/RX feeder. The ASC has two antenna ports, two RBS ports, and one RETU port.

Main Function:

Amplifies RX-signals to compensate for feeder loss Increases uplink coverage Supervises antenna Supplies power to an external unit, such as the RETU

Note: There are two types of ASC which differ only for the outlet of RETU so when you will replace it observe the Product number of it to replace it without any new problems

C) RETU:It stands for the Remote Electrical Tilt Unit

The RETU adjusts electrical down tilt in a RET/MET antenna by mechanically turning the antenna phase shifters. The RETU unit is controlled by the RBS through the Antenna System Controller (ASC).

It Shown as in ASC Figure

2) Cabinet Components:

Led Status:

You will find three leds in each card for all 3000 Family which represents the following:

1) Red(Fault): Normal status: Led switched off

Faulty status: Led switched on

2) Green(Operational): Normal status: Led settled on

Loading status: Led flashing

3) Yellow(Information): Normal status: Led flashing with the normal sequence

Faulty status: Led switched off

Lock Status: Led Settled

A)Filter Unit(FU):

FU sits between the Radio Units (RU) and the antenna. It filters transmit and receive signals to and from the RU, and amplifies and controls the RX signal gain from the antenna to the RUs. The FU provides DC voltage and communication through the antenna feeders to an Antenna System Controller (ASC) or Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA). It also monitors current consumption, performs antenna supervision and supplies power to the ASC. The FU has one Transmitter (TX) branch as the downlink and two Receiver (RX) branches as the uplink.

The Filter Unit

Main Function:

Filtering the downlink signal Filtering and amplifying the uplink signal Supplying power to the Antenna System Controller (ASC), Tower

Mounted Amplifier (TMA), and Remote Electrical Tilt Unit (RETU) Communicating with the ASC Supervising the antenna hardwareB)Radio Unit(RU): RU receives digital data from the Baseband, converts the data into analog radio signals, amplifies these and feeds them to the Filter Unit (FU). The RU also receives radio signals from the FU, converts these signals into digital data,

A1-1

A1-2

and sends them to Baseband. The RU contains the Transceiving Receiving Processing (TRP), Downlink Power Clipping, and power amplifier functions.

RU communicates with two Components FU by TX and RX Cables and also with RUIF card to transmit all its data and FU data to the digital Rack by Data cable.

Main Function:

• Amplify the signals received from the FU • Contain analog - digital conversion of radio signals • Supply DC supply to the FU and to the following: Antenna

System Controller (ASC), Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA), and Remote Electrical Tilt Unit (RETU)

• Contain digital Pre-Distortion • Amplify the signal to the antenna • Supply DC/DC conversion for internal purposes • Can issue temperature alarms owing to the presence of

internal temperature sensors located at critical hot spot.

RU of sector 1

C) Digital Rack: It is the most important cards in the rack as that if any faulty of any card of theses cards will be get the whole site Down not only one sector and be careful with replacing these cards as that this rack is the only rack which its connection from the Back plane not as all the pervious cards and the power of the whole Rack is from the power of The CBU which that will feed the power for all the cards from the back plane , so we will talk about each card and its importance in the network

C-1(RUIF):

The RUIF is a board unit used for communication between the Radio Units (RU) and the Baseband (BB) digital rack. It is directly connected to both the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) backplane and the BB, while point-to-point cables connect the unit to the RUs. Communication includes control data, clock signals, and gamma data.

Main Function:

• Receives BB clock and Node B Frame Number (BFN) from the Control Base Unit (CBU), and selects one of the two signals

• Distributes BB clock and BFN to six RUs • Distributes BB clock and BFN to six Random Access and Receiver

(RAX) boards and two Transmitter (TX) boards • Transfers control data in RS-485 format to and from six RUs • Transfers data in Ross format to and from the RUs for distribution

to up to six antennas • Receives six gamma bus lines from the RUs in Uplink (UL), and

distributes each line to six RAX boards • Receives six gamma bus lines from the TX boards in Downlink

(DL) for transferring to the RUs, one line to each RU

C-2(RAX):

It represent for the Random Access and Receiver (RAX) board which used for uplink baseband processing such as demodulating, and decoding

RAX boards are available with various numbers of Channel Elements (CE) and capabilities.

The RAX boards available in an RBS receive uplink data from the mobile device users.

The process of incoming data is shared by all RAX boards in the RBS baseband pool.

RAX boards are available with various processing capabilities and demodulation modules.

Extra capacity is added by license keys or by adding more boards up to maximum capacity.

To be able to carry HSDPA traffic, all RAX boards in an RBS must be RAX R2 or higher.

We can used up to 6 RAX cards in one cabinet

C-3(TX):

It represent for the Transmitter (TX) board which used for downlink baseband processing such as channel combining, encoding, transport channel handling, and modulation and spreading.

TX boards are available with various numbers of Channel Elements (CE) and capabilities. Extra capacity is added by license keys or by adding more boards up to maximum capacity. Redundancy is provided by load-sharing between TX boards

The unit has the following functions:

• Cell splitting

• Channel combining

• Encoding

• Transport channel handling

• Modulation and spreading

We can use up to 2 TX cards in one cabinet

C-4(ET-MC1):

The ET-MC1 board contains 8 physical ports that can be configured as either E1 (ETSI), J1 (TTC) or T1 (ANSI). The board does not allow for a mix of E1, J1 and T1 ports, thus all configured ports on the board must be configured to the same standard.

We used this card when we want to increase the Transmission over than 4 ports which generated by CBU so we used this card to increase the ports up to 12 ports

C-5(CBU):

It represent for (Control Base Unit)

It is the most important unit in the cabinet

This unit may only be inserted in slot 1 and 24, If redundant configuration is needed, two Cbu's must be inserted in the rack.

It has memory flash card which has all the scripts of the site

It feed the DC Power for all the digital rack from the back plane

It collects all the data for the cabinet and the calls and sends all of them over E1

It collects all external alarms and FCU Status and inserted it in the time slots into E1

It is the interface to RNC over the E1 which connected to it

It has Test outlet which used to access the cabinet by hyper terminal

It has Ethernet outlet which used to access the cabinet by Element manger (EM)

This figure shows the CBU and all its ports which used in our networks

D) FCU(Fan control Unit):

The FCU is a single unit that controls and supervises up to four internal fans. It performs supervised communication with the RBS through the EC (Enclosure Control) bus. Speed setting requirements are received by the FCU and fan status messages are sent from the unit. The FCU supplies -48 V DC to each fan, whose speed is controlled by pulse width modulation control signals. The unit generates an alarm if the fan speed is too low. The unit is of Peripheral Processor (PP) type.

Main Function:

Handles up to four fans Is the man - machine interface for fans The FCU has three indicators that display FCU and fan status Communicates with the RBS through the EC bus, receiving speed

setting requirements and sending fan status Triggers an alarm when fan speed is too low Supplies power to the XALM (external alarm unit)

Outdoor Cabinets (31**):

1) Antenna system: The same as in the Indoor Cabinets

2) Cabinet Components:

As shown in the pervious Figure that the Outdoor cabinet not differ a lot from the Indoor Cabinet, which that it contains the same basic components as Indoor Cabinet

So we will concentrate on the new components not in the Indoor

1) BFU:

It stands for Battery Fuse Unit which supervises and connects or disconnects the battery backup. The unit cuts off the load to the RBS at high or low battery voltage, or when the temperature of the battery is too high. A single prioritized load is supported.

Main Function:

Distributes the DC power from the batteries. Supervises battery voltage, current and temperature. Disconnects the batteries when the voltage or temperatures are

outside their specified limits. Communicates with the Control Basic Unit (CBU) by the way to

AUH02

2) PSU:

It stands for Power Supply unit which converts incoming voltage to -48 V DC system voltages

Main Function:

Converts incoming voltage to -48 V DC system voltages.

Detects temperature alarms by means of an internal temperature sensor located at a critical hot spot.

Communicates with the Control Basic Unit (CBU) by the way to AUH02

3) DCF:

It stands for DC Filter which is optional unit that enables the connection of external power, such as batteries or stand-alone power, and provides two-wire system voltage (-48 V DC) to the busbar.

Main Function:

Enables connection of external power, such as batteries or stand-alone power.

Provides two-wire system voltage (-48 V DC) to the bus bar. Connects the external battery base frame temperature sensor

between the BFU and the external batteries.

4) AUH:

It stands for Auxiliary Unit Hub (AUH) which connection field for RS-485 communication between units in the RBS and the main processor, Control Basic Unit (CBU).

Main Function:

Supports RJ-45 connectors of both Auxiliary Processor (XP) and Peripheral Processor (PP)-type

Distributes the RS-485 communication buses from the CBU to the unit in the enclosure system (FCU, PSU, CLU, BFU, and so on)

5) ACCU:

It Stands for AC Connection Unit which used to connect the 380 AC Voltage of incoming voltage to the units in the RBS

Main Function:

Distributes over current protected power to the Power Supply Units (PSU).

Distributes over current protected power to the Climate Unit (CLU).

Acts as a disconnecting device (mains switch). Provides adaptation to different AC mains supplies. Provides a cold startup function.

6) XALARM:

The External Alarm Unit (XALM) and the XALM including External Alarm Connection Unit (EACU) both provide the connection points for external alarms at RBS sites. For example, mains failure, intrusion, fire temperature, and so on.

Main Function:

The XALM is provided with 32 alarm input lines and four control lines, where each line consists of two wires. The EACU protects the lines from disturbances with OVPs. Two lines can be connected to each OVP. The alarm lines are grouped in four groups of eight and connected to the XALM by 25-pin D-sub connectors. The control lines are connected to the XALM by a 9-pin D-sub connector.

Controls 1 - 4 are used for remote control of connected equipment, for example, door locks. The RS-485 cable to the RBS also distributes power to the XALM.

Indoor Mini Cabinets (34**):

This Type of the cabinets consists of 2 units:

1) RRU(Remote Radio Unit):

It stands for Remote Radio Unit which replaced by the RU and FU of the other Cabinets and installed beside the Antenna to decrease the losses and communicate with the Main Unit by Optical Fiber cable Called Optical Interface Link (OIL)

Position Unit

A Antenna interface

B Earth grounding interface

C OIL interface

D Power interface

E RET interface

Main Function:

• A radio head with up to 10 W RF output power• Used together with RBS 3418/3518 Mini and wTRU• Can optionally also be used together with Micro to get extended

coverage• Houses RF filter, power amplifier, RX Low Noise Amplifier and

TRX for one sector-carrier• RX diversity is supported• It can be placed at the cabinet, on the roof or in the tower near

the antenna.• An optical digital interface is used between Main Unit and RRU• Can be installed up to 5 km from the Main Unit

• Power: Single phase AC, -48 VDC or 24 VDC

2) Main Unit(MU):

The RBS 3418 Main Unit is designed for indoor environments in a 19”Rack.

It contains the same HW boards as the other RBS 3000 products for base band,

Control, switching and the Iub transmission interface functionality, described in the other cabinets.

These resources are pooled between the different sectors to achieve high efficiency.

But we have only one difference between it and the other Digital Racks in the other cabinets which is (OBIF) which is instead of (RUIF)

2.1) Optical Radio Unit Interface Board (OBIF):

The RBS 3418 Main Units also contain the OBIF2, which is the board that provides

The optical interfaces to the Remote Radio Units.

There is one OBIF2 in the Main Unit with capacity for up to 6 RRUs.

The connection with the RRUs through the OIL optical fiber cable.

The connection carries the downlink and uplink traffic streams as well as timing

signals.

The OIL interface from the RRU is connected to the OBIF2 board.

2.2) OIL(Optical Interface Link):

The connection between the MU and the RRU is made by an Optical Interface

Link (OIL). Several different lengths of the OIL cable are available: 10, 20, 50,

, 70, 100, 150, 250, 350, and 500 m.

For longer distances between the MU and an RRU, an existing optical fiber

Transmission network, such as Dark Fiber, can be leased and used to increase

The total length of the OIL. OIL cables are connected to the leased optical fiber

Transmission network by a connection box.

The maximum length of the OIL (OIL cable or OIL cable plus leased optical

Fiber) is 15 km.

It is important that the leased optical fiber has a fixed delay, and that the

Difference in delay between the uplink and downlink fibers is under 8 ns, which

Corresponds to a difference in length of less than 1.5 m.

The total delay for the entire OIL connection must be less than 7.5 μs in each

direction. This corresponds to 15 km of fiber in each direction. The maximum

Optical loss is 15 dB.

The OIL connection between a MU and an RRU is shown in the figure below.

How to Access the Element manager of the Node B?

In order to access the element manager you must have:

Software:

1-The Ethernet IP of the Node B you want to connect to & its subnet mask

2- Windows operating system & Browser (Internet explorer preferred)

3- The java 1.3.9 installed in your laptop this’s for RBS 32xx & 31xx cabinets but for the cabinets 34xx you need to have java 1.4 installed

Hardware:

1- Special cable from Ericsson product no. (200648 TK4)

2- Lan to Lan straight Cable

3- Lan to DB 9 serial convertor

4- Serial DB 9 to USB(if your lap top doesn’t have serial interface)

First you have to get the IP Address of the Node B that you want to connect to:

1- Connect the Ericsson special cable to the test port in the CBU card

2- and the other end to the lan-to-lan cable

If you have the IP address And the subnet mask of the Node B you can skip to step 8

3- connect the other end of the Lan-to-Lan cable to the Lan-to-Serial convertor

4- Connect the serial end of the Serial – to – Lan converter to the Serial to USB converter

5- Connect the USB connector of the Serial - to –Lan converter to your Laptop

6- Run the Hyper terminal from your laptop

Name your connection for example 3G & click OK

Choose the Com of Serial or USB Port that you are connecting to and click OK

Adjust the setting of the connection like in the photo and click OK

Type the command “ifconfig” & press ENTER

Now we have the Ethernet IP address for our example it’s 172.18.159.153 & the subnet mask is 255.255.255.248

7- Remove the end of the lan – to – lan cable from the lan to Serial converter

8- Connect the end of the Lan – to – Lan cable to the network port at your laptop

9- Remove the Ericsson special cable from the Test port at the CBU & Connect it to the ETH port at the CBU

10- Add an IP address to your Laptop

Choose internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click properties

Add an IP address to your Laptop (Ethernet IP + 1) & add the Subnet mask

& click OK

11-Open Your internet explorer browser and type in the address bar the address: http://Ethernet IP/em/index_stubbed.html & press Enter

Illustration of Some features of the Element Manager:

Quick Overview of the Element manager:

The Node B 2206 is divided into 4 Sub Racks (A,B,C & D), In fact we use only 3 sub Racks( for Vodafone) & 2 Sub Racks( for Etisalat), we have sub Racks are always left empty coz they are used if we will use a PSU for the Node B but instead we are using PBC 6500 for All sites

RBS 3206 used in Vodafone RBS 3206 used in Etisalat

As we see, we have at the element manage main menus and under each main menu we have its sub menus, for example we have Equipment as main menu & we have its submenus as shown

Sub Rack A

Sub Rack B

Sub Rack C

Sub Rack D

Sub rack 1B1(Vodafone) , Sub rack 1A1(Etisalat):

Vodafone

Etisalat

As we can see we have here at this Sub Rack our magazine which includes some cards, here in our example in Vodafone we have CBU card at slot 1, ETMC1 card at slot 2, RAXB card at slot 9, TXB card at slot 11 & RUIF card at slot 12, but in Etisalat we have 1 more TXB at slot 10, 1 more RAXB at slot 8 & we don’t have ETMC1 card

Beside each card you will find its state whether it’s working in good condition (Enabled) or whether it’s faulty (Disabled) also beside each card you will find whether it’s in local mode (Locked) or not (Unlocked)

Sub Rack 1C1 (Vodafone), Sub Rack 1A2 (Etisalat):

This’s the Sub Rack which includes the Radio Units (RU), in our example here we have 3 Sectors( 3 X 1 configuration ) for each sector there’s one Radio unit, As we see at the element manager the 3 radio units of the 3 sectors are Enabled, Unlocked & with No alarm

RU of sector 1

2:RU

As shown we have inside each Radio Unit (RU) ,DPCL (Down power clipping Unit), here in our example we are using only 1 DPCL because we have only one uplink carrier (R21) which is DPCL-1, we have also TPA-1 This’s for a temperature sensor & 2 Transceiver channels ( TR-1 & TR-2 ) if we have R22 we will have 2 basebands & we can use all these values

The Radio Unit R21

Sub Rack 1D1(Vodafone), Sub Rack 1B2(Etisalat):

This’s the Sub rack which includes the Filter Units (FU), in our example here we have 3 Sectors( 3 X 1 configuration ) for each sector there’s one Filter unit, As we see at the element manager the 3 Filter units of the 3 sectors are Enabled, Unlocked & with No alarm

AS shown in figure we have 2 filters for each feeder(A & B) inside each filter unit

We refer to these 2 filters & their paths (jumpers & feeders) as A1-1 & A1-2

WE have the 2 filters & their paths Enabled, Unlocked & with No alarm

The Filter Unit

A1-1

A1-2

Cables:

You can find here a list of all cables installed at the Node B & the point it’s connected from & where it’s connected to

AS shown under the Cables there’s FCU (Fan Central Unit) which is used to control fan motion

Sector Antennas:

As shown you can see your sector Antennas, for example we have here 3 sectors, each sector has Antenna Branch A(feeder A), Antenna Branch B(feeder B), ASC (Antenna System Controller) & RETU (Remote Electrical Tilt Unit) Enabled, Unlocked & with No alarm

The ASC & RETU units are optional, You can just use TMA (Tower mounted Amplifier) instead as in Etisalat

How to get the current Alarms for the Node B:

Click over Supervision & choose Alarm List

Here are the current Alarms for this Node B, we’ve only one Alarm here in our example

How to Restart the Node B?

Choose Equipment from the main menu & then right click over the Cabinet name here in our example “RBS3128” & then click Restart

There are 3 Kinds of restart:

Warm: it restarts the software only of the Node B, this’s the least traffic affect restart type

Refresh: it restarts the software & some Hardware of the Node B

Cold: it restarts the software & all the Hardware of the Node B, this’s the most traffic affect restart type

You can also restart any Unit or Card at the Node B by the same way

Just Right click at the specified unit and then choose Restart, for example as shown this’s a restart for a Radio Unit of Sector 2

What should you do before you replace any Faulty Unit at the Node B?

You should first confirm that the Unit is totally fault:

1- restart the Unit itself & see if the Alarm on the Unit disappeared or not

2- restart the Node B itself & see if the Alarm on the Unit disappeared or not

3- Swap the unit with another working unit (If there’s another similar Working unit) and see if the Alarm disappeared or not

If nothing from these 3 solutions clear the Alarm at the unit so this confirm that the Unit has to be changed but before you change it & before you make the swap you have to make the unit at Local mode As shown in the Photo down for example it shows locking a RAXB card after this locking you can now take it away from its position

If you want to remove this Card & don’t want to replace it with another Card just choose Delete

How to know & Edit the IP over ATM & Ethernet IP Address of Node B?

1- Finding Ethernet IP:

Choose from the main menu IP then choose IP=1

Right Click over the EthernetLink=1 & then choose properties

AS you can see you can find and edit the IP address, Subnet mask & Broadcast address of the Node B

2- Finding IP over ATM:

Click over the + beside the IP=1 link you will have IP Over ATM link TPS

We have here 2 ATM link connection & so you will find 2 IP over ATM now to get the first IP OVER ATM click right click at the first link ( IpAtmLink=1)& choose properties

Now you will have the IP over ATM and its Subnet mask & you can edit it

You can get the second IP over ATM & its Subnet mask by the same way

How you can know whether There’s a connection between the Node B & RNC or not?

From main menu choose ATM and then we will have the ATM adaption layers (AAL)

AAL0: this’s for signaling & controlling

AAl2: This’s to transfer voice & video

AAL5: This’s to transfer Data

AS shown these are the AAL2 Paths, in this example there are 2 paths Enabled, Unlocked & Unblocked from RNC, the no. of paths are determined by the RNC and configured by them,

As shown these are the AAL5 TPs(Termination points), in this example There are 8 paths Enabled with their VPI & VCI, this can be used as

an indication for the state of E1, if at least one of this paths is Enabled this means that your E1 is working

AS shown AAL0 TPs, in this example we have 2 AAL TPS Enabled with their VPI & VCI

How to write & understand CV (configuration version) for Node B?:

We must have 4 CVS installed in the cabinet in order to be on AIR

These kind of CVS are written in XML language, we will now go thru these 4 files

1- Basic CV:

This CV comes with the cabinet, and it’s fixed for all cabinets, it just gives me the possibility to access the cabinet by the default IP which is 169.254.1.1 with subnet mask 255.255.0.0

2- Initial CV (Cabinet equipment CV):

This’s a sample for an initial CV for a site 3137

-ConfigureCabinetEquipementrbsType: Kind of cabinet for this site we have 3206 which is an indoor type of cabinet

-SlotsForETMC1: This’s the slot for ETMC1 card, this card is used to increase the number of E1, it Supports up to 8 E1s, in this example we have it in the slot number 2 >>> this’s from left direction

Note: There are some cards like ETMC1

ETM-3 supports E3 interface to the cabinet

ETM-4 supports STM1 interface to the cabinet

-IpAddress: This’s the Ethernet IP address of the cabinet, it’s used to login to the cabinet by giving my PC an IP in the same Ethernet example: (172.18.180.106)

-subnetMask: This’s the subnet mask for the Ethernet IP, in our example it’s “255.255.255.248”

-defaultRouter: This’s like the default router to the site

-redunduntControlSystem: will be set to “YES” if I’ll have 2 links for the same cabinet

-SectorSectorNumber: this’s to define the sector number & must be followed by number of carriers & number of Radio units

Here in our example we have 3 sectors each has one carrier & one Radio unit

-Powersupplyconfigurepowersuply: This will be set to “YES” if I am using an internal PSU for the cabinet but in our case we are using external power source which is from PBC cabinet

-Configurebatterybackup: There’s no battery back here for the cabinet based alone coz we are using the PBC as a power source for the cabinet with its own batteries

3- Site Equipment CV:

This’s an example of a site equipment CV for site 3137

-Optionalequipmentconfiguarationconfigurexalm: this’s if I am configuring the external Alarm but this’s not normally used coz we use the external Alarm for the 2G cabinets instead of this

But this’s must be configured for Outdoor, Micro & Pico cabinets

-Configurepowersupply: this will be set to “YES” if I am using an internal PSU but in our case we r taking power from PBC 6500 cabinet

-Configurebatterybackup: This’s if I am using a battery backup stand alone system for the cabinet but in our case we are using the battery backup of the PBC 6500 cabinet

-SiteLocationConfiguarationsitename: this’s for the site name which is 3137 in our example and this’s the shown name to the RNC

-Logicalname: this’s the name of the site shown to the user interface in element manager and mostly this will be the same name like siteLocationConfiguarationname which is “RBS31337” in our example

-SectorDataSectornumber: This’s for the number of the sector to enter its data, in our example here we have 3 sectors

-Latitude: latitude for the antenna and this’s determined by the radio planning

-Lathemisphere: The hemisphere the antenna is located in & this’s also determined by the radio planning, possible values for this is “North” or “South”

-Geodatum: This’s the datum for the antenna Default: WGS84

-Beamdirection: This’s for the beam direction of the antenna >>> 000 is for north, 090 is for east, 180 is for south, 270 is for west.

-Height: This’s the height of antenna over ground and this’s shown as hundredth of meter in our example= “1920” means 19.2 meters

-TmaSectorsectorNumber: This’s to define the TMA (tower mounting Amplifier) for the 3 sectors we have here

-tmaType: This’s to define the type of the tma we have in our example “ASC” (antenna system controller) but there’s another type which is “TMA”

-ConfigureRet: This’s to show whether we have RET (Remote electrical tilt unit) or not and this used for type ASC only, in our example we have RET coz we have TMA of type ASC

-Antennatype: this’s for the type of antenna and here’s a table for most of the antenna types, in our example we have an antenna of type “3”

-Mechanicaltilt: This’s for the mechanical tilting of the antenna and this’s set to 0 in our example normally we don’t use mechanical tilting, we use instead electrical tilting

-Electericaltilting: This’s for the electrical tilting of the antenna and this’s set to 30 degrees in our example

Note: we can use tilting only if I configured and used the RETU coz this unit is used for tilting of antenna

-freqBandHiEdgeBranchA: this’s for high frequency band for branch (feeder) A

-freqBandLoEdgeBranchA: This’s for low frequency band for branch (feeder) A

-freqBandHiEdgeBranchB: this’s for high frequency band for branch (feeder) B

-freqBandLoEdgeBranchB: This’s for low frequency band for branch (feeder) B

-dlFeederAttenuationBranchA: This’s for downlink attenuation of antenna cable feeder branch A, it’s here like an array of 12 values, we don’t need to have attenuation in the feeders and so we set all the 12 values to zeros like our example >>>> 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

-ulFeederAttenuationBranchA: This’s for uplink attenuation of antenna cable feeder branch A, it’s here like an array of 12 values, we don’t need to have attenuation in the feeders and so we set all the 12 values to zeros like our example >>>> 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

-dlFeederDelayBranchA: Internal downlink traffic delay in branch A in the form of tenths of nanoseconds BUT we don’t need a delay and we set all the 12 values to zeros like our example > 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

-ulFeederDelayBranchA: Uplink traffic delay in branch A in the form of tenths of nanoseconds BUT we don’t need a delay and we set all the 12 values to zeros like our example > 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

After this it will define the values for Branch B and then for each sector

-antennaSupervisionBranchA: Defines antenna supervision threshold and this must be set to”0” if there’s antenna sharing (the antenna is used for another equipment like 2 G )

and also after this it defines for the Branch B and then for the 3 sectors

-CellcellNumber: to define the number of the cell, in our example we have here 3 cells and so it will begin to define each cell

-cellCreated: Defines if the local cell is to be created

-cellIdentity: for the identity of the cell mostly it’s called like this (name of the site+cell number), for our example we have “31371” this means it’s for site number “3731” and cell number 1

-cellRange: The cell range is the maximum range for which the RBS receiver is capable of demodulating a transmitted signal for all frequencies we have it as 35000 except for 850 Mhz frequency we can increase this range

-HsdpaSettingsslotsForHsdpa: this’s the slot for the TXB card where we can use HSDPA we can have only 2 slots for this card (10 & 11) in our example we have the TXB card in slot “11” But for the receiver (RAX) card we have possible slots from (4-9), The TXB card used for HSDPA must be TX6HS-04 or TX6HS-03 type

4- O&M access CV:

Here’s a sample for O&M access CV for site 3137

-ethernetIpAddress: it defines the Ethernet IP address for the cabinet in our example it’s “172.18.180.105”

-ethernetSubnetMask: it defines the subnet mask for the Ethernet, in our example it’s “255.255.255.248”-Connection name: This’s a connection name to connect between the Node B & the RNC which is called O&M connection,

we have here two connections one to the active CBU “firstoAMatm” and the other to the passive CBU ”secondoAMatm” but in all our sites we have only one CBU but this’s done for further expansion

-etbSlot: it defines the slot of the card used for synchronization

It’s written as (number of cabinet from right - no. of sub rack from below - no of slot from left)

in our example it’s “1-B-1” so it refers to the first cabinet and in all our sites we have only one 3G cabinet and so this will be always “1” and “B” sub rack which is the second sub rack from below and the first card in the sub rack “B” which means it’s the CBU, so in this example we used the CBU for synchronization

There’s another type of synchronization by using GPS but this’s not used in Egypt

-terminationType: This’s the E1 for CBU and ETMC1 cards we call it "IMA_E1" for multiple E1

-physicalLine: it defines The line number on the ETB to use for the O&M connection, it has the values from 1 to 8 for Ima_E1 & 1 to 21 for STM1,here in our example we have it “1”

-externalVpi: This is the virtual path identifier for the external ATM cells, Range 0-255, default=”1”

-externalVci: this’s the Virtual Channel Identifier range 32 – 65535,we have it “32” in our example

-vpPeakCellRate: it defines ATM cell peak rate (cells/second),in our example we have it “4400”

For VPI,VCI & peak cell rate these are mainly in ATM protocol and we are not interested in this and these values comes from the RNC

-atmIpAddress: this’s the IP over ATM used by the RNC to connect to the Node B by ATM protocol

-atmSubnetMask: the subnet mask for the first IP over ATM

-requiredNumberOfLinks: The required number of IMA links that need to be operational in order for the complete group to be operational. Values from 1-8

and this will be repeated for the second connection “secondoAMatm”

-isDefaultDomainName: possible values for this is “YES” or “NO”, if “YES” so there’s a domain name used and I have to specify it & this’s if I want to access the cabinet via internet

-primaryNtpServiceActive: The IP address of the network time protocol

-secondaryNtpServiceActive: Alternative IP address of the network time protocol

We don’t use this kind of protocol in our network coz we don’t use the domain name option

-localTimeZone: This’s for the local time zone in which the node B is located, in our example it’s set to “ECT” which refers to Central European standard time it’s GMT +1

-daylightSavingTime: This’s to set day light saving for summer and winter time

-routeIpAddress: Used to add a new route to the routing table, we don’t use this in our example and so set to “0.0.0.0”

-routeSubnetMask: subnet mask for this route, we don’t use this for our example and so set to “0.0.0.0”

-hopIpAddress: It’s the IP of the next near router to the site

-routeMetric: it’s something like a step for the hop IP address

-synchSlot: in our example we have “1-B-1” which is the CBU (illustrated before)

-synchPort: ports for synchronization ranges: 1 to 8 for ET-M1 & ET-MC1 board,1 to 2 for ET-M3 and ET-M4 board, 1 for ET-

MC41s board, 1 to 2 for Timing Unit board,1 to 6 for CBU, in our example we r using CBU for synchronization & so we have a value of

“1”

-synchPriority: we can have up to 8 connections can be used, the highest priority will be used, in our example we have only 2 physical connection and we set the highest priority for the first connection and so we set it to “1”

How to install the CVs to the Node B?

All Node B come from Ericsson factory installed in it one CV which is the BASIC_CV, this CV gives the possibility to access the cabinet using default IP which is 169.254.1.1 with subnet mask 255.255.0.0

As shown only the Basic CV is installed to the Node B

1-Installing the cabinet equipment (initial) CV:

As shown we will choose Cabinet Equipment wizard from Configuration

& now choose Next

Now choose Browse and choose the initial CV from your PC, this file is *.XML file

With the Automatic(No Wizard) option, the information in the CV applies, First the Current Configuration page appears, and directly after this the Chosen RBS Configuration page is displayed

With the Wizard option, the settings in the CV can be viewed (& even changed) in the wizard

Choose whatever you like but Wizard option is recommended & then press Next

The wizard now downloads current configuration data from the RBS database, when the download is complete, the current configuration page displays a message stating that current configuration successfully loaded from RBS, If the loading of data fails, an error message is displayed.

& Now press Next

As shown in the Configuration cabinet page we have to determine the type of cabinet used, and whether we will use 2 CBU for the same cabinet or only one CBU, if only one CBU is used, you have to choose “NO” for Redundant Control system, after this we will determine the number of sectors used for this example we have here 3 sector, each with one carrier and so the configuration for this site is (3 X 1)

After this we have to define the slot for ETMC1 or ET-M1 or ET-M3 or ET-M4 card if it exists

After this press Next

AS shown now we have the IP configuration page this’s to determine The Ethernet link information

The IP address is the Ethernet IP address which gives me the possibility to access the cabinet

Subnet mask is the subnet mask used for this IP address

Default Router is like the gateway to the cabinet, and it’s an optional & configured from the RNC

After this Press Next

AS shown we have now a summary for All the data we choosed, by the way this whole wizard just get the data you’ve written from the CV and gives you the possibility to change it

After you confirmed your data you entered just press Finish

AS shown the initial CV now is loaded to the Node B and is working now

2- Installing the O&M Access CV:

As shown choose O&M Access Wizard from Configuration menu

And now press Next

AS shown in the File input you have to tick over use Configuration file and then Browse and the choose the O&M Access CV from your PC

And choose whether you would like to have Automatic( No Wizard) or Wizard and this’s illustrated before

The wizard now downloads current configuration data from the RBS database, when the download is complete, the current configuration page displays a message stating that current configuration successfully loaded from RBS, if the loading of data fails, an error message is displayed.

& Now press Next

As shown we have here the Location and IP over Ethernet configuration Wizard

Your location: whether you are on site (local) or you are in a Remote Site

You have to determine the IP over Ethernet

Which is the IP used to access the cabinet and also its subnet mask, All these data are written in the O&M access CV

After this press Next

As shown we have IP over ATM, Physical layer configuration wizard

We can set 2 links if we have 2 CBU working at the same cabinet

But we here always have only one CBU and so No need to use a Redundant Link

ETB in Slot: is the slot for the card used for network synchronization for our example we choosed the ETMC1 card which is placed in slot 2

Termination type: is the type of termination we have which is E1

ETB line: is the connection number we have up to 8 connections

As shown we have here IP over ATM Configuration wizard

For this wizard it’s some data related to IP over ATM Links

You should enter the VPI(Virtual packet identifier), VP PCR (Peak Cell rate), VCI( Virtual circuit identifier), IP address ( IP over ATM) this’s the IP used by the RNC to Access the cabinet, Subnet mask is a subnet mask for this IP

After this press Next

As shown this’s the Router Configuration wizard, this’s for routing table

AS shown this’s the Server configuration wizard and this’s used if it will be a server to access a specific server via the RBS

Alex server address: this’s for which documentation server to use, this can be an IP to direct you so you can use the documentation from Alex server

And then Press Next

As shown this’s the Time setting wizard

NTP primary server: this’s to adjust the time of the Node B just like the time of the server of this address, in our example we set the time of the RBS to the time of the NTP server whose address is 10.9.1.21

NTP secondary server: this’s for the secondary server

If you don’t want to adjust the time to a specific server, you can set the time manually by editing Time

Also you can check the Daylight saving time if you want to take consider of winter & summer time changing and then you should select the local time zone, in our example it’s set to ECT (European central time)

After this press Next

As shown this’s ATM port configuration wizard, this’s to add ATM ports for the ATM link

Click the Add ATM port button to add the ATM port dialog box

AS shown this’s the Network Synchronization wizard, this’s for the synchronization of the network we set synchronization to slot 2 which has the card ETMC1 & we have max of 8 ports, we set 2 ports for primary and secondary processors considering that we have here 2 CBUs

And after this press Next

As shown this’s a summary for all the previous wizard, just read it well and confirm by clicking the Finish button, if you want to change a specific data just click Previous

This shows that the configuration Completed Successfully

As shown the O&M access CV is installed and loaded in the Node B

3-Installing the Site Equipment CV:

To install the Site Equipment CV choose the Site Equipment wizard from Configuration menu

AS shown press Next to continue the Wizard

This’s the File input wizard, Click Browse and choose the Site Equipment CV file (*.XML) file And after this click Next

The wizard now downloads current configuration data from the RBS database, when the download is complete, the current configuration page displays a message stating that current configuration successfully loaded from RBS, If the loading of data fails, an error message is displayed.

& Now press Next

AS shown this’s the Site location wizard

Site: this’s for the site name

Logical name: this’s for the logical name shown in the element manager, mostly the Site name is the same like the Logical name

As shown this’s the Optional equipment wizard, this’s to select whether we will use external Alarm or not Also if we are going to use internal PSU or not and whether we will use a battery backup with this PSU or not but in all our network we are using the PBC 6500 battery cabinet and this’s an external power supply & external battery backup system

As shown this’s the Sector data configuration wizard and this’s to configure the sector Antenna data for each sector we have to define its Latitude, Lathemishere, Longitude, Geo datum, Beam direction, Height, for our example here we have 3 sectors, we get this data from the radio planning

As shown this’s the RBS Local cell configuration wizard, We here in our example have 3 sectors and 1 cell the local cell Id is named like (site name + sector number) so for our example the site name is “109”, the cell range is fixed and it’s 35000 meters for all frequencies except for 850 Mhz frequency we can expand this range

As shown this’s the Antenna branch configuration wizard, we have for each sector 2 branches (feeders) and this wizard to configure the frequency bands for the 2 branches (A & B) for the 3 sectors

We have to set FQ band low edge, FQ band high edge & Antenna supervision threshold, the low & high band values for 3 G is 10699 & 10624 and this’s fixed for all the cabinets in the network,

The Antenna supervision threshold must be set to “0” if there’s antenna sharing

And after this Click Next

As shown this’s Sector antenna configuration wizard, this’s to configure The tilting of antenna(this’s configured only if we have RET installed ), Type of TMA(whether TMA or ASC), Antenna type & if there’s a RET or not, if there’s internal power to TMA, the traffic delay for uplink & downlink for Branch (A & B), attenuation & the gain.

And then Click Next

As shown this’s Antenna feeder cable configuration wizard, this’s to configure the downlink & uplink attenuation & delay for the 2 feeders for each sector of the 3 sectors

As shown this’s the HSDPA configuration wizard to load the HSDPA(High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) in the TXB slot in our

example here we have 2 TXB in slot 10 & 11, choose one of these 2 slots, these 2 slots are reserved for TXB choose one from the 2 slots But slots from (4-9) Are reserved to RAXB After this click Next

This wizard shows that the configuration completed successfully for Site Equipment CV

As shown we have now the 4 CVS installed into the Node B flash memory, and the Node B now is totally configured and ready to be on AIR

In Fact these 3 wizards which are used to install initial, O&M access & Site Equipment CV are only used to run once and so these are used by integrator

But To edit on a CV and install it again to the Node B you have to go to another Wizard

Choose Modify RBS Equipment Configuration wizard from Configuration menu

Now put the file path for the new modified CV (*.XML) file

This shows that the current configuration found in the modified CV successfully loaded

After this Click Next

As shown this’s a summary for the modified configuration found in the CV loaded

Click Finish to start the installation of the Configuration data specified

& so this modification could take place many times depends on the modification of configuration of all the system

& so you can find something like this in many sites

Many modifications happened in this site

The blue indicator refers to the current working CV, the yellow refers to the not working ones & the grey refers to the last one working before the current working CV

If you find the operator with Cello packet platform, this means that this CV is loaded from the RNC remotely not locally

You can reload a specified CV from the CVs you have at your Node B just by right click over the CV you want to reload and choose Reload with this CV, it will ask you to restart & then you choose restart

You can set the CV to be Startable, this means that when the Node B is restarted it will be started with this CV, just right click over the CV that you want to make it startable and choose Set Startable

You can also Remove a specified CV just right click over the CV & then choose Remove but you can’t remove a current working CV

Now How to get the CVS out from the Node B?

Choose Export & delete wizard from Configuration menu

This’s the export wizard, take care don’t tick over the Delete Cab. Equ. & site conf coz this will delete the 2 CVS

By this wizard you can export both the initial & site Equipment CV in XML files

But you can’t get the O&M access CV in XML file, you can get it in UNIX translated files by using the FTP

Using the FTP to Access the Node B:

In order to Access the Node B via FTP we will use a program called WS FTP Pro & you can download it from http://www.ipswitch.com

Host Name: Ethernet IP of the site

UsedID: rbs , Password: rbs note: apply lower case here

And after this click Connect

As shown above we now logged into the Node B flash memory, as we see at the right hand side of the program is the flash memory of the Node B & at the left hand side is the hard disk of our Laptop

As shown We have 3 hard drives for the Node B they are C,D & j

The D drive contains the Configuration versions (CVS) we can get the any CV from it

Just go to drive D and then Configuration directory & then CV directory you will find all the CVs installed in the Node B but in translated UNIX format files

AS shown in our example we will copy the CV called “mailfromoptimization” to our Laptop’s hard disk

Just right click at the “mailfromoptimization” folder & then choose Copy

Now At the Laptop’s hard disk half click right click & choose paste

Now it’s transferring the directory from /d/configuration/CV at Node B flash memory to the drive C of my Laptop’s hard disk

You can also copy the C & D drives to the hard disk of your Laptop, when you are going to format the flash memory of the Node B

Understanding the meaning for KPI (Key Performance Indicator) for UTRAN (3G):

UTRAN: UMTS Random Access Network

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

As shown this’s a sample of a table that shows the KPI for UTRAN of operator Etisalat at 5 different times.

When we are talking about KPI for UTRAN. We mean by this 3 things:

1-Accessibility:

(a)RAB Establishment success Rate:

RAB (Radio Access Bearer) : is a connection between the mobile & SGSN, It’s setup by the network when it detects the user will start to use the 3G network either by making voice/video call(Voice) or by accessing internet (Data).

Noting that the RAP is released when the user ends using the 3G (terminating Voice/Video call or by closing internet), the network detects that no data is transmitted by the user for a certain time and so RAP is released.

We have 3 types for RAB Establishment success Rate:

RAB Est. success Rate ( Voice) =

(No. of RAB success Established / No. of RAB attempts Established)Voice

RAB Est. success Rate ( Video) =

(No. of RAB success Established / No. of RAB attempts Established)Video

RAB Est. success Rate ( Data)PS=

(No. of RAB success Established / No. of RAB attempts Established)Data

(b)RRC Connection setup success Rate:

RRC(Radio Resource Control) connection setup: they are messages sent by the RNC on a FACH ( Forward Access Channel). These messages contain Cell identifier in reply to the RRC connection request messages sent by the mobile on a RACH (Random Access Channel).

RRC connection request

RACH Attempts

RRC connection request

RACH

RRC connection setup

FACH Success

RRC connection setup completed

RACH

RRC connection setup failed

FACH Fail

Mobile RNC

RRC connection setup success Rate =

No. of RRC successful connection established / Total No. of RRC attempts established

2-Retainability:

(a)Drop Call Rate (Speech):

= No. of dropped calls / No. of active calls

OR

= No. of Abnormal RAB releases / Total No. of RAB releases

= Drop CS data

(b)Soft Hand Over success Rate:

Soft Hand Over: It’s Hand Over done between 2 cells at the same Location area

Soft Hand Over success Rate=

No. of Soft Hand Over success radio links / Total No. of Soft Hand Over radio link attempts

(c)Inter-frequency Hand Over success Rate:

This done between 2 cells belonging to the same operator network but working on a different frequency

= No. of Inter-frequency Hand over Success additions / No. of Inter-frequency Hand over attempts additions

(d) Inter-RAT Hard Hand over success Rate:

RAT: Radio Access Technology

Inter Rate Hard Hand Over: it’s done between 2 cells, one belonging to UTRAN & the other to GSM of the same different operators.

Inter-RAT HHO. Success Rate-CS (Voice)from UTRAN to GSM

= No. of Inter-RAT HHO. Success-CS / Total No. of Inter-RAT HHO. attempts- CS

Inter-RAT HHO. Success Rate-PS (data)from UTRAN to GSM

= No. of Inter-RAT HHO. Success-PS / Total No. of Inter-RAT HHO. Attempts-PS

CS: Circuit switching , PS: Packet switching

3-Integrity:

(a) RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) signal level:

It’s the RX level of down link dedicated physical channel (DPCH) on mobile antenna

It’s measured in dbm or watt

(b)EC/IO:

It’s the energy chip per total power spectrum density of carrier

(c)Pilot pollution:

When a large No. of equally strong signals is present, there’s difficulty for mobiles to distinguish to which of these signals to connect to,

This makes Hand over difficult & also it increases the interference in the system, this’s called pilot pollution.

This causes a large problem in high-rise buildings that have a line of sight to many macro sites; it’s recommended that this level of pollution is low.