52260032 Landmine Detection

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PRESENTED BY:-REENA SWAMIIV YEAR EC

GUIDED BY:-MS. ANSHU TOSHNIWAL

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15,000-20,000 landmine victims per year By comparison, average of 700 annual deaths

and 2,200 injuries due to terrorism over pastdecade

70% of victims are civilians One-third die Others lose limbs and/or vision


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Solving the Problem:Good News and Bad News

Good news: 100,000 mines cleared each yearBad news: Clearing the 50 million existing mines will take 500

years and $14-50 billion Despite global ban, 1 million new mines are laid

annually Thus, problem is getting worse: 10 times more mines

are laid than cleared each yearPotential good news: Innovative mine detectiontechnologies could significantly acceleratedemining and decrease costs


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ANTI-PERSONNEL DESIGNED TO KILL ORMAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPS

ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR

DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE

SMOKE, CS OR MOREDANGEROUSBIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS


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. . . But Mine Detection TechnologyHas Not Improved

Mine Detection Tool Kit Metal detector Pointed stick


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Metal DetectorsDo Not Find All Mines

Percentageof mines

found


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1.Electromagnetic methods

2.Acoustic/seismic methods3.Chemical vapor detection methods4.Bulk explosives detection methods


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Electromagnetic Methods

Technology Principle

Ground-penetratingradar (GPR)

Reflects radio waves off mine

Electrical impedancetomography

Determines electricalconductivity distribution

X-ray backscatter Images mine with x-rays

Infrared Assesses temperature, lightreflectance


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The impulse GPR system

Impulsegenerator

tx

processorVisualdisplay

A/Dconvertor

Pulseextender

rx

landmine


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Low-metalmines

Metal mine

Mine Response to Ground-PenetratingRadar


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X-RAY BACKSCATTER

When X-rays pass through matter they will beattenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. Theprobability of scattering in the back direction.This probability depends inversely on theabsorption power of the material to the incidentand to the backscattered x rays. Organicmaterials typically absorb only a small fractionof the x rays, so that the scatter probability ishigh. Metals typically are strongly absorbing,and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organicmaterials are bright and metallic objects aredark in the image


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capabilities and advantages :1. The information depth is sufficient to detect all regularlyplaced mines.2. XBT is able to detect metal-free landmines.

3 . landmines buried in a variety of soil conditions includingvarious types of vegetation will be detected with XBT.


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Technology Principle

Acoustic Reflects sound waves offmines


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1.Acoustic-to-seismic wave-coupling approach todetect buried land mines. Acoustic sound waves

penetrate the soil surface to generate seismicwaves within the soil.

1.These seismic waves cause the mine to vibrateand resonate, producing a displacement velocityfield at the ground surface above the mine. Thisdisplacement can be measured by a laservibrometer or UHF radar


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Mine

Blank

120 170 220 270

Frequency (Hz)

Amplitude(m/s 10-5)

5

4

3

2

1


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Well-Trained DogsAre Most SensitiveVapor Sensors

If honeybees can be trained to seek thechemical components of explosives, theability to track bees and analyze theirhives could help pinpoint landmines orunexploded ammunition on firing rangesor old battlefields

Biological detector


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Bulk Explosives Detection Methods

Technology PrincipleNuclear quadrupoleresonance (NQR)

Radio frequency pulse causesnuclei in explosives moleculesto resonate


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Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), aderivative of NMR, is a bulk inspectiontechnology which can be used to detect certainchemical elements which have a magneticdipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14(14N) which is a major constituent of explosivesused in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. NQRhas been described as "an electromagneticresonance screening technique with thespecificity of chemical spectroscopy" as it notonly detects but can be used to identify the

exact chemical compound used.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)


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Detection process

Before stimulation

RF field is applied After excitation is removed


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NQR Prototype


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Theres No Silver Bullet:All Detectors Have False Alarms

Technology Primary False-Alarm Sources

GPR Roots and rocks Water pockets

Acoustic Hollow objects (soda cans)

Chemical vapordetectors

Explosives residues Natural vapors

Nuclear quadrupoleresonance

AM radio stations and othersources of radio waves


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RAND Study Conclusion:

Multi-Sensor System Is Needed Each innovative technology has false alarms and

false negatives C

ombining sensors would decrease false alarmsand false negatives Combined sensor system could employ recent

advances in signal processing capability


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OtherApplications

Airport SecurityThe same technology used in nuclear LMD can alsobe used to scan luggage in airportsThis technology will allow faster and far

more accurate scanning of luggage


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References1.www.pdfoo.com2.www.college-seminars.com3.www.springerlink.com


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52260032 Landmine Detection

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