5-writingpang5.ppt

8/11/2019 5-writingpang5.ppt

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Chapter 3

How to Write a CompositionLecture One


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I. Difference between speech and writingII. Forms of composition

with Examples)

1. Narration 2. Description

3. Exposition 4. Argumentation

III. Steps of writing a composition

IV. Homework: Practice


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I. Difference between speechand writing

Speech(e.g. Unit 2)

Writing(e.g. Unit 3)

Sentence Shorter,

incomplete,repetition, pause

Longer,

Complete,Complexstructures

Vocabulary Nonsensicalwords (eh, aha,etc.), less formal

Longer, formal


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II. Forms of composition

1. Narration

: writing aboutevents, actions, or incidents In chronological order

The first person or the third person

Event: beginning, development and ending(past tenses for past events)

Clearly state time, place, people, event,

cause and result. Emphasize on the theme, leaving out

unnecessary details.


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Example: Life on a Farm (Narration)One day down on the farm, something

funny happened. My cousin and I got intobig trouble with his dad. It all had to dowith pigs.

It was one of those hot, peaceful days.We were harvesting fruit to sell. The pigpens were near the orchard. The pigs werealways allowed to eat the window falls

under the tree. But this time, when harvestwas over, they escaped and got into thebaskets.


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This was serious business. Part of thefamily income depended on the sale of applesand papayas. Anyway, my uncle gave us ordersto fix the pens, and then he left for market.

My cousin was a know-it-all. He had to bosshis job, so we put the pigs back in, patched up

the big holes, and went swimming.The trouble began when my uncle got home.

The pigs had been squeezing through the smallholes. So, my cousin and I were really in hot

water.


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2. Description: depictingpeople, objects, or scenery

Focus on whats described

Order to describe (center around thetypical characteristics and features)

Diction (vividness)


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Example: Life on a Farm (Description)

The still morning calm is broken bythe roosters crow. Shortly after that allthe creatures on the farm are hungrilyawake.

The birds are singing delightfully,flying from tree to tree. The littlechicks hurry around with their motherhen looking for food.


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The sun begins to warm the earth.Farmers begin to work hard in the fields,

but my cousin is riding on his brown,furry water buffalo. He is playing hisflute cheerfully.

The cool evening is quiet and peacefulon the farm. The crickets chirp secretmessages back and forth. The frogscroak deeply. The beauty of nature andthese mysterious sounds gently lull me tosleep every night on the farm.


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3. Exposition): to expose, orto present and explain information,ideas and opinions

Point to convey Supporting details (facts): order of time,

space, logic, etc.

Logical techniques: cause-and-effect,comparison-and-contrast, classification,definition, etc.


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Examples: Life on a FarmExposition)

Farm life can be fun, but it is very differentfrom life in the city. I visit my uncles farmeach summer and help him in the garden andwith the livestock.

Country life is so different from life in thecity. The air is clean and fresh, It is quiet, andyou can hear the birds sing.

The vegetable garden and small orchard

need lots of care. There are weeds to hoe andbugs to spray, but picking oranges is what I likebest.


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My uncle raises poultry and livestock.We have to feed the chickens, ducks

and geese twice a day, but the pigs onlyonce. Gathering hens eggs is easy. Theyare in the nest. The ducks lay theirs by

the pond.I always enjoy country life. My

cousin thinks there is too much work.

He likes city life.


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Argumentation

persuasive& convincing An explicitly defined theme: The negative view

and the authors view (his argument)

Sufficient evidence: The supporting details(including much of the writers comment)

Sound logic

Well-woven organization A friendly attitude


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Also, more people eat chicken thanducks, so they will bring more at the

market. Not only that, chicken manuremakes good fertilizer for plants aroundthe farm.

You will just have to admit it: allthings considered, chickens are betterthan ducks to make a pleasant life on thefarm!


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1st step: Choose a topic or given a topic

E.g. Title: A Teacher


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2nd step: Determine the theme---think about the title and make a listin note form on a separate sheet of

paper of what you want to write, likethe following: A familiar teacher

Professor Li


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Very knowledgeable

Explains his points fully

Speaks loudly and clearly

Often invites students to his house

Gives full attention to studentsquestions

Answers studentsquestions patiently


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Tells jokes to hold studentsattention

Always gives assignment schedulesahead of time

Lends books to students

Always punctual to class

Returns papers and tests promptly

At times criticize students severely


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(a) Professor Li is a good teacher.

(b) Professor Li is a capable teacher.

(c) Professor Li is a responsible teacher.


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Discourse pattern:

Topic 1

Topic 2

Topic 3

Restatement

Closing

Head

Body

Conclusion

Reason 1

Reason 2

Reason 3

Explain

Explain

Explain

Introductory


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3rd step: Make an outline

Topic: A teacher

Theme: Professor Li is a capable teacher.Outline:


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Outline:Introduction

1. Professor Li, a capable teacher

Development2. He is patient.A. explains his points fullyB. listens willingly to all students questions

3. He expresses himself clearlyA. speaks slowly and loudlyB. talks logically

4. He organizes his class well.A. gives schedules of assignments ahead of timeB. returns papers and tests promptly

5. He has a good sense of humor.

A. tells jokesB. tells stories

Conclusion6. Professor Li succeeds as a college instructor.


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IV. Steps of writing a composition

4th step: Write the draft ---givesupporting details


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5th step: Revision and copying


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A Capable Teacher

Like most of Professor Lis students,

I think of him as a capable teacher. He

has many of the qualities that studentsappreciate in an instructor.


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First, he is patient. When

introducing new material, he tries toexplain it fully. Even more important,

he gives serious attention to all the

studentsquestions. In his class,

students are never made to feel

embarrassed if they ask a weak orirrelevant question.


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Second, Professor Li expresses

himself clearly. He does not speak

too rapidly, and his voice is loud

enough so that it can be heard byeveryone in the classroom.


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Third, he organizes his classes well.Students particularly welcome the

schedules of assignments that he givesthem at the beginning of a term. Havingan idea of an entire semesters work inadvance allows them to budget their timemore efficiently. Moreover, Professor Lipromptly corrects and returns papersand tests. This permits students to learn

from their mistakes and to producebetter work in their next assignments.


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Class work: group workPlease make an outline for the followingtopic.

Topic:

Advantages and Disadvantages

of Examination


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Topic:

Theme:

Outline:

Introduction

Development

Conclusion

Outline (for reference)


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Outline (for reference)

Introduction

1. Examination is a commonly used way to

Development

2. The advantages of examination

A. the method to test how much theexaminees have mastered

a. to check how much they have achieved

b. to help find out what problems exist in

their study


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B. the way to inspire and stimulate oneto learn further

a. to inspire them to make greateffort in their study

b. to help improve their learningmethod, etc.

C. The measurement for examinersto choose qualified persons


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3. Disadvantages of examination

A. to make people nervous

B. to be a burden for examinees

C. to fail to test the practicalability of a person, etc.


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Conclusion

4. There are more advantages than

disadvantages.A. to take advantage of examination

B. to avoid disadvantages

a. overcome nervousness

b. avoid too many examinations


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V. Homework: Practice

Develop the outline into a passage.

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