Review Unit 7. Observational Learning Learning by watching others.
324 10 observational learning
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Transcript of 324 10 observational learning
Human LearningTopic 9: Observational Learning
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Observational Learning
Change in behavior due to the experience of observing a model
Observation and classical conditioning
Confederate and observer Confederate receives shock after a buzzer sounds
(acting) – observer watches
Observer later showed conditioning to the buzzer
Eyelid conditioning Observer watched conditioning trials – they
eventually produced a CR to the CS
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Observational learning - classical
Alternate explanation
Maybe watching a blink is a CS for blinking Tone paired with the sight – now produces the
blink
Might be higher order conditioning
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Observational learning - classical
Monkeys reared in captivity with wild parents
Parents show fear of snakes – subjects do not
Subjects will reach across a snake for food in the same compartment Then have them watch a parent in the presence
of a snake The subjects then show fear of snakes.
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Observational Learning - operant
Monkey learned to do a task to receive SR (pull a chain)
An observer watched the model perform the task 5 times
Observers given six trials Observers benefitted
Many responded correctly on 1st trial 75% of solutions 30s 47% in 10s Failures were close to correct
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Observational Learning - Operant
Cats solving a problem
Spin a disk to receive SR
4 Watched while one worked Two watched for the full 30 trials
Two watched for the last 15 trials
Observers OUTPERFORMED the models Models – 62s to solve trial 1
Observers 15 trials – 57s to solve on trial 1
Observers 30 trials – 16s to solve on trial 1
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Imitation and generalized imitation
Observer duplicates the behavior of a model
Imitation of a behavior may not lead to the consequence (contingency)
Must immediately follow
Must look similar
Model must be the Sd for the behavior
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Generalized Imitation
Generalized imitation (getting SR for imitating in general)
Baer and Sherman - Sr imitative behavior Puppet modeled 4 behaviors (mouthing, head
nodding, speaking nonsense and lever pressing) First three when imitated resulted in positive
feedback from the puppet Imitation of the lever press was never reinforced All imitating increased
Reinforced the general tendency to imitate
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Variables effecting observational learning
Consequences of a model’s behavior Consistency is important
Consequences of the observers behavior Learning history Have you been reinforced for observing/imitating in the
past Model characteristics influence learning
Attractive Competent – fellow student vs. lab assistant – learned
more from the assistant Likable Prestigious
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other characteristics
Attention getting The eye patch The mood
Age Young ones don’t necessarily learn more than older
Recalling what you saw (novel performances of a model)– adults were much better
Survival Polar bears and the Inuit – dangle seals So observing (and imitating) can increase
survivability
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Bandura
Social Cognitive Theory
4 processes
Attentional
Retentional
Motor reproductive processes Overt or covert
Motivational processes Must be value
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Problems with Bandura
Only applies to humans
Other critters display observational learning
Assumes the processes
No direct observation
Cannot separate experience from motivation, etc.
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Miller-Dollard
Reinforcement history
The consequence of the observer is what is important
Model does a behavior
Observer imitates
They are reinforced for the imitating
Doesn’t explain imitating other non trained models
A case of generalization
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Foraging
Imitating behavior to find food
Half and Half tubs
Some birds open them / some don’t
Group 1 - 5 trials of observation
Group 2 – 5 trials without observation (practice)
Group one opened the tubs later, group 2 did not
Cats and rats
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TV
The Bobo doll experiment
Rocky the selfish child experiment
Crime on tv leads to crime
Strong experimental support
Hard to test in the lab
Not everyone imitates what they see