lkJNirf COILEG UBR.AR.Y

M.OORE COLLECTION

RELATING TO THE FA~ EAST ~A.-'.Tllh"'ll CLASS NO.--BOOK NO .. --VOLUM __ _ ACCESSION NO.

137

::: ~ JL(l~ - -.~ ~~ ~ 1'.t .3'- 1 ~ }jj. ?t ~ ;lt

. Jit {(_. #.. 1f 11 .... l'it ~ ~ JL r:~~1 ~ ~ .t!; q: ~ft -tr

The Three Character Classic (Composed by Wang Po Hou during the Sung Dynasty, A.D. 960)

I::NGLISH TRANSLATION WITH NOTI::S ROMANIZED INTO MANDARIN, CANTONESE AND HOKKIEN

By Chiang Ker Chiu

r ... ~~ 1 & 1948 -

* {f /6, &iji .lCJ! -t . -li ~ 'Jt, ~ :Jn 8f. Guidad by the little Hsiang T"uo, Confucius trod the paths of learned lore:

Than those sages and worthies oF ancient times none e'er loved learning more .

The Chinese Dynasties The Five Emperors. .1i. ilJ' B.C. 2852.

2205. 1766. 1122. ' 255.

Hsia . ~ Shang ;tl Chou. ~ Ch'in. * Han. ~~m~,db~ Later Han. {.{;.1? ... ~~ A.D.

206. 25.

The Three Kingdoms. ~ !;J Minor Han. !lQ ~ Wei . ~f;, Wu. *

Western Chin. tfu-'i Eastern Chin. .J!t% Division between North & South .

Liu Sung. Ch ' i. Liang. Ch'en. Northern Wei. Western Wei. Eastern Wei . Northern Ch 'i.. Northern Chou.

Sui . T 'ang. The Five Dynasties .

Posterior Liang. Posterior T'ang. Posterior Chin. Posterior Han. Posterior Chou.

Sung . Southern Sung . YUan or Mongol. Ming . Ch ' ing

221. 220. 229. 265. 317 ..

1~20. 479. 502. 557. 386. 535. 534. 550. 557. 589. 618.

907. 923. 936. 947. 951 . 960.

1127. 1280. 1368. 1644.

ARTHUR PROBSTHAIN Oriental Bookaeller 41 Ot, Russell Street LONDON, W.0.1

-* ~~

-

-

,.~

MANDARIN : SAN 1 TZ04 CHING 1

CANTOI~ESE: cSA. M TS z=? cK ENG HO KKIEN : SAM J u KE NG

THE THREE CHARACTER CLASSIC

A. ~ -{

-tt it -lit, ~~ jf~ Jk.. Hsi 2 Meng 4 mu 3 , ts~ 2 ,. 2 1n ch'u3 . Sik=> Mang~ ~m6, chak~ ~lun cch'u. Sek Beng bu, tek ltn chhu.

~. 'T ~ lt. pu 4 hsueh 2 , tuan 4 chi 1 chu 4 pat:> hok:>, tUn~ ckei ~ch'u. put hak; toan ki thu.

3. The mother oF Mencius (the great philosopher, regarded by the Chine5e as being second only to ConFucius, B.C. 372-289) care-Fully chose her neighbours wherever she stayed. On one occasion, on her son's reFusing to study, she rent the web in the loom beFore his Face.

~t chu 4 shuttle, the shuttle containing the web oF the wooF.

iflf tuan 4 cut, cut oFF, make an end oF.

i Tou 4

Tau~ To

~i Chiao4

tit ,, ..... 1Yen 4 In) I an

J.J, Shan 1,

cShan, San,

-1-, wu 3 tzu 3 ,

~ yu3

c -yau

I IU

.z ming 2

JJt ch'u3 f.~ lin 2 1:f ts~ 2

~ 4 I .) 1-gi

1~ chu 4

to stay. neighbours. to choose.

?i. fang 1,

cfong, hong,

~~ . yang 2 .

K/ ) au ~ng .ctsz, cmeng ckU ~y~un~. ng6 chu, -b~ng ku ibng. Kau

4. Old Tou Yen Shan (Posterior Chin dynasty) taught his Five sons by a good method and all oF them became Famous men. ~ chu 4 all, every. t tou 4 a surname, loophole, .. 1i i4 -Fang 1 a right method For t~ yang 2 to spread. [den.

teaching children. tM yen 4 the shallow,

~ ~i, .X. ~ .&. Yang 3 pu4 chiao\ Fu 4 chih 1 kuo 4. ~Yeung pat:> ckau, F'J cchi kwo). u-16ng put kau, hu chi k6.

~i ~ ;lt, ~rp ~ tt. Chiao 4 pu4 yen 2 , shih 1 chih 1 tuo 4. Kau ) pat:> cchi to~. ~1m, cSZ Kau put gi~m, su chi to.

2-

5. Only to rear and feed children and not gi ve them ed uc a t ion is the fath e rs' error . If teachers are not strict in the ir t each ing, th e y are idle t e achers .

.i!! kou 4 error. ~ yang 3 to rear, to bring up . 11:1 tuo 4 lazy. At yen 2 strict .

-t ~ *'

;JJ=. Hr 1L. Tsu3 pu4 hsueh 2, f . I et suo 3 2 I

'Tsz pat:> hokJ 1 ,fei 'sho !;i . Chu put hbk,- hui I ' so gt .

.IJ.}J ;f-. *' *

11 it? Yu 11 pu4 hsueh 2. lao 3 h~2 wei 2? Yau

) pat:> hokJ ~16 !;ho !;wai?

lu put hbk; 16 h& "? Ul. 6. It is wrong if ch ildren do not study. If they . do not study

during their younger days, what can they do when they are older?

..$. ~ l~, ~ m. ~-Yu4 pu4 chuo 2, pu4 ch '~ng 2 h' 4 C I

Yuk~ pat:> t~uk0 , pat:> ~sheng he?. Giok put tok, put seng khL

A ~ *'

~ "* hok:>, pat:> ,chi . ) 1- . Jfn put hbk,- put ti gi.

7. Unpolished Gems ca nnot form ornaments . If a man IS untaught, he can never know his duties to h is neighbours.

lff.. chuo 2 to polish, work up a g e m. 1 i2 fit , prope r, righ t.

~ A -t, 7i ~' Qt' Wei 2 j~n2 tsu 3 , fang 1 shao4 sh ih2,

,Wai 'tsz, ,fong h.,) ~sh i , ~yan 5 IU -u i jfn chu, hong siau ' 51 1 a ~ill ~~ 15 ift 11 . ch'in 1 shih 1 3 h 2 li 3 2 yu 1 51 I .

cts 'an ,sz c tsap~ ~ lai -yau, ~ I. chh in su I I I~ ' tu, Sip gt .

3-

Chapter 2 Duty to Parents and Superiors 8. In their youth, children should be closely attached to tutors

and Friends in order to learn the rites and observ11nces. 1:1\. i2 a rite, ceremony. ;tt1~ li 3 -i 2 rites and observances. t. Hsiang 1

,Heung Hiong

7t Hsiao 4

H ' ) au

1L chiu3

'kau kiu

$!;;, ling 2 , ~I eng,

l~ng,

fit n~ng 2

cnang -l~ng

~& fiP. w~n 1 hsi 2

,wan tsik~. un sek.

$l , Hr 1; :fA. . yU 2 ch'in 1, suo3 tang 1 chih 2 .

eli cts'an, 'sho ctong chaP:> u chhin, s6 tong chip.

9. A child should know how to obey his parents. When Hsiang (Later Han dynasty l was nine years old he could warm the bed For his p!Hents to sleep.

-#._ chih 2 to maintain, keep . ~ hsi 2 a mat. 1/; ling 2 one's age.

Jung 2

cYung -Hil>ng

~ Ti 4

Tai~ Te

'ZEJ ssu4

) sz

I su

t!, 4

SUI I . )

SUI 1 soe,

.Jt Flr..

A 2 neng

cnang -l~ng

"ti jang 4

I ) yeung-jiong

# . li 2 .

clei. -~~ .

-&, 1[ ;t -*a. chang 3 , i2 hsien 1 chih 1

t h' c. h eli c eung, -~ csin cc i. u ti6ng, gt s1an ti.

I 0. Children must respect their elders. When Jung (A. D. 153-208) W!lS four ye!lrS old, he could resign the bigger though cherished pear to his elder brother.

k . chang 3 to grow; elders. ~f. jung 2 to blend. [duty. ~1{ jang 4 to give away, yield. !J, ti 4 brotherly love; fraternal

~ Shou 3

'Sh11u Siu

~ Chih 1

cChi Ti

;t, hsiao 4 , hau:>, hau, jf_ moLi3

~mau b6

t~, till,

t!li~, te, a, shu\ sho:>, so,

;.k_ 4

tz u t sz:>

chhu

i~ shih 4

shik:> sek

4-

JL chien\ kin:>,

ki~n 1 jf_ mou3

~mau b6

P.tfJ. w~n 2 .

em an. -bun.

x. w~n2

,man . -bun.

II. First comes duty to parents and superiors. Study Follows next. Thus, one will know the laws oF numbers and understand the letter-text.

it shou 3 the First, h ~ ad, chieF. ;.k_ tz'u 4 the second, a time. tli7 -t, -t .Ji; Ei' .

I' erh 2 shih 2 , shih 2 erh 2 3 pllt . Yat:> ~i shap~, shap~ ~I pbk , . It Jf I I

. , pek . SIp, Sip Jl

1f .Ji; -t, -t tli7 ~. Pai 3 erh 2 ch'ien 1, ch'ien 1 trh 2 wan 4 . Nko . cts ' in I ) ~I cts tn, ~ I rnan-. Pek

., chhian, chhian . , ban . Jl Jl

Chapter 3 General Knowledge I. Numbers and ClassiFications

12. In numbers, we say From units to tens, tens to hundre ds, hundreds to thousBnds and thousands to ten thou;ands.

::: ;t ;:#: -1:., Jtt, J..... San 1 ts 'ai 2 che3 : T'ien 1, T4 Jen 2 . I I cS~m ~ts'oi cche: cT'in, Tei~, ~Yan. Sam chSi chia: Thian, Te, Jfn.

13. The three mighty powers of nature are: Heaven, Earth and Man.

:: :?(. ;:#: a ~ !L. ' ' San 1 kuang 1 che3 : Jih\ Yueh\ Hsing 1

cSam ckwong cche: Yat:>, tit), cSing . Sam kong chia: j lt,- G;~t, Sen g.

14. The three great celestilll lights are: the Sun, the Moon and the Stors.

----- --

- ~ ;it: ~. ~ ~; San 1 kang 1 che 3 : chun 1, ch 'en 2 i4;

cSam ckong cche: ckwan, ~shan ~i; Sam kong chia: kun, sfn gl; X 1- a; "-., 1-~ Jl]~

' Fu\ tzu 3 ch'in 1; Fu t' Fu 4 shun 4 F':> ctsz ~Fu, ~fu shun~. U I cts an; hu, chu chhin; hu, hu sun.

~ -

15. The three binding principles are (I) Prince and minister mu;t treat e ach other fairly. ( 2) Father and son must love each other. (3) Husband and wife must be agreeable to each other.

~ kang 1 the large cord of a net, a bond, moral obligations. Jll}i shun 4 to agree, obey, suit, harmony, obedient, gentle.

---- -----

E) *

_j__, E) ~;t' ~ . '

Yueh 4 ch ' un 1, hsia\ yueh 4 ch'iu, tung; tit;! cch ' un, h') Lit) cts'au, ctung; a- I

O~t chhun, ha, oAt chhiu, tong; Jl:l:. ~ ij~' ~ ~ ~-tz'u3 ssu 4 shih 2 , .. 4 yun pu4 ch'iung 2 .

c ' ) shi, I ) pat) k'ung. ts z sz wan-

chhu sll A 51 1 un put ki&ng.

16. The four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter. They succeed one another without fail.

~ ch ' iung 2 to exhaust, poor. tl. yun 4 to revolve, transport. E) r!iJ, ;It, a -tffl, *-; Yueh 4 nan 2, pei 3, yueh 4 hsi 1, tung 1; tit;! I pak), Lit;! csai, ctung; ~nam, Oat ISm, pok, obt se, tong;

ll:l:. ~ -:Ji, I! -t 'f. tz'u 3 ssu 4 fang 1, ying 4 hu 1 chung I

c ' ) cfong, ying ) ~fu Echung. ts z sz

chhu sll hong, .~ng h~ tiong . ....

17. North, south, east and west are called the four directions which branch off from any central point.

-- ---

E) J)(' :k.., ~. &, ......; Yueh 4 shui 3, huo3, mu\ chin 1, t'u 3;

ut~ cshui, cfo, muk::!, ,kam, Ct'6; Oat I h6, bok, kim, th6; SUI 1

ll=l:. .1i. 1t' $- -t tt. tz'u3 wu3 hsing 2 , p~n3 hu 1 shu4 .

c ' c hang, c I fu sh6J. ts z -ng pun chhu I h~ng, I h& s6. ngo pun

18. Water, fire, wood, metal and earth are called the five elements and from these all things are classified.

-6-

a Yueh 4

dt~ Oat

Jl:!:.

tz 'u3

cts'z chhu

{.::.., A 2 Jen , ~yan,

A Jln,

:Ji. wu 3

c -ng ng6

~. 4 I I

~I, gT,

~ :f:,, ch'ang 2, ~sheung, s i&ng,

t', chih\ chi), d,

Z-jung2 ~yung

A 1ong

11:; hs in 4 ; sun); s ~n;

:f-. A 4

wen . lun~. bun.

19. Goodwill, justice, decorum, wisdom and truth are the five principal virtues . They should not be misunderstood or violated. Z- jung 2 to allow; to pardon . % w~n 4 conFused; disordered.

:f{j ' Tao\ T /J o-To, '

~,,.

* liang 2 , ~Ieung, li&ng,

... ,..

...F1.., shu\ shuk~, siok,

~ . mai\ mak~ , bek,

~. shu 3 ,

cshl.i, I

su,

11:1:. ~ ~. A Hr tz'u3 liu 4 ku 3 , jen 2 suo3

c . k c ts z lu J kukJ, ~yan sho chhu liok- kok, jfn s6

.Sl?. 1'"'-., chi 2 ; tsik~ ; chek;

~-shih2. shik~. sit.

20. Paddy, millet, pulse, wheat, fine r1ce and panicled millet are the six important gra ins consumed by man.

;f.[ chi 2 ponicled millet. :$. shu 3 fine rice. ~ ku 3 grain. ;AA, shu 4 pulse, bean sprouts .

~ liang 2 millet. ~ tao 4 paddy, rice. --- -

-~. Ma 3 , ~Ma,

M~, Jl:f:. tz 'u3

c ts z chhu

4-, niu 2, ~ngau,

giu, _,_ /)

liu4 lukJ 1 iok-

if, yang 2, ~yeung,

A 1ong, -p; !f1,

ch'u\ ch'ukJ, th iok,-

$(t' chi 1

ckai, ke,

).... jb2

cyan -.. Jln

;k, ch\ian3 ,

chun, khian,

~; shih 3 ;

'ch'i; sf;

i&]. ssu4 .

tsz~. su .

21. Horses, oxen, sheep, fowls, dogs and pigs are the SIX animals reared and domesticated by man . 15 ch ' u4 domesticated animals. 1i"l ssu 4 to feed, rear .

. 7-

tf&. /.!!_ ' ai\

. J 01 1

~i,

-t-, ~~. a ~. hsi 3 , nu 4 yUeh 4 ai 1,

'hci, no~,' UtJ coi, hl, lo, oft ai, -?1 ' ~ ; -t' tt wu\ yU 4; ch ' i 1 ch ' ing 2 (/ yu kJ; t s' atJ cts' ing on iok ;- chhit -ch~ng

Hl, h .. 4 C U I kU~, khu,

Jt.. h .. 4 c u .

k .. J u- . ku .

22. Joy, anger, grief, fear, love , hatred and desire llre the seven huma n passions e xperienced by all.

.:R ai 1 grief, sorrow. 1-~ nu 4 anger, angry . t!l chU 4 fe ar, a fr a id. l!:, w u4 hotred, abomina bl e . 4 c hU 4 poss~ ss , tools . * yU 4 des ire, t o wish.

I u

..., t ' u3

( '~ I to, t h6 ,

~. k2 e ' kak I kek,

$., mu\ mukJ, bok,-

-----------------

.E, sh ih2 , shikJ, sek,-

&, chin 1 ,

ckam, kim,

~~ ' +t ' 1j i\.. -=&=- ssu

1 chu 2 ; nai 3 po 1 yin 1

, sz, chukJ ; ~nai pato cyom. si, tiok; n~i pat rm.

23 . The eight dist inctive musical sounds can be producecj..from the gourd, clay, leather, wood, stone, metal, strings and bamboo. Jf- ke 2 leather, to degrade, discharge . ~ j)'ao 2 gourd.

~ r&7 ' Kao 1,

,Ko, Ko,

!:1 sh~n 1

,shan srn

.a6? El ' ts~ng 1,

ctsang, cheng,

-t tzu 3

'tsz, chu,

$1, tsu 3 ,

'tso, ch6,

-1-, tzu 3 ,

'tsz, chu,

J*' sun 1,

csUn, sun,

-t tzu 3

'tsz chu

ch ih 4

ch? ch~

a-

~ El ' ts~ng 1,

ctsang, cheng,

Jq, sh&n 1,

cshan, sin,

J*' sun 1,

,sUn, sun,

~; hsUan 2 ;

cUn; -hiSn;

3 na1

1L ~~. A ~ 1~. chiu 3 tsu 2 , j~n 2 chih 1 lun 2 .

C I -nal

I na1

ckau tsuk), ~yan cch i ~lun. kiu chok-, jtn chi lun.

24. Great-great grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather, father, self and son, grandson, great-grandson, great-great grandson are the nine generations in the order of family relation-ship.

;tl sh~n 1 'if ~k: ts~ng 1-sun 1 ;f.Il. tsu 3

~ ~k: hsuan 2 -sun 1 ';% ;lil. kao 1-tsu 3 1~ lun 2

.X., Fu, 4

Fl) u -hu,

X.

'

Hsiung 1

cHing Heng

$., Chang 3 ,

cCheung, Ti6ng,

~ Chun 1

cKwan Kun

!l:t Tz'u 3

cTs'z Chhu

-t tzu 3

ctsz

chu

Jl~ ts~ 2 tsak) chek

m ts~ 2 tsak) chek

-t shih 2

shap2 slp

oneself, the body. ;J'k: sun 1 grandchdd. great-grandchild. 'it ;f.Il. ts~ng 1-tsu 3 great-grand-grandfather, ancestor. [Father. great-great grandchild. 1J nat 3 it is. great"great grandfather. ~ tsu 2 kindred. the human relationships, order, in order.

~~, ~n 1 ,

cyan, un,

-A, yua, ~yau,

I IU 1

~. hsu\ tsu2, su,

~t. ching\ keng), k~ng,

~. i4, .)

~-I

gi,

!::..., fu I'

cfu, hu,

.:h:.. yu3 ~yau

I IU

~ ch'~n 2

cshan -stn

A j~n2 ~yan jtn

JlJ ts~ 2 tsak) chek

~ .. J yu

c .. -u

I u

JilJ ts~ 2 tsak) chek

Hr suo 3

'sho I

so

1ft. ts'ung 2 .

' ) ts ung-. chi6ng.

7.t. kung 1

ckung. kiong .

2 p.eng . ~P ang.

p~ng. ,1;; . chung 1

cchung. tiong.

1~. t'ung 2.

ct'ung. - A tong.

25. The following are the ten moral duties which everyone must observe: Father and son must love each other kindly, husband .and wife must treat each other agreeably, elder brother must be

-9-

complaisant, and younger brother respectful. Superiors and young sters must treat one another according to their ranks. Friends must deal with one another sincerely. The sovereign must esteem his courtiers and the courtiers must be loyal to his sovereign.

~ chun 1 a sovereign, prince. 1-oJ t'ung 2 bring to the same order .~ ~n 1 kindness. or rule, make the same. f:f hsu 4 order, in order of rank. A yu 3 complaisant. 1!.. kung 1 respectful. ~}J yu 4 young, youngsters.

JL

Hsiang 2

cTs 'eung -Si~ng

"till hsun 4

fan )

hun

"till hsun\ fan:>, hun,

(2)

ik, meng 2, ~mung,

b~ng,

~;!;' ku 3 ,

cku, k6,

Classical

~~ ~ hsu 1 chiang 3

csli ckong su kl!ng

11'1 /.. a.n c'J, ming 2 chu\

cmeng ku:>, -b~n g ku,

Books and Others

'ft. chiu 4 . kau:>. kiu. -?b "~. tou 4 .

tau~. to.

26. In teaching the young, one must explain to them the full meanings of words. One must also explain idiomatic expressions and teach them how to distinguish between the commas and full stops.

1t chiang 3 % chiu 4 "tf hsiang 2

~1\ hsun 4

~ Wei 2

cWai -ui d' Hsiao 3

csiu SillU

to speak, explain. to investigate. in detail, minutely. to instruct, teach.

1$ hsueh 2

hokJ h~k-

* Hsueh 2 HokJ Hbk-

;t, ch~ 3 ,

cche, chill,

~' chung 1,

cch ung, chiong,

~1\ hsun 4 tradition, instruction. t-li ku 3 ;diems, sayings. '. m~ng 2 the young. 11\ tou 4 commas, clauses.

''t' pi4 pitJ pit

.:t. chih 4

ch? ch~

;tf yu3 ~yau I IU

~J). ch'u 1

cch'o. chho.

$. Shu 1

cShu. Su.

27. Scholars of Chinese should first study the Learning of the Young bequeathed by Chu-tzu ( the Learning of the Young is put into the hands of children and teaches them the art of sprink-ling water and sweeping and gooJ behaviour. It also pertains on the

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following six accomplishments, viz:- PolitP.ness, Music, Archery, Driving, Writing and Mathematics) . After the Learning oF the Young they can study the Four Books ( viz: - Analects of Confucius, the Works of Mencius, the Doctrine of the Golden Medium and the Great Learning ) .

~ Lun4

Lun~ Lun

~ Ch'Un 2

,K'wan -K~n

------------------

~!J_ a

Yli 3 ~u Gu

;;t, che3 ,

cche, chill,

-t shih 2

shap~ sip

-fiil1. ' I p 1en . ' cP ln.

phi an.

~ ~ ~ 4 ~. ti 4 tzu 3 chi 4 shan 4 yen 2 tai~ ctsz ke? shin~ cin. te chu U s1an -giSn.

28. (I. The Analects of Confucius). In the Analects of Con-fucius, there are twenty chapters of the winged sayings of the Sage recorded by his disciples .

~ ch'l.in 2 a group. ;& p'ien 1 a chapter. tf>-J- ti 4-tzu 3 a disc iple. ~ ~ ;;t, k ~ Jl:.. Meng 1 Tzu 2 che3 , h' l ' I chih 3 . C I p 1en

Man 9~ cTsz cche, ts ' at::> ' cchi. cP In Beng Chu chill, chh it ph ian chL

~ ~, ~!?. 1._,;, iJt. {-, $:.. Chiang 3 tao\ t'2 shuo 1 . 2 4 e ' Jen , I

cKong to~, tak::>, shlit 0 ~yan, ~i. Kang to, tek, so at jfn, gi.

29. (2. The Work of Mencius ) . In the Works of Mencius, there a re only seven chapters, explaining humanity and righteousness and discuss ing virtuous conduct and good principles .

-

1'F- 'f Jji 1) ;fL 111. Tsuo 4 Chung 1 Yung 1 nai 3 K'ung 3 Chi 2 . Tsok 0 ,Chung ~Yung c / CHung K'aP::> -nal Chok Tiong 18ng I Kh6ng Khip. na1

'f ~ 1~. Tl ~ ~. Chung 1 pu4 p'ien 1 Yung 1 pu4 4 I .

,Chung pat:> ' ~Yung pat:> yik~ . cP 1n. Tiong put phi an . 18ng put ek.

-II-

30. (3. Chung Yung or the Doctrine oF the Golden Medium). Chung Yung was written by K'ung Chi (grandson of ConFuc ius, B.C. 492-431 ). Chung means the unprejudice d principles and Yung means fixed principles.

~ i4 change, alter. ~ p' ien 1 prejudiced, partial. ---

-

1'F-*

~ 1) #!! El -f_ Tsuo4 Td 4 HsUeh 2 3 na1 Ts~ng 1 Tsu 3 . Tsok0 T' .) Hok~ c I cT sang 'Tsz. a1 na1 Chok Tai Hbk I Cheng Chu. na1

~ 11?.-- 1lf- _if, .-)... :; , /o Tzu 4 hsiu 1, h ' 2 C I chih 4 ' 2 p 1ng , chih 4 Tsz2

0 h ') ' chi2. ,sau, ~ts a1 C I ~p 1ng, C::hu siu, ch~ ch~ p~ng, ti 0

.31 . (4. The Great Learning). The Great Learning was written by Philosopher Ts~ng (disciple oF ConFucius, B.C. 505-?). It teaches us how to improve our morals and regulate our Family liFe. Our state may then be rightly governed and our country be made tranqui l and happy .

:?11'-~ ch'i 2 -chia 1 to regulate a Family . 1~ ~ hsiu 1 -sh~n 1 to improve ~fi 00) chih 4 -kuo 2 to govern a country . one's moral na ture. -f-~ r p'ing 2-t'ien 1- hsia 4 to paciFy the empire or country .

~ ?.ml @.., ~ =t ~lft. Hsiao4 Ching 1 I tung 1 Ssu

4 Shu 1 shu2 . H1U2 ,Keng ,t'ung, SzJ ,ShU shuk~ Hau Keng thong, SCi Su sick.

-ka ~ ~. "'

-9,{; Pf --!b ,,~ . Ju2 Liu 4 Ching 1, shih 3 k'~3 tu2. ~u Luk2 ,Keng, 'ch'i 'ho tuk2, Ju Lick Keng, I kh6 thck . 51

32. AFter having thoroughly learnt the Filial Code and the Four Books, s t udents may then study the S ix Classics.

~a ju2 it& shu 2 ii..t'ung 1

as, like . j,{; shih 3 then, to begin. versed in, to be at home in any subject; ripe, cooked. to go through, to understand thoroughly, the whole.

~t J... ' L3 I I

Loi, Le,

~ Ch'un

,Ch'un Chhun

I lJ(., Ch'iu 1;

,Ts ' au; Chhiu;

-h f.& ' 'fi ~ 5jt . Liu 4 Ching 1, tang 1 chiang3 ch'iu 2

Luk~ ,Keng, ,tong 'kong ,k ' au. Lick Keng, tong kbng kiu.

33. The Six Classics are:- The Book oF Odes, the Records, the Book oF Changes, the Book oF Rites, the Rites oF Chou, and lhe Spring and Au t umn Annals . Every Chinese scholar should study them.

%J t~ Chou 1 Li 3 the Rites oF Chou. die. Li 3 Chi 4 th e Boo k oF $;fJ\.. Ch 'un 1 Ch'iu 1 the Spring an d Autumn Annals. [R ites. J.b it lh 4 Ching 4 the Book oF Cha nges . '$'tang 1 ought . ~f& Shih 1 Ching 1 the Book oF Od e s. # chiang 3 inquire into . :fi ifYau Lin ,Shan, c ,Kwai Ts'ong, -yau lu Lian San, I Kui Ch&ng, IU

:ff Pal ~. = ~ -tf ... yu3 Chou 1 1\ san 1 14 hsiong 2

c ,Chau Yik~, I Yik~ ., -yau ,sam ts eung.

I Chiu h, Ek si6ng . IU sam 34. (I . The Book oF Changes .) The Lien Shan that oF Hsia

dynasty, the Kui Ts ' ang that oF the Shang dynasty and the Chou lh that oF the Chou dynasty, are three theories oF the Changes in nature .

.if kui 1 to return, go back, revert. ~ ts'ang 2 to keep, store up. ---

;f.f ~. ~ ;ff -tnl -tt!. Yu 3 . '

35. (2. The Records). Th e re are the Royal and Ministerial Canons, the Instructions, the Injunctions, the Solemn Vows, and the Commands which are the marvellous pieces of the Records.

j)_. ao 4 marvellous, mysterious. -;l}l Mo 2 the Ministerial Canons. ~:\ Hsun 4 the Instructions. 5! Shih 4 the Solemn Vows. ";it; Kao 4 the Injunctions. ~ Tien 3 the Royal Canons. 4/l- Ming 4 the Commands. ::f f.& Shu 1-Ching 1 the Records. 4t %1 '.t~ ff %1 if.JL Wo 3 Chou I Kung 1 tsuo 4 Chou 1 La I

\;Ngo cChau cKung tsok 0 cChau \;Lai. Ng6 Chiu Kong chok Chiu Lll.

~ _._ 1: fj. :J,.. ft. /' Ia Chu 4 L' 4 IU Kuan 1 2 ts un chih 4 '3 t I . Chu) LukJ ,Kun \;ts 'un chi2 c . t 81. TU Li6k Koan chun tT the.

36. (3. The Rites of Chou). The Duke of Chou wrote the Rites of Chou. He appointed the Six Boards (to watch heaven, earth and the four seasons) in ruling the affairs of the government.

~ chu 4 to fix, compose, write. 1it t'i 3 principle, scope, body. ~ kung 1 a duke. ;(f ts'un 2 to maintain, to keep.

* ~ 4 I a , T, .) a1-, Tai,

IJ' Hsiao 3

cSiu Si~u

H. chu 4 h .. J c u

chu

. ;f.JL Li 3

\;Lai u ~7lf fi ~ .

Yueh 4

Yeuk) Obt-

it hao 4

h~~ ho

~ JR, a $., ~'Ji ; Kuo 2 Hng 1, yueh 4 Ya 3, Sung 4 ; Kwok o ,Fung, yeuk~ ~Nga, Tsung~; Kok Hong , obt Nga, Siang;

r:m -g~ ' 't ~.\ ' ii}l . Ssu4 Shih 1, tang 1 f~ng 3 , yung 3 Sz) ,Shi, ,tong fung), wing2. Su Si, tong hong, eng.

38. (5. The Book of Odes). The four divisions of the Book of Odes-the Balleds, the Eulogies of the Emperor, the Eulogies of Feudal Princes and the Sacrificial Songs-should be read by every scholar. tm 1~ Ssu 4 Shih 1 the four divisions of the Book of Odes: (I) Kuo 2 F~ng 1 (the Ballads); (2) Hsiao 3 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the emperor); (3) Ta 4 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the feudal princes) and (4) Sung 4 (the Sacrificial Songs).

i~ Shih I

,Shi Si

i; Yu4

u~ Gu

U.t -c, chi 4 wang 2 , k .) er ~mong, u be,ng,

* Ch 'un 1 ,Ch'un Chhun

1)-. Ch ' iu 1

,Ts 'au Chhiu

{'f. tsuo 4 . tsok 0 chok.

~ ' J1~' 4] 4 ' -?1 . pao 1, pien 3 , pieh 2 shan\ o 4 cP~, 'pin, pit) shin~, ok 0 po, pian, piat sran, ok.

39. (6. The Spring and Autumu Annals). The Spring and Autumn Annals was lompiled by Confucius ( He treated it as his immortel work and said of it "By the Spring and Autum,, Annals, men will know me." ) . In it he recorded historical events, praised virtues and condemned vices. This book was written in an attempt to revive ancient customs, as the age of Odes was dying out owing to the Emperors' gradual loss of power to the Feudal Princes.

~ chi 4 finished, since. J.i) pieh 2 separate, discriminate. o 4 bad, wicked, vice. .!It pien 3 blame, censure. 3l pao 1 to praise. ~ yu 4 to borrow, as a methpher . - 1ft ~: ;ff ~'..... if., -

San 1 Chuan 4 ch~ 3 : yu3 Kung 1 Yang 2 , ,Sam Chi.Jn~ 'che: c ,Kung ~Yeung, -yau Sam Toiin chia: I Kong 18ng, IU

-15-

1i- ~. 11 k~ ~. Tsuo 3 Shih\ yu 3 Ku 3 Liang 2.

cTso S hi:1, ~y11u KukJ cl~ung. Ch6 Si, iu Kok -Liong. I IU

40. The Critics Kung Yang, Tsuo Shih and Ku Liang wrote three diFferent commentaries on Spring and Autumn Annals. Thes commentaries were called San Chuan.

~ liang 2 a surname, a beam. ~ shih 4 family name, surname . ~ Ching 1

cK eng Keng

tit chi 4 k .) e1 u

aJl, ming 2 , ~meng,

beng,

7i ~~ "Jt -t. fang I tu 2 tzu 3.

cfong tukJ ctsz. hong tho"k chu.

~& .$. -t- , 1L -Jt. 11 . Ts'uo 4 ch'i 2 yao\ chi 4 ch'i 2 shih 4 . Ts\.i t 0 ck'ei iuJ, ke? ck ' ei ~sz. Choat -kf iau, U -kf su.

41. After mas t ering the Classics, study the books written by the great philosophe rs. As these books are plentiful, students shoul d choose the important passages and commit them to memory.

1i fang 1 then. ~{;:. ts ' uo 4 to pick up, choose. -1- tzu3 an honorary epithet, a philosopher, the Master, Confucius . ----

:Ji_ -t ;;#: :.tr

Wu 3 Tzu 3 che3: yu3 ~Ng cTsz cche: c -yau Ngo Chu ch ia: I IU

:t

~ K. 3 ao

cHau Kh6

f~\ ' hsi 4 , hai=2, he,

4;a chih 1

,chi ti

(c) Historical Events

~~ ~!!;. chung 1 shih.

,chung cch'i. chiong I sr.

43. HBving studied the Classics and books written by some great philosophers, study the history of the successive dynnsties. The careful tracing of each geneBiogy will show the rise and decline of each dynasty. i1t chu 1 Bll, e-very. ;;t k'Bo 3 .. ~ h 1 th d J.!:: sh 'rh 3

to exBmine, study . the beginning. ;, c ung e en . 7-~

* hsi 4 connecting link, succession. i!t shih 4

Tzu 4

Tsz2

Chu

B generation .

*. ' Jl .1: 1ft rt ' Hsi 1, Nung 2 chih 4 HuBng 2 Ti\

,Hei, ,Nung ch? ,Wong T a?, Hi, -Long ch ~ -Hong H, - }J_ ' /1; _l:. t!t . San 1 Hu11ng 2 , chU 1 shang 4 shih 4 .

,Sam ,Wong, ,ku sheung2 shai). Sam -Hong, ku siong s~.

44. Emperor Fu-hsi (B .C. 2852-2737), Emperor Shen-nung (B.C. 2737-2627 ) and Emperor Huang-ti (B .C. 2627-2356 ) were the Three Emperors of High Antiquity.

fk chU 1 to live, reside. fL huang 2 an emperor. it hao 4 to name, to style, to call. ~ hsi 1 a name, a surname . .l. nung 2 Bgriculture, farming, a farmer. if tr 4 an emperor . 18, 1f 11;, T'ang 2, Yu 3 y2 U I

c;;T'ong, !;Yau l;u, T&ng, lu Gu,

1t hao 4 ho2 ho

Erh 4 1=2 Ji

r.t, Ti\ Ta?, H,

4lf. .\!I! ' ;ffi. ~ tlt . hsieng 1 i 1 sun 4 ch".~ng sheng 4 shih 4

I ) I cseung yap) sun , ,ch'eng l;sheng sha?. siong ip stln, chheng 5eng s~.

45. Emperor Yao (T'ao T ' ang, B.C. 2356-2255 ) and Emperor S~un ( Yu YU, B.C . 2255-2205) were two celebrated Emperors whose rergns were known in history as the Golden Age. Both oF them abdicated threir thones to worthier men.

-17-

;f~ ch'~ng 1 ~ sh~ng 4 i/ii sun 4 to

}~ T'ang 2

to call, style, praise . -Hf. i 1 to salute, to make a bow great, grand, prosperous, f lourishing, abundant, rich. abdicate, yi e ld; humble, modest. the T'ao T 'ang [~ m] reign, the emperor of this rei g was ~mperor Yao .

.iff 11; Yu 3 YU3 the Yu YU reign, the emperor of this reign was ~mperor Shun .

1t Hsia 4 ~Ha

Ha

1f yu3

c yau I IU

~. y3 U I

c- -u, u,

%] x, ~.

~ 1'1" ~. Shang 1 yu3 T'ang 1, cSh~ung c cT'ong, yau Siong I Thong, IU

;f$}. -

. . Chou 1 W~n 2 , Wu 3 ch '~ng 1 San 1 Wang 2

cChau cMan, ~M6,' cch'eng cSam ~'fong. Chiu Bun, Bu, chheng S a m Ong .

46. King YU of the Hsia dynasty ( B.C. 2205-1766 ) , Kin g T ' ang of the Shang dynasty (. BC. 1766-1122 ), King W~n ( B.C. 1231-1135 ) and King Wu (B.C. 1165-1116 ) of the Chou dynasty (B .C. I 122-255) were the Founders of Three Gr e at Dynasties . )1 1~ .:r, ~ ~ T. Hsia 4 ch ' uan 2 tzu3, chi a 1 t ' ien 1 hsia 4 . H':> ~:: h ' un ctsz, cka ' h') a ct 1n a. Ha to an chu, ka thian hii.

tm F.i i'X:., it. 1t "J:. .f Ssu4 pai 3 tsai 3, ch ' ien 1 Hsia 4 she4 . SzJ pako ctsoi, cts . in H':> a ~sh~ . SCI pek cha in, chhian Ha Sla.

47. In the Hsia dynasty, thrones became hered itary and re mained so for four centuries before the Hsia dynasty was changed .

~ 7\._ r chi a I t ' ien 1-hsia 4 here ditary mon a rchy . .it ch ' ien I to change, rem o ve. ;k_ r t ' ien 1- hsia 4 th e empire. 1~ ch ' uan 2 to hand down, inherit . it tsai 3 a year.

~J:. sh~ 4 th e empire, country ; an al t ar for the sp irits of the land. -;~

-1\ 91, ~J -5t iti). T'ang 1 fa 1 Hsia\ Kuo 2 hao 4 Shang 1

cT' ong fa t~ H' :> Kwok 0 h6=? cSh~ung. a I Thong hoat Ha, Ko k ho Siong.

18-

1f 3 pa1

pako pek

iX., tsdi 3,

c . tsot, chain,

.:f. chih 4 chi) ch ~

~t Chou 4

Chau~ Tiu

-c. wang 2 .

cmong. -b6ng.

48. The last ~mperor of the Hsia dynasty was conquered by T'ang who founded the Shang dynasty . This dynasty lasted for more than six centuries and was ended with ~mperor Chou (the most infamous ruler of Chinese history).

%] Chou 1

,Chau Chiu

/\.. Pa 1

Pato Pat

%] Chou 1

,Chau Chiu

-~ ~ Ch'eng 3

'Ch'eng Theng

-a Shih 3

'Ch'i Sf

1f 3 pa1

pako pek

-ft ch'e4 ch'it0 tiAt

-{-ken1

ckon kan

$. Ch ' un 1

cCh'un Chhun

.:. Wang 2

,Wong ung

iX., tsai 3,

'tsoi, chain,

-*- tung 1 , ctung, tong,

~. kl e '

ckwo, ko,

;f)(.' Ch ' iu 1 ,

,Ts'au, Chhiu,

I 51

/( tsui 4 tsui) choe

$} shang 4 sheung~ siong

~ chung 1

cchung chiong

$i chu 1

,chu tu

-&. ch'ang 2

,ch'eung -ti6ng

~ kang 1

,kong kong

~~ yu2

~ Chan 4 Chin) Chian

M. Chou 4 .

Chau~ . Tiu.

~-chiu3.

'kau. kiu .

~-chui4. chui~. tui.

iJL. shui 4 . shui ). see .

t~r. Kuo 2 . Kwok 0 Kok.

Ji. 1fi ~~ ' -k t.fi tt: . Wu 3 Pa 4 ch'iang 2 , Ch'i 1 Hsiung 2 ch'u 1.

Ng Pa) ,k 'eung, Ts'at) ,Hung ch'ut). Ng6 Pi! -ki6ng, Chhit -Hi8ng chhut.

49. Emperor Ch o u was a tyrant and he was killed by Wu who bec11me Emperor and founded the Chou dynasty . This w11s the longest dynasty lasting for more then eight hundred yea rs. It was during this dynasty that the Imperial Capital was transf erred to the East of the ~mpire (B.C. 770) and in doing so, the Imperial laws

-19-

lost their influence. The feudal princes were fighting among them-s e lves and sent their diplomats round to persuade one another to mak e terms . This state oF aFFa irs started From the reign oF Ch'un Ch'iu (B.C. 772-481) and lasted to th e Warring S t a tes Period (B. C. 403-247 ). This was also the per iod oF the Five Domineering Rulers ( Huan -k ung oF Ch ' i [ 11f-~.0.. *), Wen-kung oF Chin[~ ::t*J, Mu-kung of Ch'in [~-;fJ*J, Hsiang-kung of Sung [~!{ *] and Chuang -wang of Ch'u [ ;t, ;E.]) and the development of the Seven Martial Sta,tes ( Ch'in [;{t), Ch 'u [~], Yen [N(;], Ch ' i [1lf-], Han [.t,f), Chao [~] and Wei [.it]) . $t chan 11 war, to fight . ~ ch ;u 3 long, a long time. tk. ch'ang 2 long . -t kan 1 a shield . t,it ch 'e 4 a track, rut of a wheel.~ chui 4 to Fall down, fallen .

~~ ch ' iang 2 strong, powerful. ;t{l hsiung 2 martial, male, heroic . " h'" 3 to ce rry to the If:: 4 d ~ c eng exteromelimit. :til pa tyrBnnize, omineer .

14, chu 1 to kill, to exterminote utterly . ~ shang 4 approve, persuade, -f -1(. kan 1-ke 1 shields e nd spoors, wor, 1!L shui 4 persuade. [prefer.

~) kang 1 the Iorge rope which binds the meshes of a net, l11ws. JM ~ 1\ ~!3 j- 1-jf . Ying 2 Ch ' in 2 Shih 4 sh ih 3 chien 1 . 4 p1ng .

!;Ying ~Ts'un Shi=? cc h ' i ckim ) peng . ~Ag Chfn s~ I kiam pen g. 51 1~ i!tl ~I il- 1 ~. Ch'ulln 2 Erh 4 Shih\ ch 'u3 , Han\ cheng I.

!;Ch'un I=? Shai), cCh'o, Hon),

Chih 4 Ch? Ch~

~ Hsiao 4

HI ) au Hau

-f-, . 2 p 1ng , P ' eng~, P~ng,

_:E. Wang 2

cWong -OAg

~ Mang 3

Mong Bong

~. . 4 ts uan .

shan). chhoan .

51. After conquering Ruler Ch 'u, Han became ~mperor and was known as ~mperor Han Kao-tsu (B .C. 206-195) and ruled over the ~mp1re of Ch ' 1n. He was the founder of the Han ~mpire and Dynasty (B .C. 206-5) His dynasty ended with the reign of ~mperor Hsiao-p ' ing whose throne was usurped by Weng Mang .

~ meng 3 rude, rustic, undergrowth. t' yeh 4 property, empire . :i. ts'uan 4 usurp, to rebel against. J8!. hsing 1 to arise, flourish. ;it ~. ~. ~ *- if.' Kuang 1 Wu 3 hsing I 2 Tung I Han 4 I we1 I

cKwong M6 chin g, wei cTung Hon), Kong Bu heng, ui Tong Han, .!E) ff Jf-, ~ -M- 4*.

ssu 4 pai 3 . 2 chung 1 yU2 Hsien 4 . n1en , )

pako nin, cchung eli Hin) . sz su pek I ian, chiong u Hi an .

52. ~mperor Kuang Wu killed Wang Mang and ruled over the H~n ~mpire. His re ign was the beginning of the Tung Han or Later Han dynasty (A.D . 25-221 ). This dynasty lasted for more than 40CJ years and ended with the reign of ~mperor Hsien (A.D. 25-221 ).

~ hsien 4 tb offer to, to offer up. ;#- yU 2 to, at, in. -------

Q, ~>t 0 ... il- ~\. ' * Shu 3 , Wei\ Wu 2, ch~ng 1 Han 4 Ting 3 ,

Shuk), Ngai~, ~Ng, cchang Hon ) cT eng, Siok, - Gui, Go, cheng Han Teng,

- ~. it ~ % Sen 1 Kuo 2. Ch'i 4 Liang 3 Chin 4 .

cSam Kwok 0 Ngat~ Leung Tsun). Sam Kok. Gut Liong Ch~n.

53. The dynasties of Western Chin (A.D. 256-316) and ~astern Chin (A .D. 317-419) came after the Battle oF the Three Kingdoms (A.D. 220-265) which was Fought between the Stetes oF Shu, Wei and Wu for the Han Empire.

-21-

.i t_ ch' i4 t o re ach or e xtend to, until. -t ch ang 1 to Fight , quarrel,

.;Wr ting 3 a t wo-eared tripod, emblem oF a uth ority. [warangle.

W 2 e1

~ C h'i 2

cTs'a i -Che,

~. ch i\ ka1:> ,

k~ ,

_ff?, l 1ang 2 ,

cl e ung , - Li&ng,

~ Ch 'en 2

cCh 'an -nn

1-"R. ch 'eng 2 .

s heng. seng

~~. ~~ ~ F~. Nan 2 Ch 'ao 2, tu 1 Chin 1 Ling 2

eN am cCh ' iu, ,t6 ,Kam ,Leng. -U rn -TiSu, to Kim -Leng.

54. AFter these two dynasti e s came the Following dynasties: Liu Sung (A .D. 420-478), Ch ' i ( A.D . 479-50 I), Liang (A.D. 502-556) and Ch'e n ( A.D. 537-385). These were known as the Southern dynast y and t hei r capi tal was at Nanking.

i'R ch 'e ng2 to receive, continue . m chi 4 to continue ; succession. 4:-fA:. ch in 1- ling 2 ancient name oF Nanking. .fn ch 'ao 2 a dynasty. l't ling 2 a high mound, a tomb. ~ tu 1 to Found a capital.

;lt iL ft /it *- 'tff1. Pei 3 Y" 2 uan w 4 e1 Fen I Tung 1, Hsi 1 Pak:J Un Ngai~ cFan c Tung, cSai . Pok GoSn Gui hun Tong, Se .

~ X %] ~ -t;" 41f.. T

~ Pu 4

Pat:> Put

-* tsai 4

. ) tSOI

chai

fft, ch'uan 2 ,

,ch'i.in, -t9 an,

1ft.. shih 1

shat:> sit

itt t'ung 3

c ' tung th6ng

~. hsi.i 4 .

c .. -su.

sCi.

56. The Empire remained united until the Sui dynasty (A.D. 589-617). But this dynasty did not last more than two generations and the Empire was soon in confusion.

~~ hsi.i 4 property, inheritance. #f. t'ung 3 a clue, altogether. ;}( shih 1 to lose, to miss, to fail. ~ t ' ung 3 - hsi.i 4 a clue to the whole. ;fi. tdi 4 until, up to. !f yi.i 3 the four borders of a state.

n1 T' ang 2

,Tong -Hng

~~ ch'u 2

,ch 'u -tu

~ Liang 2

,Leung -Li&ng

.......

~ Kao 1

,Ko Ko

rt.r Sui 2

cTs ' ui -Sui

-t sh ih 2

shap~ slp

-~ mieh 4

mit:> bibt

;fJl. Tsu 3

cTso Ch6

~~. luan\ li.in~, loan,

1~, ch'uan 2 ,

,ch 'i.in, -to an,

~ , ch ih 1,

cchi, chi,

~ h' 3 C I

'hei khf

i'J ch ' uang 4

chongJ chhong

san1

I ,sam

sam

1

(d) Distinguished Personages 62. Sages of ancient times loved learning very much. In his

quest for knowledge, Confucius did not hesit11te to learn from Hsiang T'uo, a little seven-year old boy. 1JJ ch'in 2 diligent. ~ shang 4 still; yet. {f chung 4 the second in order of birth. J.~ hsiang 4 neck; a surname. {f K. Chung 4-ni 2 the infantile name of Confucius . Jk'- hsien 2 virtuous, wise. :'t sheng 4 sacred, holy. /fc. ni 2 a nun, name of a hill in Shangtung . i' t'uo2 a small bag open at both ends; a satchel to carry clothes

or food in .:'t 'lt sheng 4-hsien 2 sages, sages and worthies. ------------------

M t ~ ~b "Jl. t- ~}::,.. i>"l Chao 4 Chung I Ling 4 tu 2 Lu 3 Lun 4. Ch i{? cChung Leng:.? tuk:.? ~L6 Lun:.?. Tio Tiong Leng thok L6 Lun.

1ft FJ:t { *

Jl 1.}] . Pi 3 h' 4 shih\ hsueh 2 ch'ieh 3 ch ' in 2. C I

cPei k .') J hok:.? cc ' he ~k ' an e1 sz-, p; u sCi, hbk chhian kh~n .

63. In spite of his heavy duties, Mr. Chao, a Cabinet Minister of the Sung dynasty loved to study the Confucian Analects when -her time pe rmitted him to do so.

on bamboo slips. There was no diFFiculty however great, which they did overcome in their love For learning .

~ chien 3 a slip, a bamboo slip. ;fft p'i 1 open, unFold . ;!i'J hsiao 1 cut oFF. ~ pi en 1 to braid . ~ mien 3 force, urge, stimulate. f;jj p'u 2 rushes suitable for matting.

---

Pl

-)ll}i hsua n 2

cUll hi an

~ pu4 pat) put

~ I liang 2,

c:leung, li6ng,

fi, chiao\ kau), kau,

${!. chui 1

cchui chui

t1 tzu 4

tsz~ chu

*'J !It. tz'u 4 ku 3 .

' ) ts z cku . chhl k6 .

1.}) .:.-a . h ' 2 c 1n k' 3 u 0

fk ' an cfu . khfn kh6

65. Then there were the two sch:>lars who, being afraid of alling asleep over their studies, tortured thamselves in order to

keep awake One of them Sun Ching C1'*- t)t, Chin _dynas t y) tied his hair to a beam and the other Su Ch ' in (~.Lt, Chou dynasty) kept

ricking himself with an awl. They were conscientious in their studies 1n spite oF the fact that they had no teachers.

i(l chui 1 an awl. ~M tz ' u 4 stab, prick . . ! hsuan 2 tie up, suspend . M: ku 3 the thigh. -ka it .fl -ka a* 1;; Ju2 nang 2 ying 2, ju2 ying 4 hsueh 3 ; u fnong fying, fu

c ying suto; ju 16ng t!ng, ju idng so at;

~ ~ -'it I ~ ~ .f,a_ Chi11 I sui 1 ' 2 hsueh 2 pu4 ch'uo 4 . pIn 1

csui fP an, hok~ pat) chut , SUI hbk put to at. p1n,

66. There are many instances oF schola rs, who persevered in heir studies in sp ite oF their poverty. One of them (Chu Yin J~L, Chin dynasty) gathered a number oF Fireflies and put them nto a sack and studied by their light. The other, Sun K'ang (:J'*-.1.~-U, tudied by the light reflected by snow.

ch'uo4

to stop, suspend. 'Jt p'in 2 poor, indigent . ;'; hsueh

3 snow. .~ ying 2 fireflies.

;l nang 2 a sack. "~ y'1ng 4 h ' Fl t "" s 1ne, re . ec . -27-

~ sh~n 1

cshan s1n

~It I SUI

cSUI

SUI

%T, ' . I ns1n

cson,

sin,

;f, lao 2 , ~lo,

1&,

~. chiao 2 ; kok 0 ; kak;

-$-. chuo 1 ch 'euk . tok.

67. Then there was Chu Ma i- ch ' ~n C*-1! !}.,Han dynasty) who studied as he carried fir e wood and Li Mi (4 W, Sui dynasty) who hung his bookon his cow's horn as he pastured the cattle. Although they had a hard time, they persevered in their studies .

.f- chuo 1 excel . ~i~ kua 4 to hang up. ~ Fu 4 to carry on the back. % lao 2 to toil for, to labour. -lit hsin 1 firewood . ~~ yu 2 still, still more.

~ Su 1

cSu So

~{; shi h3

cc h i I

51

1t Fa 1

fa t o hoat

~ft I SUI

csui kl ,j-hsiao3

( I SI U I

S l aU

* Ch 'uon 2 , ~Ts ' un, ChoSn,

tt, f~n 4 ~fen 1 I hun,

;t, lao 3, ~16, 16, .fj: ....-,

sh~ng 1 , cshang, seng

~A, ".!'{

tu 2

tuk~ thbk

~~ yu 2 ~yau

iU

-t shih 2

shap~ slp

su

t~ hui 3

fui 1 h6e

--t-, ch'i 1, ts' at:>, chhit,

:#t. chi 2

tsik~. chek.

l{t ch'ih 2 ~ch'i. d .

.~ . ssu I.

cSZ. su .

68. When one 1s young, one should be more ser1ous about one's studies as it might be too lote to learn. Mr. Su Lao-ch'l.ian l Sung dynas t y) reelised this when he started learning et lhe age of twenty- seven, and deeply regretted that he did not leern in his younger doys.

-28-

.fi chi 2 Xi ch 'i h 2 ;it ch 'Ua n 2 Plf ~rh 3 -tt fa 1

~ Juo 4 Yeuk) Jiok-tt T ui 4 T .) Ul TUi {It

Nl

a book, a list. 1l- t~ fa 1 -f~n 4 to work with ardor . late, to delay . ttl' f~n 4 ze al, zeal o us, anger. a spring, fountain. J.i9; hui 3 to regre t, to repent. you . :iF a- shu 1-chi 2 books . to star t , go to w ork on fo..}. su 1 t o re vive ; a surname .

-* Liang 2

,Leung -Li8ng

*..

t a 4

tai~ tai

"' pa' pato pat

%}. k' u i 1

,fui khoe

-t-sh ih 2

shap~ sip

~ tuo 1

, t o to

~rh 4 . . ) ,-.

ji . -:'. shih 4 .

sz~. su.

n\, tft ~ -~. chi 4 ch '~ng 2 , chung 4 ch ' ~ng 1 i4 . ke iJ ~sheng, chungJ cch ' eng i~ . U s~ng, chia ng chheng in . 1} 1.. ' :a :!L ,' . hsiao 3 sh~ng 1, i2 li4 ch ih4 .

's iu ,shang, i lap) che. si8u seng, gf llp- ch~ .

69. Then there was Liang Hao ( Sung dynasty ) who pessed the oral exeminations 1n the Imperial Cou rt of which the Emperor himself was e ;: am1ner. He gr adue t ed first among the Hanlin graduates an d every one was as ton is h e d at his wonderful ach ievem e nts . One should al w ays try t o be ambitious and realize one's ambitions .

~ chih 4 ~ chung 4 ll~ hao 4

~ Ying 2

eWing -EAg

,~j..-Pi4 P .) el

p~

aim, purpose, ambition . meny, all. vest expen se of water, megn ifi cent

"' pa' pat a pat

.k ch ' i 1

ts' at) chhit

~ sui 4

. ) SUI

soe

~ 4 SUI .)

SUI

soe

ii~ A 2

neng cnong

-l~ng 1i~ n ~ng 2

en eng -l~ng

-29-

wonderful, rare, strenge .. the chief, the heed . th e c ou rt , th e op e n c ourt in e pa la c e .

i*-yung3

) wing-eng

Ril\ fu 4 fu)

h~

~t. shih 1

cshi . 51.

~$;. ch ' i2 .

,k ' ei . -kf.

JQ ying 3

. ;) wing-eng

-'t}J yu4

) yau iu

,f:li_ ta ,

4 WU 1

;) ng-, go,

~. hsi.ieh 2 , hokJ, hilk,-

A jen 2

cYan - .. Jln

1; tang 1

ctong tong

;f$j. ch 'eng I

cch ' eng chheng

M hsiao 4

htw2 hau

-t]-, ch'i 2 .

ck 'ei. -u.

~. chih 1

cchi. chi.

70. Ying (Northern Ch'i dynasty) could read the Odes at the age of eight and Pi (T'ang dynasty) could write anomalous verses at the age of seven. They were versatile and admired by every one. So, you young people, should emulate them.

~ ch ' i2 chess, draughts. I~ wu 4 intelligent, versatile. ~ fu 4 anomalous verse. .JJ:. ying 2 the pure lustre of a gem -iJJJ hsiao 4 follow, emulate. ;f~ ying 3 versatile. ;"j. pi 4 bubbling up. ~ yung 3 chant, sing, read.

~:t_ .7.r. T ' 4 s a1 T ' .) s 01 Chhai

~~t Hsieh 4

Tse~ s,a

-#.1l Chi 1

cKei Ki

t& Yi.in 4 Wan:> Un -:t, tzu3 ,

ctsz,

chu,

fit 2

neng cnang -leng

fi~ neng 2

cnang -I eng

Jl ch ' ieh 3

cch 'e chhian

1Jf pien 4 . ;) pin-

pian

"tj

JH T'ang 2

cT'ong -T&ng

~ Chu 3

cku ku

Nl

the lute, harp. :fit pien 4 distinguish, discriminate . to werm, be werned. J.}. ts'ai 4 a surname . quick, active, elert. * yin 2 hum, sing, com~ose . reddish yellow, a bow-cese . ~~~ ts ' ung 1 min 3 smart. surname of the royal house of Chou; a lady of distinction.

~] L' 2 IU

Lau Liu

:fo/ Sh~n 2

Shan Sfn

I SUI

SUI

* Yen\ ' ) An,

An.

~. T'ung 2 ,

!;T,ung, T&ng,

~!J' yu\

) yau,

7i fang 1

cfong hong

1'F-Tsuo4

Tsok 0 Chok

:fa sh~n 1

cshan i~, s1n

-k ch ' i 1

ts '11 t:> chhit jE. Ch~ng 4 Cheng:> Ch~ng

~

'* ~ JO hsueh 2 , mien 3 ~rh 2 hok:>, min 1 hak,- bian jf

Jl, 4

SUI I .)

SUI I soe,

.:f. Tzti 4 .

Tsz~ . Ju. {.

su .

~t. chih 4 . chi:> . d .

;t, ifF % ?t. wei 2 ch~ 3 , i4 juo 4 shih 4 .

Wal Cche, yik) yeuk) shi~. ui chhia, k- ji6k - si .

72. Even at the age of seven, little Liu Yen of the House of T 'ang was Chosen by the Emperor as the most talented boy. Later he was appointed by the Emperor es proof reader of the Imperial Academy end wes admitted to official circles in spite of his youth. Men reep es they sow, success can be atteined if one but tries. :tt chih 4 to convey to, to come to, eim . { shih 4 be in office .

~ chu3 erect, choose, recommend . ;Jl- i4 also. :lf sh~n 2 spiritual beings; intelligent . ~J liu 2 a surneme . :i'f: sh~n 2 -t ' ung 2 a precocious boy . .1fc:. yen 4 late, gentle. 'f:. t ' ung 2 a boy, a person under fiFteen years of age . ----

;k. q Ch 'uan 3 shou 3

cHun cshau Khian siU

~. yeh\

t) ye-,

~(t h l C I

ckei ke

-31-

cSZ

su

*- ch 'e n2 .

shen. A

s1n .

t1 Kou 3

cKau K6

~ Ts'an 2

cTs'am .Chh&m

~ pu4 patJ put

'!]:. t'u 3

t'o) tho

~~, hsueh 2 , hok), hbk,-

?.:3: , v i

SSU 1

csz,

si,

it feng 1

cfung hong

~ wei 2

~woi Ui

~it niang 4

I ) yeung-jiong

A.? jen 2?

cyan? j1n? 'j:, mi 4 . mat:>. b lt."

A ~ 8/:, Jen 2 pu4 h~ue h 2 ,

cYan pat:> hok:>, pat:> put J1n put hbk; ju

Chspter IV. Advice as to Diligence in Learning to Young People

73. Dogs watch et night and cocks herald the dawn. If children do not learn what do they expect to be when .they become men? Silkworms spin silk and bees make honey. These industrious creatures put idle men to shame.

~ ch'en 2 i.[l. chi 1 ~ feng 1

~ 2 l, hbk;

~, chun 1,

ckwan, kun,

~~, sheng 1,

csheng, seng,

.;j chuang 4 chong) chong

i.il~ hsien 3

chin hi an

-32-

if tse 2

chak:> tek

H. hsing 2

chang. heng.

~. min 2 .

cman. .b1n.

-liJ:. mu 3 .

fmo. bb.

;)It ~ ~ r-lJ ' -* ~ #i...

Kuang 1 2 yu ch'ien 2 , h' 2 C Ul 2 yu hou 4 . ,K won g eli ts 'i n, shui eli hau~ .

Kong u chiSn, sui u ho .

74. Children should study in their youth and make use of their studies in their manhood. Should they become government officers, they should serve their government well and treat people kindly . Thus they will become popular and their parents respected. Their po pularity will also benefit their posterity.

-Tl chuang 4 vigorous, in manhood. %~ ming 2-sheng 1 fame . ~ ch ' ui 2 to han d down, transmi t. i:f: tse 2 benefits. qt hsing 2 to travd over, to make to go, carry into practice, execute. l'ft hs ien 3 enlightened, distinguish, make illustrious .

j!_ 2 I

wai Ui

~t chia o 4 kauJ kau

1-, tzu 3 ,

ctsz,

chu,

1-, tzu 3 ,

ctsz,

chu

& chin 1

ckam kim

~~ man

3 ( I -mun

boan

I I

yat::> it

. 2 y1ng . ying. eng .

~-ching 1

ckeng. ken g.

75. Some might leave their children wealth but have only this little book to give to mine. If by it they learn to be good and useful I am more than contented . it i2 iiJ rnan 3

})J Ch'in 2

cK 'an -Khun

leave behind . abundant, filled up.

;;{f yu3

yau I IU

~ chih 1

cchi chi

'J}J' kung 1,

,kung, kong,

~. tsai 1

ctsoi, chai,

tft wei 2 but, only . l\ ying 2 chests.

~ wu

2

cm6 -bu

~ mien 3

m1n bian

,~

;;--...iXII-. 2 I .

yik::> ek.

11. li 4 likJ . le k-.

76. There is mer1t 1n diligence. Time is precious, so alwllys be prepared and strive hard to achieve these precepts I have compiled.

Published by Chisng Ker Chiu, 56, Shott Street, Singapote. (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

Book For St:udent:s UNDER the title uf "Advanced :V1andarin F~r Camboidge Soudents," Mr. Chians Ker

Chiu of the Chung Hwa Ivtan darin Instilul ion, S insapor;;: , intends to write '"' se-ri~s of bouls, d1e first of wl acll J1as just been publislaed nnd i s now on sale.

"T'he obJeCt of tl1is aeries is to encout"a.ge those s tudttn ls who are to 'king Chinese as a subject. for their Cambridge examinations, autl to enabl e tl1em to tal.:.:: up the study wtth greatGr eaae under modern methods of training.

The cho ice of Mandarin, the Chinese n ation al language, as th e medium through wluch the Jessous ore taugh.t ia mainly due tu the fact that in a cosmopolitan city like Singapore where Cl1inese, speaking a variety of provincial dtn1o?cts, have cone to li ve an d trade, these publications should Sr\s tbe ability to translate one languaee into a nother is th e fundament:. ! requiremo!.nt for o. succeufuJ candida te in Cambridge e xaminations , d.G author in his first issue has to1len gr~.1l p1 ins to translate every Chinese tcx:t into Enz:lish and to u:t a Lst of lcsu for the benefit of the students.

-- Tloe .\ \ a lo ya Tribune, Saturday, IJ

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