lkJNirf COILEG UBR.AR.Y

M.OORE COLLECTION

RELATING TO THE

FA~ EAST ~A.-'.Tllh"'ll

CLASS NO.-­BOOK NO .. --VOLUM£ __ _ ACCESSION NO.

137<-4--<o

::: ~ JL(l~ - -.~ ~~ ~ 1'.t .3'- 1 ~ }jj. ?t ~ ;lt

. Jit {(_. #.. 1f 11 .... l'it ~ ~ JL r:~~1 ~ ~ .t!; q: ~ft -tr

The Three Character Classic (Composed by Wang Po Hou during the Sung Dynasty, A.D. 960)

I::NGLISH TRANSLATION WITH NOTI::S ROMANIZED INTO MANDARIN, CANTONESE AND HOKKIEN

• By Chiang Ker Chiu

r ... ~~ 1 & 1948 -

* {f /6, &iji .lCJ! -t . -li ~ 'Jt, ~ :Jn 8f. Guidad by the little Hsiang T"uo, Confucius trod the paths of learned lore:

Than those sages and worthies oF ancient times none e'er loved learning more .

The Chinese Dynasties The Five Emperors. .1i. ilJ' B.C. 2852.

2205. 1766. 1122. ' 255.

Hsia . ~ Shang ;tl Chou. ~ Ch'in. * Han. ~~m~,db~ Later Han. {.{;.1? ... ~~ A.D.

206. 25.

The Three Kingdoms. ~ !;J Minor Han. !lQ ~ Wei . ~f;,

Wu. * Western Chin. tfu-'i· Eastern Chin. .J!t% Division between North & South .

Liu Sung. Ch ' i. Liang. Ch'en. Northern Wei. Western Wei. Eastern Wei . Northern Ch 'i.. Northern Chou.

Sui . T 'ang. The Five Dynasties .

Posterior Liang. Posterior T'ang. Posterior Chin. Posterior Han. Posterior Chou.

Sung . Southern Sung . YUan or Mongol. Ming . Ch ' ing

221. 220. 229. 265. 317 ..

1~20.

479. 502. 557. 386. 535. 534. 550. 557. 589. 618.

907. 923. 936. 947. 951 . 960.

1127. 1280. 1368. 1644.

ARTHUR PROBSTHAIN Oriental Bookaeller 41 Ot, Russell Street LONDON, W.0.1

- *· ~«~ -- ,.~

MANDARIN : SAN 1 TZ04 CHING 1

CANTOI~ESE: cSA. M TS z=? cK ENG HO KKIEN : SAM J u KE NG

THE THREE CHARACTER CLASSIC

A. ~ -{<J) ' ·ti. $. ~-. j• 2 chih 1 ch 'u 1, h~in~ 4 pen 3 shan 4

• en ~Yan cchi cch"o, C I

shin=?. s1ng pun chi chho·, s~ng I

sian . Jtn pun

·ti tEl :ill, ~ tEl ·~ .m... Hs ing 4 hsiang 1- chin 4

, h ·2 hsiang 1 yUan 3 . 51 Sing

) I kan~, ts~p=? I c .. cseung cseung -un. S~ng s iong kun, I

s iong I Sip oan . Chapter I Man's Original Nature

I. All men are born with the same good nature, but as they grow up, they acquire diffe-rent habits, so they are widely different in their characters.

i.<l! ching 1

;i<JJ ch ' u 1

tl hsi 2

~ Kou3

cKau K6·

classics, sacred books . to begin, the beg inning . to learn, accustomed to .

;(-. fi, pu 4 chi ao\ pat:> klw =>, pu t kau,

•t1. hsing 4

-l shan 4

~ yUan 3

·ti.

nature, disposition. good, vir t uous . far .

it. hsin g 4 . )

s 1n g ( I • -nat ch 'i en 1•

cts ' in. chh 1an . s~ng I • na 1

Aft ~ lit , -JI- J~"A lf-. Ch iao

4 chih

1 ta o \ kui 4 i3 ch uan 1•

Kau) cchi t o=? , kwa? £i cchU n. Kau chi to, ku i choan .

2. If a man has not been properly taught, his natu re will gradua lly become bad . Th e most important th ing in educati on is close co -opera t ion b.:tween tea ch e r and pupil.

1f ch '1en 1

to remove, alt e r. it kui 4 valuable, to count valuable . $f. chuan

1 close atte nt ion, 1j nai 3 then, and accordingly .

"0 kou3

·IF · [ · I if,· tao 4 h h · · I · spec1a . ~ t e way, t e pnnctp e .

-1-

-tt it -lit, ~~ jf~ Jk.. Hsi 2 Meng 4 mu 3

, ts~ 2 ,. 2 1n ch'u3 .

Sik=> Mang~ ~m6, chak~ ~lun cch'u.

Sek Beng bu, tek ltn chhu.

~. 'T ~ lt. pu 4 hsueh 2

, tuan 4 chi 1 chu 4 •

pat:> hok:>, tUn~ ckei ~ch'u. put hak; toan ki thu.

3. The mother oF Mencius (the great philosopher, regarded by the Chine5e as being second only to ConFucius, B.C. 372-289) care­Fully chose her neighbours wherever she stayed. On one occasion, on her son's reFusing to study, she rent the web in the loom beFore his Face.

~t chu 4 shuttle, the shuttle containing

the web oF the wooF.

iflf tuan 4 cut, cut oFF, make an end oF.

i Tou 4

Tau~ To

~i Chiao4

tit ,, ..... 1Yen 4

In)

I an

J.J, Shan 1,

cShan, San,

-1-, wu 3 tzu 3

,

~ yu3

c -yau •I IU

.z ming 2

JJt ch'u3

f.~ lin 2

1:f ts~ 2

~ ·4 I .) 1-

gi

1~ chu 4

to stay.

neighbours.

to choose.

?i. fang 1,

cfong, hong,

~~ . yang 2 .

K/ ) au ~ng .ctsz, cmeng ckU ~y~un~.

ng6· chu, -b~ng ku ibng. Kau

4. Old Tou Yen Shan (Posterior Chin dynasty) taught his Five sons by a good method and all oF them became Famous men.

~ chu 4 all, every. t tou 4 a surname, loophole, .. 1i i4 -Fang 1 a right method For t~ yang 2 to spread. [den.

teaching children. tM yen 4 the shallow,

• ~ ~i, .X. ~ .&. Yang 3 pu4 chiao\ Fu 4 chih 1 kuo 4. ~Yeung pat:> ckau, F'J cchi kwo). u-

16ng put kau, hu chi k6.

~i ~ ;lt, ~rp ~ ·tt. Chiao 4 pu4 yen 2

, shih 1 chih 1 tuo 4. Kau

) pat:> cchi to~. ~1m, cSZ

Kau put gi~m, su chi to.

2-

5. Only to rear and feed children and not gi ve them ed uc a t ion is the fath e rs' error . If teachers are not strict in the ir t each ing, th e y are idle t e achers .

.i!! kou 4 error. ~ yang 3 to rear, to bring up .

•11:1 tuo 4 lazy. At yen 2 strict .

-t ~ *' ;JJ=. Hr 1L. Tsu3 pu4 hsueh 2, f . I et suo 3 ·2

I •

'Tsz pat:> hokJ 1 ,fei 'sho !;i . Chu put hbk,- hui

I ' so gt .

.IJ.}J ;f-. *' * 11 it? Yu 11 pu4 hsueh 2. lao 3 h~2 wei 2? Yau

)

pat:> hokJ ~16 !;ho !;wai? lu put hbk; 16 h& • "? Ul.

6. It is wrong if ch ildren do not study. If they . do not study

during their younger days, what can they do when they are older?

..$. ~ l~, ~ m. ~-Yu4 pu4 chuo 2, pu4 ch '~ng 2 h'· 4 C I •

Yuk~ pat:> t~uk0 , pat:> ~sheng he?.

Giok put tok, put seng khL

A ~ *' ~ "*<l -l. J~n2 pu4 hsueh 2

1 pu4 chih 1 ·4

I •

~Yan pat:> hok:>, pat:> ,chi . ) 1- .

Jfn put hbk,- put ti gi.

7. Unpolished Gems ca nnot form ornaments . If a man IS

untaught, he can never know his duties to h is neighbours.

lff.. chuo 2 to polish, work up a g e m. 1£ i2 fit , prope r, righ t.

~ A -t, 7i ~' Qt' Wei 2 j~n2 tsu 3

, fang 1 shao4 sh ih2, ,Wai 'tsz, ,fong h.,)

~sh i , ~yan 5 IU -u i jfn chu, hong siau ' 51 1

a ~ill ~~ 15 ift 11 . ch'in 1 shih 1 3 h ·2 li 3 ·2 yu 1 51 I .

cts 'an ,sz c tsap~ ~ lai -yau, ~ I.

chh in su • I I I~ ' tu, Sip gt .

3-

Chapter 2 Duty to Parents and Superiors

8. In their youth, children should be closely attached to tutors and Friends in order to learn the rites and observ11nces.

1:1\. i2 a rite, ceremony. ;tt1~ li 3 -i 2 rites and observances.

t. Hsiang 1

,Heung Hiong

7t Hsiao 4

H ' ) au

1L chiu3

'kau kiu

$!;;, ling 2 ,

~I eng, l~ng,

fit n~ng 2

cnang -l~ng

~& fiP. w~n 1 hsi 2

•

,wan tsik~. un sek.

$l , Hr 1; :fA. . yU 2 ch'in 1, suo3 tang 1 chih 2

.

eli cts'an, 'sho ctong chaP:>· u chhin, s6 tong chip.

9. A child should know how to obey his parents. When Hsiang (Later Han dynasty l was nine years old he could warm the bed For his p!Hents to sleep.

-#._ chih 2 to maintain, keep . ~ hsi 2 a mat. 1/; ling 2 one's age.

Jung 2

cYung -Hil>ng

~ Ti 4

Tai~ Te

'ZEJ ssu4

) sz

I su

t!, · 4

SUI I . )

SUI 1

soe,

.J·t Flr..

A 2 neng cnang -l~ng

"ti jang 4

I ) yeung-jiong

# . li 2

.

clei. -~~ .

-&, 1[ ;t -*a. chang 3 , i2 hsien 1 chih 1•

t h' c. h eli c eung, -~ csin cc i. u ti6ng, gt s1an ti.

I 0. Children must respect their elders. When Jung (A. D. 153-208) W!lS four ye!lrS old, he could resign the bigger though cherished pear to his elder brother.

k . chang 3 to grow; elders. ~f. jung 2 to blend. [duty. ~1{ jang 4 to give away, yield. !J, ti 4 brotherly love; fraternal

~ Shou 3

'Sh11u Siu

~ Chih 1

cChi Ti

;t, hsiao 4

,

hau:>,

hau,

jf_ moLi3

~mau b6

·t~, till, t!li~, te, a, shu\ sho:>,

so,

;.k_ • 4

tz u t sz:>

chhu

i~ shih 4

shik:> sek

4-

JL chien\ kin:>,

ki~n 1 jf_ mou3

~mau b6

P.tfJ. w~n 2 .

em an. -bun.

x. w~n2 •

,man . -bun.

II. First comes duty to parents and superiors. Study Follows next. Thus, one will know the laws oF numbers and understand the letter-text.

it shou 3 the First, h ~ ad, chieF. ;.k_ tz'u 4 the second, a time.

tli7 -t, -t .Ji; Ei' . I' erh 2 shih 2

, shih 2 erh 2 ·3 pllt . Yat:> ~i shap~, shap~ ~I pbk , . It Jf

I I . , pek . SIp, Sip Jl

1f .Ji; -t, -t tli7 ~. Pai 3 erh 2 ch'ien 1, ch'ien 1 trh 2 wan 4 .

Nko •.

cts ' in I ) ~I cts tn, ~ I rnan-.

Pek .,

chhian, chhian . ,

ban . Jl Jl

Chapter 3 General Knowledge

I. Numbers and ClassiFications

12. In numbers, we say From units to tens, tens to hundre ds, hundreds to thousBnds and thousands to ten thou;ands.

::: ;t ;:#: -1:., Jtt, J..... San 1 ts 'ai 2 che3

: T'ien 1, T4 Jen 2 . I I

cS~m ~ts'oi cche: cT'in, Tei~, ~Yan. Sam chSi chia: Thian, Te, Jfn.

13. The three mighty powers of nature are: Heaven, Earth and Man.

:: :?(. ;:#: a ~ !L. ' ' San 1 kuang 1 che3: Jih\ Yueh\ Hsing 1•

cSam ckwong cche: Yat:>, tit), cSing . Sam kong chia: j lt,- G;~t, Sen g.

14. The three great celestilll lights are: the Sun, the Moon and the Stors.

-----· --- ~ ;it: ~. ~ ~; San 1 kang 1 che 3

: chun 1, ch 'en 2 i4; cSam ckong cche: ckwan, ~shan ~i; Sam kong chia: kun, sfn gl;

X 1- a; "-., 1-~ Jl]~ • ' Fu\ tzu 3 ch'in 1; Fu t' Fu 4 shun 4•

F':> ctsz ~Fu, ~fu shun~. U I cts an; hu, chu chhin; hu, hu sun.

~ -

15. The three binding principles are (I) Prince and minister mu;t treat e ach other fairly. ( 2) Father and son must love each other. (3) Husband and wife must be agreeable to each other.

~ kang 1 the large cord of a net, a bond, moral obligations. Jll}i shun 4 to agree, obey, suit, harmony, obedient, gentle.

---- -----E) *· _j__, E) ~;t' ~· . '

Yueh 4 ch ' un 1, hsia\ yueh 4 ch'iu, tung; tit;! cch ' un, h') Lit) cts'au, ctung; a-

I

O~t chhun, ha, oAt chhiu, tong;

Jl:l:. ~ ij~' ~ ~ ~-tz'u3 ssu 4 shih 2 ,

.. 4 yun pu4 ch'iung 2 .

c ' ) £shi,

I ) pat) £k'ung. ts z sz wan-

chhu sll A 51 1 un put ki&ng.

16. The four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter. They succeed one another without fail.

~ ch ' iung 2 to exhaust, poor. tl. yun 4 to revolve, transport.

E) r!iJ, ;It, a -tffl, *-; Yueh 4 nan 2

, pei 3, yueh 4 hsi 1, tung 1;

tit;! I pak), Lit;! csai, ctung; ~nam,

Oat ISm, pok, obt se, tong;

ll:l:. ~ -:Ji, I! -t 'f. tz'u 3 ssu 4 fang 1, ying 4 hu 1 chung I

c ' ) cfong, ying

)

~fu Echung. ts z sz chhu sll hong, .~ng h~ tiong . ....

17. North, south, east and west are called the four directions which branch off from any central point.

-- ---E) J)(' :k.., ~. &, ...±...; Yueh 4 shui 3, huo3, mu\ chin 1, t'u 3;

ut~ cshui, cfo, muk::!, ,kam, Ct'6;

Oat I•

h6, bok, kim, th6; SUI 1

ll=l:. .1i. 1t' $- -t tt. tz'u3 wu3 hsing 2 , p~n3 hu 1 shu4 .

c ' c £hang,

c I £fu sh6J. ts z -ng pun

chhu I

h~ng, I h& s6. ngo pun

18. Water, fire, wood, metal and earth are called the five elements and from these all things are classified.

-6-

a Yueh 4

dt~ Oat

Jl:!:.

tz 'u3

cts'z chhu

{.::.., • A 2 Jen , ~yan,

· A Jln,

:Ji. wu 3

c -ng ng6·

~. ·4 I I

~I,

gT,

~ :f:,, ch'ang 2, ~sheung, s i&ng,

t', chih\ chi),

d,

Z-jung2 ~yung

• A 1ong

11:; hs in 4 ;

sun);

s ~n;

:f-. A 4 wen .

lun~. bun.

19. Goodwill, justice, decorum, wisdom and truth are the five principal virtues . They should not be misunderstood or violated.

Z- jung 2 to allow; to pardon . % w~n 4 conFused; disordered.

:f{j ' Tao\ T /J o-

To, '

~,,.

*• liang 2

,

~Ieung,

li&ng,

... ,.. ...F1.., shu\ shuk~,

siok,

~ . mai\ mak~ ,

bek,

~. shu 3

,

cshl.i, I su,

11:1:. ~ ~. A Hr tz'u3 liu 4 ku 3 , jen 2 suo3

c . k c ts z lu J kukJ, ~yan sho chhu liok- kok, jfn s6·

.Sl?. • 1'"'-.,

chi 2;

tsik~ ;

chek;

~-shih2. shik~. sit.

20. Paddy, millet, pulse, wheat, fine r1ce and panicled millet are the six important gra ins consumed by man.

;f.[ chi 2 ponicled millet. :$. shu 3 fine rice. ~ ku 3 grain. ;AA, shu 4 pulse, bean sprouts . ~ liang 2 millet. ~ tao 4 paddy, rice.

--- -

-~. Ma 3

,

~Ma, M~,

Jl:f:. tz 'u3

c • ts z chhu

4-, niu 2,

~ngau,

giu, _,_ /)

liu4

lukJ 1 iok-

if, yang 2, ~yeung,

• A 1ong,

-p; !f1,

ch'u\ ch'ukJ, th iok,-

$(t' chi 1

ckai, ke,

).... jb2

cyan -.. Jln

;k, ch\ian3

,

chun, khian,

~; shih 3

;

'ch'i; sf;

i&]. ssu4

.

tsz~. su .

21. Horses, oxen, sheep, fowls, dogs and pigs are the SIX

animals reared and domesticated by man .

15 ch ' u4

domesticated animals. 1i"l ssu 4 to feed, rear .

. 7-

tf&. /.!!_ '

ai\ . J

01 1

~i,

-t-, ~~. a ~. hsi 3

, nu 4 yUeh 4 ai 1,

'hci, no~,' UtJ coi,

hl, lo·, oft ai,

-?1 ' ~ ; -t' ·tt wu\ yU 4; ch ' i 1 ch ' ing 2

(/ yu kJ; t s' atJ cts' ing o·n iok ;- chhit -ch~ng

·Hl, h .. 4

C U I

kU~, khu,

Jt.. h .. 4

c u .

k .. J u- .

ku .

22. Joy, anger, grief, fear, love , hatred and desire llre the seven huma n passions e xperienced by all.

.:R ai 1 grief, sorrow. 1-~ nu 4 anger, angry .

·t!l chU 4 fe ar, a fr a id. l!:, w u4 hotred, abomina bl e .

4 c hU4 poss~ ss , tools .· * yU 4 des ire, t o wish.

I u

..±., t ' u3

( '~ I to, t h6· ,

~. k•2

e ' kak I

kek,

$., mu\ mukJ, bok,-

-----------------.E,

sh ih2 ,

shikJ, sek,-

&, chin 1

,

ckam, kim,

~~ ' +t ' 1j i\.. -=&=- • ssu

1 chu 2

; nai 3 po 1 yin 1•

, sz, chukJ ; ~nai pato cyom. si, tiok; n~i pat rm.

23 . The eight dist inctive musical sounds can be producecj..from the gourd, clay, leather, wood, stone, metal, strings and bamboo.

Jf- ke 2 leather, to degrade, discharge . ~ j)'ao 2 gourd.

~ r&7 ' Kao 1

,

,Ko, Ko,

!:1 sh~n 1

,shan srn

.a6? El '

ts~ng 1,

ctsang, cheng,

-t tzu 3

'tsz, chu,

$1, tsu 3

,

'tso, ch6·,

-1-, tzu 3

,

'tsz, chu,

J*' sun 1,

csUn, sun,

-t tzu 3

'tsz chu

± ch ih 4

ch? ch~

a-

~ El ' ts~ng 1,

ctsang, cheng,

Jq, sh&n 1,

cshan, sin,

J*' sun 1,

,sUn, sun,

~; hsUan 2

;

cUn; -hiSn;

·3 na1 1L ~~. A ~ 1~. chiu

3 tsu

2, j~n 2 chih 1 lun 2 .

C I • -nal

I• na1

ckau tsuk), ~yan cch i ~lun. kiu chok-, jtn chi lun.

24. Great-great grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather, father, self and son, grandson, great-grandson, great-great grandson are the nine generations in the order of family relation­ship.

;tl sh~n 1

'if ~k: ts~ng 1-sun 1

;f.Il. tsu 3

~ ~k: hsuan 2 -sun 1

';% ;lil. kao 1-tsu 3

1~ lun 2

.X., Fu, 4

Fl) u -

hu,

X.

'

Hsiung 1

cHing Heng

$., Chang 3

,

cCheung, Ti6ng,

~ Chun 1

cKwan Kun

!l:t Tz'u 3

cTs'z

Chhu

-t tzu 3

ctsz

chu

Jl~ ts~ 2

tsak) chek

m ts~ 2

tsak) chek

-t shih 2

shap2 slp

oneself, the body. ;J'k: sun 1 grandchdd.

great-grandchild. 'it ;f.Il. ts~ng 1-tsu 3 great-grand-grandfather, ancestor. [Father.

great-great grandchild. 1J nat 3 it is.

great"great grandfather. ~ tsu 2 kindred.

the human relationships, order, in order.

~~, ~n 1 ,

cyan, un,

-A, yua, ~yau,

• I IU 1

~. hsu\ tsu2, su,

~t. ching\ keng),

k~ng,

~. i4, .) ~-I

gi,

!::..., fu I'

cfu, hu,

.:h:.. yu3 ~yau

•I IU

~ ch'~n 2

cshan -stn

A j~n2

~yan

jtn

Jl•J ts~ 2

tsak) chek

~ .. J yu

c .. -u I u

Jil•J ts~ 2

tsak) chek

Hr suo 3

'sho I so·

1ft. ts'ung 2 .

' ) ts ung-. chi6ng.

7.t. kung 1•

ckung. kiong .

•• 2 p.eng .

~P ang. p~ng.

,1;; . chung 1

cchung. tiong.

1~. t'ung 2.

ct'ung. - A tong.

25. The following are the ten moral duties which everyone must observe: Father and son must love each other kindly, husband .and wife must treat each other agreeably, elder brother must be

-9-

complaisant, and younger brother respectful. Superiors and young sters must treat one another according to their ranks. Friends must deal with one another sincerely. The sovereign must esteem his courtiers and the courtiers must be loyal to his sovereign.

~ chun 1 a sovereign, prince. 1-oJ t'ung 2 bring to the same order

.~ ~n 1 kindness. or rule, make the same.

f:f hsu 4 order, in order of rank. A yu 3 complaisant.

1!.. kung 1 respectful. ~}J yu 4 young, youngsters.

JL

Hsiang 2

cTs 'eung -Si~ng

"till hsun 4

fan )

hun

"till hsun\ fan:>,

hun,

(2)

ik, meng 2,

~mung,

b~ng,

~;!;' ku 3

,

cku,

k6·,

Classical

~~ ~ hsu 1 chiang 3

csli ckong su kl!ng

11'1 • /.. ·a.n c'J, ming 2 chu\

cmeng ku:>, -b~n g ku,

Books and Others

'ft. chiu 4 . kau:>.

kiu.

-?b "~.

tou 4 .

tau~. to·.

26. In teaching the young, one must explain to them the full meanings of words. One must also explain idiomatic expressions and teach them how to distinguish between the commas and full stops.

1t chiang 3

% chiu 4

"tf hsiang 2

~1\ hsun 4

~ Wei 2

cWai -ui d' Hsiao 3

csiu

SillU

to speak, explain.

to investigate.

in detail, minutely.

to instruct, teach.

1$ hsueh 2

hokJ h~k-

* Hsueh 2

HokJ Hbk-

;t, ch~ 3 ,

cche,

chill,

~' chung 1,

cch ung, chiong,

~1\ hsun 4 tradition, instruction.

t-li ku 3 ;diems, sayings.

'£. m~ng 2 the young.

11\ tou 4 commas, clauses.

''t' pi4

pitJ pit

.:t. chih 4

ch? ch~

;tf yu3 ~yau •I IU

~J). ch'u 1•

cch'o. chho·.

$. Shu 1•

cShu. Su.

27. Scholars of Chinese should first study the Learning of the Young bequeathed by Chu-tzu ( the Learning of the Young is put into the hands of children and teaches them the art of sprink­ling water and sweeping and gooJ behaviour. It also pertains on the

-10-

following six accomplishments, viz:- PolitP.ness, Music, Archery, Driving, Writing and Mathematics) . After the Learning oF the Young they can study the Four Books ( viz: - Analects of Confucius, the Works of Mencius, the Doctrine of the Golden Medium and the Great Learning ) .

~ Lun4

Lun~ Lun

~ Ch'Un 2

,K'wan -K~n

------------------~!J_ <>a

Yli 3

~u

Gu

;;t, che3

,

cche, chill,

-t shih 2

shap~ sip

-fiil1. '· I p 1en . ' · cP ln.

phi an.

~ ~ ~ 4 ~. ti 4 tzu 3 chi 4 shan 4 yen 2 •

tai~ ctsz ke? shin~ cin. te chu U s1an -giSn.

28. (I. The Analects of Confucius). In the Analects of Con­fucius, there are twenty chapters of the winged sayings of the Sage recorded by his disciples .

~ ch'l.in 2 a group. ;& p'ien 1 a chapter. tf>-J- ti 4-tzu 3 a disc iple.

~ ~ ;;t, k ~ Jl:.. Meng 1 Tzu 2 che3

, h'· l '· I chih 3. C I p 1en

Man 9~ cTsz cche, ts ' at::> ' · cchi. cP In Beng Chu chill, chh it ph ian chL

~ ~, ~!?. 1._,;, iJt. {-, $:.. Chiang 3 tao\ t'2 shuo 1 . • 2 ·4

e ' Jen , I • cKong to~, tak::>, shlit 0 ~yan, ~i. Kang to, tek, so at jfn, gi.

29. (2. The Work of Mencius ) . In the Works of Mencius, there a re only seven chapters, explaining humanity and righteousness and discuss ing virtuous conduct and good principles .

-

1'F- 'f Jji 1) ;fL 111. Tsuo 4 Chung 1 Yung 1 nai 3 K'ung 3 Chi 2

.

Tsok 0 ,Chung ~Yung c /• CHung K'aP::>· -nal

Chok Tiong 18ng I · Kh6ng Khip. na1

'f ~ 1~. Tl ~ ~. Chung 1 pu4 p'ien 1• Yung 1 pu4 ·4 I .

,Chung pat:> '· ~Yung pat:> yik~ . cP 1n. Tiong put phi an . 18ng put ek.

-II-

30. (3. Chung Yung or the Doctrine oF the Golden Medium). Chung Yung was written by K'ung Chi (grandson of ConFuc ius, B.C. 492-431 ). Chung means the unprejudice d principles and Yung means fixed principles.

~ i4 change, alter. ~ p' ien 1 prejudiced, partial. --- -

1'F- * ~ 1) #!! El -f_

Tsuo4 Td 4 HsUeh 2 ·3 na1 Ts~ng 1 Tsu 3.

Tsok0 T' .) Hok~

c I• cT sang 'Tsz. a1· · na1

Chok Tai Hbk I• Cheng Chu. na1

~ 11?.-- 1lf- ± _if, .-)... :; , /o •

Tzu 4 hsiu 1, h ' · 2 C I chih 4 '· 2 p 1ng , chih 4 •

Tsz2 • 0 h ') ' · chi2. ,sau, ~ts a1 C I ~p 1ng,

C::hu siu, ch~ ch~ p~ng, ti 0

.31 . (4. The Great Learning). The Great Learning was written by Philosopher Ts~ng (disciple oF ConFucius, B.C. 505-?). It teaches us how to improve our morals and regulate our Family liFe. Our state may then be rightly governed and our country be made tranqui l and happy .

:?11'-~ ch'i 2 -chia 1 to regulate a Family . 1~ ~ hsiu 1 -sh~n 1 to improve

~fi 00) chih 4 -kuo 2 to govern a country . one's moral na ture.

-f-~ r p'ing 2-t'ien 1- hsia 4 to paciFy the empire or country .

~ ?.ml @.., ~ =t ~lft. Hsiao4 Ching 1 • I tung 1 Ssu4 Shu 1 shu2 .

H£1U2 ,Keng ,t'ung, SzJ ,ShU shuk~ Hau Keng thong, SCi Su sick.

-ka ~ ~. "' -9,{; Pf --!b ,,~ .

Ju2 Liu 4 Ching 1, shih 3 k'~3 tu2.

~u Luk2 ,Keng, 'ch'i 'ho tuk2,

Ju Lick Keng, I kh6 thck . 51

32. AFter having thoroughly learnt the Filial Code and the Four Books, s t udents may then study the S ix Classics.

~a ju2

it& shu 2

ii..t'ung 1

as, like . j,{; shih 3 then, to begin.

versed in, to be at home in any subject; ripe, cooked.

to go through, to understand thoroughly, the whole.

~t <' '

Shih I I

,Shi,

Si,

:l, ~. Shu 1, 14,

,Shu, Yik~, Su, h,

•• ;f..>J... ' L·3 I I

£Loi,

Le,

~ Ch'un

,Ch'un

Chhun

I lJ(., Ch'iu 1;

,Ts ' au;

Chhiu;

-h f.& ' 'fi ~ 5jt . Liu 4 Ching 1, tang 1 chiang3 ch'iu 2•

Luk~ ,Keng, ,tong 'kong ,k ' au. Lick Keng, tong kbng ·kiu.

33. The Six Classics are:- The Book oF Odes, the Records, the Book oF Changes, the Book oF Rites, the Rites oF Chou, and lhe Spring and Au t umn Annals . Every Chinese scholar should study them.

%J t~ Chou 1 Li 3 the Rites oF Chou. die. Li 3 Chi 4 th e Boo k oF $;fJ\.. Ch 'un 1 Ch'iu 1 the Spring an d Autumn Annals. [R ites. J.b it lh 4 Ching 4 the Book oF Cha nges . '$'tang 1 ought . ~f& Shih 1 Ching 1 the Book oF Od e s. # chiang 3 inquire into . :fi if<! Shu 1 Ch ing 1 the Records . $. ch ' iu 2 to seek, osk For.

;f.f ~ Jt, :ff j~ ~. Yu 3 Lien 2 Shan 1, yu3 Kui 1 Ts'ang 2 ,

£Yau £Lin ,Shan, c ,Kwai £Ts'ong, -yau lu Lian San,

• I Kui Ch&ng, IU

:ff Pal ~. = ~ -tf ... yu3 Chou 1 1\ san 1 14 hsiong 2 •

c ,Chau Yik~,

I Yik~

., -yau ,sam £ts eung. •I

Chiu h, Ek si6ng . IU sam

34. (I . The Book oF Changes .) The Lien Shan that oF Hsia dynasty, the Kui Ts ' ang that oF the Shang dynasty and the Chou lh that oF the Chou dynasty, are three theories oF the Changes in nature .

.if kui 1 to return, go back, revert. ~ ts'ang 2 to keep, store up.

---;f.f ~. ~ ;ff -tnl -tt!. Yu 3 . ' <' ' QO 1

Tien 3, Mo 2 , yu3 Hsun\ Kao4, £Yau 'Tin, ~Me., c Fan', Ko', -yau lu Tian, B&, •I

Hl1n, Kho, IU

~ .:tO: 4'f'; :if ~ ~. yu3 a ' c Shih\ Ming 4 ; Shu 1 chih 1 ao 4

. ·yeu Shai~, Ming~; ,Shu ,chi c.'. •I IU S~, Beng; Su chi o.

-1.3-

35. (2. The Records). Th e re are the Royal and Ministerial Canons, the Instructions, the Injunctions, the Solemn Vows, and the Commands which are the marvellous pieces of the Records.

j)_. ao 4 marvellous, mysterious. -;l}l Mo 2 the Ministerial Canons.

~:\ Hsun 4 the Instructions. 5! Shih 4 the Solemn Vows.

";it; Kao 4 the Injunctions. ~ Tien 3 the Royal Canons.

4/l- Ming 4 the Commands. ::f f.& Shu 1-Ching 1 the Records.

4t %1 '.t~ ff %1 •• if.JL • Wo 3 Chou I Kung 1 tsuo 4 Chou 1 L·a I •

\;Ngo cChau cKung tsok 0 cChau \;Lai.

Ng6· Chiu Kong chok Chiu Lll.

~ _._ 1: fj. :J,.. ft. /' Ia

Chu 4 L' 4 IU Kuan 1 • 2 ts un chih 4 '·3 t I .

Chu) LukJ ,Kun \;ts 'un chi2 c •. t 81.

TU Li6k Koan chun tT the.

36. (3. The Rites of Chou). The Duke of Chou wrote the Rites of Chou. He appointed the Six Boards (to watch heaven, earth and the four seasons) in ruling the affairs of the government.

~ chu 4 to fix, compose, write. 1it t'i 3 principle, scope, body.

~ kung 1 a duke. ;(f ts'un 2 to maintain, to keep.

*· ~ 4 I a ,

T, .) a1-,

Tai,

IJ' Hsiao 3

cSiu

Si~u

H. chu 4

•

h .. J c u chu

•• . ;f.JL

Li 3

\;Lai

u ~7lf fi<> ~ .<.til ' ~ "'= ::;'£... a ' l[jl.. -rr-" '

~G . Chi 4

.

Ke?.

KL

Shu 4 sh~ng 4 yen 2, Li 3 , Yueh\ pei 4 .

ShutJ shengJ cin, \;Lai, NgokJ, pei~. Sut . s~ng -giSn, Le, Gak,- pT.

37. (4. The Book of Rites). Tai Senior (Han dynasty) and Tai Junior (nephew of the former) commented on the Book of Rites and retold the sayings of Sages. Here the rules of Rites and the theory of Music were fully dealt with.

i1 chu 4 to annotate . ilK shu 4 to repeat, narrate. 'ft pei 4 prepared, ready, complete . ~ sh~ng 4 a sage, a saint, holy.

'fR tai 4 to wear (ornaments, glasses, cap, flowers, etc.), a surname.

-14-

Yueh4

Yeuk) Obt-

it hao 4

h~~ ho

~ JR, a $., ~'Ji ; Kuo 2 Hng 1, yueh 4 Ya 3, Sung 4

;

Kwok o ,Fung, yeuk~ ~Nga, Tsung~; ·

Kok Hong , obt Nga, Siang;

r:m -g~ ' 't ~».\ ' ii}l . Ssu4 Shih 1, tang 1 f~ng 3 , yung 3

•

Sz) ,Shi, ,tong fung), wing2.

Su Si, tong hong, eng.

38. (5. The Book of Odes). The four divisions of the Book of Odes-the Balleds, the Eulogies of the Emperor, the Eulogies of Feudal Princes and the Sacrificial Songs-should be read by every

scholar.

tm 1~ Ssu 4 Shih 1 the four divisions of the Book of Odes: (I) Kuo 2

F~ng 1 (the Ballads); (2) Hsiao 3 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the emperor); (3) Ta 4 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the feudal princes) and (4) Sung 4

(the Sacrificial Songs).

i~ Shih I

,Shi Si

i; Yu4

u~

Gu

U.t -c, chi 4 wang 2

, k .) er ~mong,

u be,ng,

* Ch 'un 1

,Ch'un Chhun

1)-. Ch ' iu 1

,Ts 'au Chhiu

{'f. tsuo 4 .

tsok 0 •

chok.

~ ' J1~' 4•] 4 ' -?1 . pao 1, pien 3

, pieh 2 shan\ o 4 •

cP~, 'pin, pit) shin~, ok 0 •

po, pian, piat sran, ok.

39. (6. The Spring and Autumu Annals). The Spring and Autumn Annals was lompiled by Confucius ( He treated it as his immortel work and said of it "By the Spring and Autum,, Annals, men will know me." ) . In it he recorded historical events, praised virtues and condemned vices. This book was written in an attempt to revive ancient customs, as the age of Odes was dying out owing to the Emperors' gradual loss of power to the Feudal Princes.

~ chi4

finished, since. J.i•) pieh 2 separate, discriminate. £ o

4 bad, wicked, vice. .!It pien 3 blame, censure.

3l pao 1

to praise. ~ yu 4 to borrow, as a methpher .

- 1ft ~: ;ff ~'..... if., -San 1

Chuan 4 ch~ 3 : yu3 Kung 1 Yang 2 , ,Sam Chi.Jn~ 'che: c ,Kung ~Yeung, -yau Sam Toiin chia: •I Kong 18ng, IU

-15-

1i- ~. 11 ·k~ ~. Tsuo 3 Shih\ yu 3 Ku 3 Liang 2.

cTso S hi:1, ~y11u KukJ cl~ung. Ch6 Si, iu Kok -Liong. • I

IU

40. The Critics Kung Yang, Tsuo Shih and Ku Liang wrote three diFferent commentaries on Spring and Autumn Annals. Thes commentaries were called San Chuan.

~ liang 2 a surname, a beam. ~ shih 4 family name, surname .

~ Ching 1

cK eng

Keng

tit chi 4

k .) e1

u

aJl, ming 2

,

~meng,

beng,

7i ~~ "Jt -t.

fang I tu 2 tzu 3. cfong tukJ ctsz.

hong tho"k chu.

~& .$. -t- , 1L -Jt. 11 . Ts'uo 4 ch'i 2 yao\ chi 4 ch'i 2 shih 4 .

Ts\.i t 0 ck'ei iuJ, ke? ck ' ei ~sz. Choat -kf iau, U -kf su.

41. After mas t ering the Classics, study the books written by the great philosophe rs. As these books are plentiful, students shoul d choose the important passages and commit them to memory.

1i fang 1 then. ~{;:. ts ' uo 4 to pick up, choose. -1- tzu3 an honorary epithet, a philosopher, the Master, Confucius . ----:Ji_ -t ;;#: :.tr Wu 3 Tzu 3 che3: yu3 ~Ng cTsz cche: c -yau Ngo· Chu ch ia:

• I IU

:t <f -t 71. w· 2 en Chung 1 T .. 3 zu h ·2 C I

!;Man ,Chung cTsz kap~ Bun Tiong Chu klp

42. The Five Ph ilosophers were : Chung-tzu, Lao-tz u and Chuang-tzu .

m, Hsun 2 ,

cSun, Sun,

* Lao 3

~Lo ' I

L6,

~~' Yang 2

,

c Yeung, -long,

#. Chuang 1•

cChong . Ch o ng.

Hsl.in-tzu, Yang - tzu, Wen -

Ji c huang 1 a surna me , a s t o re, vill age, gr ave. 1.1 hs l.i n2 a surnom e

~' -J-' iift_, -.t,;t ">l t.t ~.

Ching 1, T · 3 • I tu 2 chu 1 sh 1h3. SU I t ung ,

cKeng, cTsz, ct ' ung, luk~ cchi.i c sz .

Keng, Chu, thong, thok chu Su.

16-

~ K. 3

ao cHau

Kh6

f~\ ' hsi 4

,

hai=2,

he,

4;a chih 1

,chi ti

(c) Historical Events

~~ ~!!;. chung 1 shih.

,chung cch'i.

chiong I sr.

43. HBving studied the Classics and books written by some great philosophers, study the history of the successive dynnsties. The careful tracing of each geneBiogy will show the rise and decline

of each dynasty.

i1t chu 1 Bll, e-very. ;;t k'Bo 3

.. ~ h 1 th d J.!:: sh 'rh 3 to exBmine, study . the beginning. ;•, c ung e en . 7-~ * hsi 4 connecting link, succession. i!t shih

4

Tzu 4

Tsz2

Chu

B generation .

*. ' Jl .1: 1ft rt ' Hsi 1, Nung 2 chih 4 HuBng 2 Ti\

,Hei, ,Nung ch? ,Wong T a?, Hi, -Long ch ~ -Hong H,

- }J_ ' /1; _l:. t!t . San 1 Hu11ng 2

, chU 1 shang 4 shih 4.

,Sam ,Wong, ,ku sheung2 shai). Sam -Hong, ku siong s~.

44. Emperor Fu-hsi (B .C. 2852-2737), Emperor Shen-nung (B.C. 2737-2627 ) and Emperor Huang-ti (B .C. 2627-2356 ) were the Three Emperors of High Antiquity.

fk chU 1

to live, reside. fL huang 2 an emperor. it hao

4 to name, to style, to call. ~ hsi 1 a name, a surname .

.l. nung 2 Bgriculture, farming, a farmer. if tr 4 an emperor .

18, 1f 11;, T'ang 2, Yu 3 y··2 U I

c;;T'ong, !;Yau l;u, T&ng, lu Gu,

1t hao 4

ho2

ho

Erh 4

1=2

Ji

r.t, Ti\ Ta?, H,

4lf. .\!I! ' ;ffi. ~ tlt . hsieng

1 i 1 sun 4 ch".~ng sheng 4 shih 4 •

I ) I

cseung yap) sun , ,ch'eng l;sheng sha?. siong ip stln, chheng 5eng s~.

45. Emperor Yao (T'ao T ' ang, B.C. 2356-2255 ) and Emperor S~un ( Yu YU, B.C . 2255-2205) were two celebrated Emperors whose rergns were known in history as the Golden Age. Both oF them abdicated threir thones to worthier men.

-17-

;f~ ch'~ng 1

~ sh~ng 4

i/ii sun 4 to

}~ T'ang 2

to call, style, praise . -Hf. i 1 to salute, to make a bow

great, grand, prosperous, f lourishing, abundant, rich.

abdicate, yi e ld; humble, modest.

the T'ao T 'ang [~ m] reign, the emperor of this rei g was ~mperor Yao .

.iff 11; Yu 3 YU3 the Yu YU reign, the emperor of this reign was ~mperor Shun .

1t Hsia 4

~Ha Ha

1f yu3

c ·yau •I IU

~. y··3 U I

c- · -u, u,

%] x, ~.

~ 1'1" ~. Shang 1 yu3 T'ang 1,

cSh~ung c cT'ong, · yau Siong

• I Thong, IU

;f$}. - .£ . Chou 1 W~n 2 , Wu 3 ch '~ng 1 San 1 Wang 2

•

cChau cMan, ~M6,' cch'eng cSam ~'fong. Chiu ·Bun, Bu, chheng S a m Ong .

46. King YU of the Hsia dynasty ( B.C. 2205-1766 ) , Kin g T ' ang of the Shang dynasty (. BC. 1766-1122 ), King W~n ( B.C. 1231-1135 ) and King Wu (B.C. 1165-1116 ) of the Chou dynasty (B .C. I 122-255) were the Founders of Three Gr e at Dynasties .

)1 1~ .:r, ~ ~ T. Hsia 4 ch ' uan 2 tzu3, chi a 1 t ' ien 1 hsia 4

. H':> ~:: h ' un ctsz, cka '· h') a · ct 1n a·. Ha to an chu, ka thian hii.

tm F.i i'X:., it. 1t "J:. .f • Ssu4 pai 3 tsai 3, ch ' ien 1 Hsia 4 she4

. SzJ pako ctsoi, cts . in H':> a· ~sh~ . SCI pek cha in, chhian Ha Sla.

47. In the Hsia dynasty, thrones became hered itary and re · mained so for four centuries before the Hsia dynasty was changed .

~ 7\._ r chi a I t ' ien 1-hsia 4 here ditary mon a rchy . .it ch ' ien I to change, rem o ve. ;k_ r t ' ien 1- hsia 4 th e empire. 1~ ch ' uan 2 to hand down, inherit . it tsai 3 a year. ~J:. sh~ 4 th e empire, country ; an al t ar for the sp irits of the land.

-;~ -1\ 91, ~J -5t iti). T'ang 1 fa 1 Hsia\ Kuo 2 hao 4 Shang 1•

cT' ong fa t~ H' :> Kwok 0 h6=? cSh~ung. a· I

Thong hoat Ha, Ko k ho Siong.

18-

1f ·3 pa1

pako pek

iX., tsdi 3,

c . tsot, chain,

.:f. chih 4

chi)

ch ~

~t Chou 4

Chau~ Tiu

-c. wang 2

.

cmong. -b6ng.

48. The last ~mperor of the Hsia dynasty was conquered by T'ang who founded the Shang dynasty . This dynasty lasted for more than six centuries and was ended with ~mperor Chou (the most infamous ruler of Chinese history).

%] Chou 1

,Chau Chiu

/\.. Pa 1

Pato Pat

%] Chou 1

,Chau Chiu

-~ ~ Ch'eng 3

'Ch'eng Theng

-¥a Shih 3

'Ch'i

Sf

1f · 3 pa1

pako pek

-ft ch'e4

ch'it0

tiAt

-{-ken1

ckon kan

$. Ch ' un 1

cCh'un Chhun

.:£. Wang 2

,Wong ·ung

iX., tsai 3,

'tsoi, chain,

-*-· tung 1,

ctung, tong,

~. k•l

e ' ckwo, ko,

;f)(.' Ch ' iu 1

,

,Ts'au, Chhiu,

I 51

/( tsui 4

tsui)

choe

$} shang 4

sheung~ siong

~ chung 1

cchung chiong

$i chu 1

,chu tu

-&. ch'ang 2

,ch'eung -ti6ng

~ kang 1

,kong kong

~~ yu2

~ Chan 4

Chin)

Chian

M. Chou 4

.

Chau~ . Tiu.

~-chiu3.

'kau. kiu .

~-chui4. chui~. tui.

iJL. shui 4 .

shui ).

see .

t~r. Kuo 2

.

Kwok 0 •

Kok.

Ji. 1fi ~~ ' -k t.fi tt: . Wu

3 Pa 4 ch'iang 2 , Ch'i 1 Hsiung 2 ch'u 1.

£Ng Pa) ,k 'eung, Ts'at) ,Hung ch'ut). Ng6· Pi! -ki6ng, Chhit -Hi8ng chhut.

49. Emperor Ch o u was a tyrant and he was killed by Wu who bec11me Emperor and founded the Chou dynasty . This w11s the longest dynasty lasting for more then eight hundred yea rs. It was during this dynasty that the Imperial Capital was transf erred to the East of the ~mpire (B.C. 770) and in doing so, the Imperial laws

-19-

lost their influence. The feudal princes were fighting among them­s e lves and sent their diplomats round to persuade one another to mak e terms . This state oF aFFa irs started From the reign oF Ch'un Ch'iu (B.C. 772-481) and lasted to th e Warring S t a tes Period (B. C. 403-247 ). This was also the per iod oF the Five Domineering Rulers ( Huan -k ung oF Ch ' i [ 11f-~.0.. *), Wen-kung oF Chin[~ ::t*J, Mu-kung of Ch'in [~-;fJ*J, Hsiang-kung of Sung [~!{ *] and Chuang -wang of Ch'u [ ;t¥, ;E.]) and the development of the Seven Martial Sta,tes ( Ch'in [;{t), Ch 'u [~], Yen [N(;], Ch ' i [1lf-], Han [.t,f), Chao [~] and Wei [.it]) .

$t chan 11 war, to fight . ~ ch ;u 3 long, a long time. tk. ch'ang 2 long . -t kan 1 a shield . t,it ch 'e 4 a track, rut of a wheel.~ chui 4 to Fall down, fallen . ~~ ch ' iang

2 strong, powerful. ;t{l hsiung 2 martial, male, heroic .

" h'" 3 to ce rry to the If:: 4 d ~ c eng exteromelimit. :til pa tyrBnnize, omineer . 14, chu 1

to kill, to exterminote utterly .• ~ shang 4 approve, persuade, -f -1(. kan 1-ke 1

shields e nd spoors, wor, 1!L shui 4 persuade. [prefer.

~) kang 1

the Iorge rope which binds the meshes of a net, l11ws.

JM ~ 1\ ~!3 j- 1-jf . Ying 2 Ch ' in 2 Shih 4 sh ih 3 chien 1 . 4 p1ng .

!;Ying ~Ts'un Shi=? cc h ' i ckim )

peng . ~Ag Chfn s~ I

kiam pen g. 51

1~ i!tl ~I il- 1 ~. Ch'ulln 2 Erh 4 Shih\ ·ch 'u3 , Han\ cheng I.

!;Ch'un I=? Shai), cCh'o, Hon), <;chang. Toan Ji se, Chh6·, Han, cheng.

50. The State of Ch 'i n was the strongest of these Seven Martidl States. Her ~mperor, Ch'in Shih Huang (B.C. 246-210) annexed the other six states and united th e m into an l::mpire and became known as the First Universal l::mpire . He was succeeded by his son and the dynasty came to llll end when there beglln ll war betwee n Ch 'u and Han .

1t chien 1

Ati. ying 2

1if ping 4

_..... "' l'J')

Kllo 1

cKo

Ko

absorb, unite, attend to severlll duties at once. clan name of Ch 'i n Shih Huang (B.C. 221 ). to absorb, annex . ;t ch'u 3 a su rname ; clear.

;:fJl. ..tl!-1 il.: 1; }!. Tsu 3 hsing 1, Han 4 yeh 4 chien 4

. cTso ching, Hon

) kin) . 'P=? Ch6· heng, Han giap kian .

-20-

± Chih 4

Ch? Ch~

~ Hsiao 4

HI )

au Hau

-f-, . 2 p 1ng ,

P ' eng~, P~ng,

_:E. Wang 2

cWong -OAg

~ Mang 3

£Mong Bong

~. . 4

ts uan . shan). chhoan .

51. After conquering Ruler Ch 'u, Han became ~mperor and was known as ~mperor Han Kao-tsu (B .C. 206-195) and ruled over the ~mp1re of Ch ' 1n. He was the founder of the Han ~mpire and Dynasty (B .C. 206-5) His dynasty ended with the reign of ~mperor Hsiao-p ' ing whose throne was usurped by Weng Mang .

~ meng 3 rude, rustic, undergrowth. t' yeh 4 property, empire . :i. ts'uan 4 usurp, to rebel against. J8!. hsing 1 to arise, flourish.

;it ~. ~. ~ *- if.' Kuang 1 Wu 3 hsing I ·2 Tung I Han 4

I we1 I

cKwong £M6 chin g, £wei cTung Hon),

Kong Bu heng, ui Tong Han,

.!E) ff Jf-, ~ -M- 4*. ssu 4 pai 3 . 2 chung 1 yU2 Hsien 4

. n1en , )

pako £nin, cchung eli Hin) . sz su pek I ian, chiong u Hi an .

52. ~mperor Kuang Wu killed Wang Mang and ruled over the H~n ~mpire. His re ign was the beginning of the Tung Han or Later Han dynasty (A.D . 25-221 ). This dynasty lasted for more than 40CJ years and ended with the reign of ~mperor Hsien (A.D. 25-221 ).

~ hsien 4 tb offer to, to offer up. ;#- yU 2 to, at, in. -------

§Q, ~>t 0 ... il- ~\. ' *· Shu 3

, Wei\ Wu 2, ch~ng 1 Han 4 Ting 3,

Shuk), Ngai~, ~Ng, cchang Hon ) cT eng,

Siok, - Gui, Go·, cheng Han Teng,

- ~. it ~ % Sen 1 Kuo 2. Ch'i 4 Liang 3 Chin 4

.

cSam Kwok 0 • Ngat~ £Leung Tsun). Sam Kok. Gut Liong Ch~n.

53. The dynasties of Western Chin (A.D. 256-316) and ~astern Chin (A .D. 317-419) came after the Battle oF the Three Kingdoms (A.D. 220-265) which was Fought between the Stetes oF Shu, Wei and Wu for the Han Empire.

-21-

.i t_ ch' i4 t o re ach or e xtend to, until. -t ch ang 1 to Fight , quarrel,

.;Wr ting 3 a t wo-eared tripod, emblem oF a uth ority. [warangle.

W · 2 e1

~ C h'i 2

cTs'a i -Che,

~. ch i\ ka1:> , k~ ,

_ff?, l 1ang 2

,

cl e ung , - Li&ng,

~ Ch 'en 2

cCh 'an -nn

1-"R. ch 'eng 2 .

£s heng. seng

~~. ~~ ~ F~. Nan 2 Ch 'ao 2, tu 1 Chin 1 Ling 2 •

eN am cCh ' iu, ,t6 ,Kam ,Leng. -U rn -TiSu, to · Kim -Leng.

54. AFter these two dynasti e s came the Following dynasties: Liu Sung (A .D. 420-478), Ch ' i ( A.D . 479-50 I), Liang (A.D. 502-556) and Ch'e n ( A.D. 537-385). These were known as the Southern dynast y and t hei r capi tal was at Nanking.

i'R ch 'e ng2 to receive, continue . m chi 4 to continue ; succession.

4:-fA:. ch in 1- ling 2 ancient name oF Nanking. .fn ch 'ao 2 a dynasty.

l't ling 2 a high mound, a tomb. ~ tu 1 to Found a capital.

;lt iL ft /it *-· 'tff1. Pei 3 Y" 2 uan w ·4 e1 Fen I Tung 1, Hsi 1

•

Pak:J £Un Ngai~ cFan c Tung, cSai . Pok GoSn Gui hun Tong, Se .

~ X %] ~ -t;" 41f.. T<i]

Yu 3 Wen 2 Chou 1 yl.i3 Kao 1 Ch ' i2 • c·-

£Man cChau ( ..

cK6 £Ts 'ai . -u -u u Bun Chiu I Ko Che. u

55. Yu3n Wei, the North e rn dynasty (A.D. 386-533) was split into th ~ Eas ter n Wei ( A.D. 534) and the Western Wei ( A.D. 535 · . Afte r these came the Northern Chou dyna sty Founded by Yu -wen and th e Northe rn Ch ' i dynasty Found e d by Keo Yang.

~t ~ Pe i3 Chou 1

~t :?.f- Pei 3 Ch ' i2

~~ ~ Ta i4 chih 4

Toi =1 h ') C I

Tai ch~

th e Northern Chou dyn J sty Founded by Yu -wen.

th e Northern Ch ' i d y n a ~t y Founde d by Kao Yang .

N~, ..±.. ~-Su i2 ,

· I t ' u3 .. 3 I yu .

£Ts ' ui , yat:l Ct '6 ~u .

Sui, it th6· I u.

-22-

~ Pu 4

Pat:> Put

-* tsai 4

. ) tSOI

chai

fft, ch'uan 2

,

,ch'i.in, -t9 an,

1ft.. shih 1

shat:> sit

itt t'ung 3

c ' tung th6ng

~. hsi.i 4 .

c .. -su.

sCi.

56. The Empire remained united until the Sui dynasty (A.D. 589-617). But this dynasty did not last more than two generations

and the Empire was soon in confusion.

~~ hsi.i 4 property, inheritance. #f. t'ung 3 a clue, altogether.

;}( shih 1 to lose, to miss, to fail. ~ t ' ung 3 - hsi.i 4 a clue to the whole.

;fi. tdi 4 until, up to. !f yi.i 3 the four borders of a state.

n1 T' ang 2

,Tong -Hng

~~ ch'u 2

,ch 'u -tu

~ Liang 2

,Leung -Li&ng

....... ~

Kao 1

,Ko Ko

rt.r Sui 2

cTs ' ui -Sui

-t sh ih 2

shap~ slp

-~ mieh 4

mit:> bibt

;fJl. Tsu 3

cTso

Ch6·

~~. luan\ li.in~, loan,

1~, ch'uan 2 ,

,ch 'i.in, -to an,

~ , ch ih 1,

cchi, chi,

~ h' · 3

C I

'hei khf

i'J ch ' uang 4

chongJ

chhong

san 1

I ,sam sam

1<. ·3 I ·J ,-gi

~ kuo 2

kwok 0

kok

ff ·3 pa1

pak , pe k

1) nai 3

( / • -nal

I• na1

Brp , shih 1 ,

csz, su,

:ll. chi

1•

,kei. ki.

~. tsai 3

.

ctsoi .

chai 0 .

!?J:. . kai 3

.

ckoi.

kai.

57. T'ang Kao-tsu with the aid of volunteer troops restored order in th e country after the chaos prevalent under the Sui rule. He then b3came Emperor and was th') Founder of the T' ang dynasty (A.D. 61 3-906). This dynasty lasted three centur ies and saw the reigns of twenty princes. The last ruling prince was overthrown by a member oF the House oF ·Liang, who then became Emperor and founded the Liang dynasty.

-»s. chi 1

ll't ch'u 2

~·) ch 'uang 4

~~.P i4-shih 1

a foundation.

to remov~, annul. to found.

volunteer troops.

i!J:.. kai 3

~t. luan 4

-;A mieh 4

tip shih 1

-23-

to change, alter, reform.

to confuse, to disorder.

to exterminate, destroy.

an army, troops.

...

(d) Distinguished Personages

62. Sages of ancient times loved learning very much. In his quest for knowledge, Confucius did not hesit11te to learn from Hsiang T'uo, a little seven-year old boy.

1JJ ch'in 2 diligent. ~ shang 4 still; yet. {f chung 4 the second in order of birth. J.~ hsiang 4 neck; a surname. {f K. Chung 4-ni 2 the infantile name of Confucius . Jk'- hsien 2 virtuous, wise. :'t sheng 4 sacred, holy. /fc. ni 2 a nun, name of a hill in Shangtung . i' t'uo2 a small bag open at both ends; a satchel to carry clothes

or food in .:'t 'lt sheng 4-hsien 2 sages, sages and worthies. ------------------M t ~ ~b

"Jl. ·t- ~}::,.. i>·"l •

Chao 4 Chung I Ling 4 tu 2 Lu 3 Lun 4. Ch i{? cChung Leng:.? tuk:.? ~L6 Lun:.?.

Tio Tiong Leng thok L6· Lun.

1ft FJ:t {± * Jl 1.}] . Pi 3 h' 4 shih\ hsueh 2 ch'ieh 3 ch ' in 2. C I

cPei k .') J hok:.? cc ' he ~k ' an e1 sz-,

p; u sCi, hbk chhian kh~n .

63. In spite of his heavy duties, Mr. Chao, a Cabinet Minister of the Sung dynasty loved to study the Confucian Analects when ­her time pe rmitted him to do so.

<f 4- chung 1- ling 4 the cabinet minister. ~ chi 4 since , already. -~· lu 3 stupid, rude, Shantung, the native state of Confuci us . ·18'· ~ Lu 3 Lun 4 the Confucian Analects 4- ling 4 on orde r, commonds. {± shih 4 an oFFicial, ofFicial ca r e~r; be in ofFice.

------

JJt t~ ~ ,. ' %·] ft fjj. p ' i I p'u2 . I hsiao 1 chu 2 chien3

.

cP ' i . , p~en ,

seuko chukJ ckan . ~p 0 cP in, Phi p6· ph ian, siat tiok kan.

1ft ~ :t: · <=} Jl '*q ~.

Pi 3 wu 2 shu 1 ch 'i eh 3 ch ih 1 ' 3 m1en . cPei \ cshu, cch 'e cchi

(

~mo ·m1n . p; b,J su, chhian ti bian.

64. Having no books to write in, Lu Wen-shu (Sft..i]l..if, Han dynasty) weaved rushes into mats and used them as su ch, Kung Sun-hung (~1:¥. ~!.., Han dynasty) also lacked books, so he did his copies

-26-

on bamboo slips. There was no diFFiculty however great, which they did overcome in their love For learning .

~ chien 3 a slip, a bamboo slip. ;fft p'i 1 open, unFold .

;!i'J hsiao 1 cut oFF. ~ pi en 1

to braid .

~ mien 3 force, urge, stimulate. f;jj p'u 2 rushes suitable for matting. ---

Pl

-)ll}i hsua n 2

cUll · hi an

~ pu4

pat) put

~ I liang 2,

c:leung, li6ng,

fi, chiao\ kau),

kau,

${!. chui 1

cchui chui

t1 tzu 4

tsz~ chu

*'J !It. tz'u 4 ku 3

. ' ) ts z cku .

chhl k6 · .

1.}) .:¥.-a . h '· 2 c 1n k' 3 u 0

fk ' an cfu .

khfn kh6·

65. Then there were the two sch:>lars who, being afraid of alling asleep over their studies, tortured thamselves in order to

keep awake One of them Sun Ching C1'*- t)t, Chin _dynas t y) tied his hair to a beam and the other Su Ch ' in (~.Lt, Chou dynasty) kept

ricking himself with an awl. They were conscientious in their studies 1n spite oF the fact that they had no teachers.

i(l chui 1

an awl. ~M tz ' u 4 stab, prick .

. ! hsuan2

tie up, suspend . M: ku 3 the thigh.

-ka it .fl -ka a* 1;; Ju2 nang 2

ying 2, ju2 ying 4 hsueh 3 ; u fnong fying, fu

c ying suto;

ju 16ng t!ng, ju idng so at;

~ ~ -'it I ~ ~ .f,a_ Chi11 I

sui 1 '· 2 hsueh 2 pu4 ch'uo 4 . pIn 1

csui fP an, hok~ pat) chut , SUI • hbk put to at. p1n,

66. There are many instances oF schola rs, who persevered in heir studies in sp ite oF their poverty. One of them (Chu Yin

J~L, Chin dynasty) gathered a number oF Fireflies and put them nto a sack and studied by their light. The other, Sun K'ang (:J'*-.1.~-U, tudied by the light reflected by snow.

ch'uo4

to stop, suspend. 'Jt p'in 2 poor, indigent . •;'; hsueh

3 snow. .~ ying 2 fireflies.

;l nang2

a sack. "~ y'1ng 4 h ' Fl t "" s 1ne, re . ec .

-27-

~ sh~n 1

cshan s1n

~It · I

SUI

cSUI

SUI

%T, ' . I ns1n

cson, sin,

;f, lao 2

,

~lo, 1&,

~. chiao 2

;

kok 0 ;

kak;

-$-. chuo 1 •

ch 'euk .

tok.

67. Then there was Chu Ma i- ch ' ~n C*-1! !}.,Han dynasty) who studied as he carried fir e wood and Li Mi (4 W, Sui dynasty) who hung his bookon his cow's horn as he pastured the cattle. Although they had a hard time, they persevered in their studies .

.f- chuo 1 excel . ~i~ kua 4 to hang up. ~ Fu 4 to carry on the back. % lao 2 to toil for, to labour. -lit hsin 1 firewood . ~~ yu 2 still, still more.

~ Su 1

cSu So·

~{; shi h3

cc h ·i I

51

1t Fa 1

fa t o

hoat

~ft ·I

SUI

csui kl

,j-hsiao3

( • I SI U ·I

S l aU

*· Ch 'uon 2 ,

~Ts ' un, ChoSn,

·tt, f~n 4

~fen 1

I

hun,

;t, lao 3,

~16,

16, .fj: ....-, sh~ng 1

,

cshang, seng

~A, ".!'{

tu 2

tuk~

thbk

~~ yu 2

~yau

iU

-t shih 2

shap~ slp

su

·t~ hui 3

fui 1

h6e

--t-, ch'i 1,

ts' at:>,

chhit,

:#t. chi 2 •

tsik~.

chek.

l{t ch'ih 2 •

~ch'i. d .

.~ . ssu I.

cSZ.

su .

68. When one 1s young, one should be more ser1ous about one's studies as it might be too lote to learn. Mr. Su Lao-ch'l.ian l Sung dynas t y) reelised this when he started learning et lhe age of twenty- seven, and deeply regretted that he did not leern in his younger doys.

-28-

.fi chi 2

Xi ch 'i h 2

;it ch 'Ua n 2

Plf ~rh 3

-tt fa 1

~ Juo 4

Yeuk) Jiok-

tt T ui 4

T .) Ul

TUi {It

Nl

a book, a list. 1l- ·t~ fa 1 -f~n 4 to work with ardor . late, to delay . ·ttl' f~n 4 ze al, zeal o us, anger. a spring, fountain. •J.i9; hui 3 to regre t, to repent. you . :iF a- shu 1-chi 2 books . to star t , go to w ork on fo..}. su 1 t o re vive ; a surname .

-* Liang 2

,Leung -Li8ng

*.. t a 4

tai~ tai

"' pa' pato pat

%}. k' u i 1

,fui khoe

-t-sh ih 2

shap~ sip

~ tuo 1

, t o to

~rh 4 . . ) ,-. ji .

-:±'. shih 4 .

sz~. su.

n\, tft ~ -~. chi 4 ch '~ng 2 , chung 4 ch ' ~ng 1 i4 .

ke iJ ~sheng, chungJ cch ' eng i~ . U s~ng, chia ng chheng in .

1}· 1.. ' :a :!L ,'§ . hsiao 3 sh~ng 1, i2 li4 ch ih4 .

's iu ,shang, £i lap) che. si8u seng, gf llp- ch~ .

69. Then there was Liang Hao ( Sung dynasty ) who pessed the oral exeminations 1n the Imperial Cou rt of which the Emperor himself was e ;: am1ner. He gr adue t ed first among the Hanlin graduates an d every one was as ton is h e d at his wonderful ach ievem e nts . One should al w ays try t o be ambitious and realize one's ambitions .

• ~ chih 4

~ chung 4

ll~ hao 4

~ Ying 2

eWing -EAg

,~j..-Pi4 P .)

el

p~

aim, purpose, ambition . meny, all. vest expen se of water, megn ifi cent

"' pa' pat a

pat

.k ch ' i 1

ts' at) chhit

~ sui 4

. ) SUI

soe

~ · 4

SUI .)

SUI

soe

ii~ A 2 neng

cnong -l~ng

1i~ n ~ng 2

en eng -l~ng

-29-

wonderful, rare, strenge .. the chief, the heed . th e c ou rt , th e op e n c ourt in e pa la c e .

i*-yung3

) wing-eng

Ril\ fu 4

fu)

h~

~t. shih 1 •

cshi . 51.

~$;. ch ' i2 .

,k ' ei . -kf.

JQ ying 3

. ;) wing-eng

-'t}J yu4

) yau iu

,f:li_ ta ,

4 WU 1

;) ng-, go·,

~. hsi.ieh 2

,

hokJ, hilk,-

A jen 2

cYan - .. Jln

1; tang 1

ctong tong

;f$j. ch 'eng I

cch ' eng chheng

M hsiao 4

htw2

hau

-t]-, ch'i 2 .

ck 'ei. -u. ~. chih 1•

cchi. chi.

70. Ying (Northern Ch'i dynasty) could read the Odes at the age of eight and Pi (T'ang dynasty) could write anomalous verses at the age of seven. They were versatile and admired by every one. So, you young people, should emulate them.

~ ch ' i2 chess, draughts. ·I~ wu 4 intelligent, versatile. ~ fu 4 anomalous verse. .JJ:. ying 2 the pure lustre of a gem -iJJJ hsiao 4 follow, emulate. ;f~ ying 3 versatile. ;"j.· pi 4 bubbling up. ~¥ yung 3 chant, sing, read.

~:t_ .7.r. T ' ·4 s a1 T ' .) s 01

Chhai

~~t Hsieh 4

Tse~ s,a

-#.1l Chi 1

cKei Ki

t& Yi.in 4

Wan:>

Un

-:t, tzu3

,

ctsz,

chu,

fit • 2 neng

cnang -leng

fi~ neng 2

cnang -I eng

Jl ch ' ieh 3

cch 'e

chhian

1Jf pien 4 . ;)

pin-pian

"tj<.. yung 3

. ;) wing-eng

Jf! ts.ung 1

cts'ung

chhong

J!... ch'in 2 .

ck'am. -khtm.

*"· . 2 y1n . ~yam.

• g1m.

-M:_. . 3

m1n . ~man.

bfn .

~ -1-, 1; 0 4}. nan 2 tzu 3

, tang 1 tzu 4 ching3

~nam ' tsz, ctong tsz2 ckeng.

lam chu, tong chu keng.

71. There were two brilliant little girls whose examples one could do well to Follow. One, Ts ' ai Wen Chi (Han dynasty) could distinguish the strings oF the lute and the other Hsieh Tao-wen, could compose poetry.

-30-

JH T'ang 2

cT'ong -T&ng

~ Chu 3

cku

ku

Nl

the lute, harp. :fit pien 4 distinguish, discriminate . to werm, be werned. J.}. ts'ai 4 a surname . quick, active, elert. * yin 2 hum, sing, com~ose . reddish yellow, a bow-cese . ~~~ ts ' ung 1 min 3 smart. surname of the royal house of Chou; a lady of distinction.

~·] L' 2 IU

£Lau Liu

:fo/ Sh~n 2

£Shan Sfn

·I SUI

SUI

*· Yen\ ' ) An,

An.

~. T'ung 2 ,

!;T,ung, T&ng,

~!J' yu\

) yau,

7i fang 1

cfong hong

1'F-Tsuo4

Tsok 0

Chok

:fa sh~n 1

cshan i~, s1n

-k ch ' i 1

ts '11 t:> chhit

jE.

Ch~ng 4

Cheng:>

Ch~ng

~

'*· ~ JO hsueh 2

, mien 3 ~rh 2

hok:>, £min £1 hak,- bian jf

Jl, · 4

SUI I .)

SUI I

soe,

.:f. Tzti 4

.

Tsz~ . Ju.

{±.

su .

~t. chih 4

.

chi:> .

d .

;t, ifF % ?t. wei 2 ch~ 3 , i4 juo 4 shih 4 .

£Wal Cche, yik) yeuk) shi~. ui chhia, €k- ji6k - si .

72. Even at the age of seven, little Liu Yen of the House of T 'ang was Chosen by the Emperor as the most talented boy. Later he was appointed by the Emperor es proof reader of the Imperial Academy end wes admitted to official circles in spite of his youth. Men reep es they sow, success can be atteined if one but tries.

:tt chih 4 to convey to, to come to, eim . {± shih 4 be in office . ~ chu3 erect, choose, recommend . ;Jl- i4 also. :lf sh~n 2 spiritual beings; intelligent . ~J liu 2 a surneme . :i'f§: sh~n 2 -t ' ung 2 a precocious boy . .1fc:. yen 4 late, gentle. 'f:. t ' ung 2 a boy, a person under fiFteen years of age . ----

;k. q Ch 'uan 3 shou 3

cHun cshau

Khian siU

~. yeh\

t) ye-,

~(t h· l

C I

ckei ke

-31-

cSZ

su

*-· ch 'e n2 .

£shen. A s1n .

t1 Kou 3

cKau

K6·

~ Ts'an 2

cTs'am .Chh&m

~ pu4

patJ put

'!]:. t'u 3

t'o)

tho·

~~, hsueh 2 ,

hok), hbk,-

?.:3: , v i

SSU 1

csz, si,

it feng 1

cfung hong

~ wei 2

~woi Ui

~it niang 4

I ) yeung-jiong

A.? jen 2?

cyan? ·j1n?

'j:, mi 4

.

mat:>. b lt."

A ~ 8/:, Jen 2 pu4 h~ue h 2 ,

cYan pat:> hok:>, pat:> put ·J1n put hbk; ju

Chspter IV. Advice as to Diligence in Learning to Young People

73. Dogs watch et night and cocks herald the dawn. If children do not learn what do they expect to be when .they become men? Silkworms spin silk and bees make honey. These industrious creatures put idle men to shame.

~ ch'en 2

i.[l. chi 1

~ feng 1

~ ·2 l<'t.l we1

§; he 2

~ t'u 3

~ wei 2

~jJ

Yu 4

Yau)

Ill

J:. Shang 4

Sheung~ Siong

;f~ Yang 2

cYeung ·16n g

the morning, dawn. 1f m/~ honey, confectionery.

the cock, fowl. ~ niang 4 to make fermented liguor.

a bee or wasp. ~ shou3 to guard, watch.

to do, become. 2t: ts'an 2 silkworms.

how? :({ yeh 4 night.

to pour out, eject from the mouth, issue, vomit.

to do, act, become, to be in the place of.

:11 chih 4

chi)

d

~ ming 2

cmeng ·beng

*' hsueh 2,

hok:>, hbk;

~, chun 1,

ckwan, kun,

~~, sheng 1

,

csheng, seng,

.;j± chuang 4

chong)

chong

i.il~ hsien 3

chin

hi an

-32-

if tse 2

chak:> tek ·

H. hsing 2

chang. ·heng.

~. min 2 .

cman. .b1n.

-liJ:. mu 3

.

fmo.

bb.

;)It ~ ~

r-l•J ' -* ~ #i... Kuang 1 ··2 yu ch'ien 2 , h' ·2 C Ul

··2 yu hou 4 .

,K won g eli £ts 'i n, £shui eli hau~ . Kong u chiSn, sui u ho ·.

74. Children should study in their youth and make use of their studies in their manhood. Should they become government officers, they should serve their government well and treat people kindly . Thus they will become popular and their parents respected. Their po pularity will also benefit their posterity.

-Tl± chuang 4 vigorous, in manhood. %~ ming 2-sheng 1 fame . ~ ch ' ui 2 to han d down, transmi t. i:f: tse 2 benefits. qt hsing 2 to travd over, to make to go, carry into practice, execute. l'f§t hs ien 3 enlightened, distinguish, make illustrious .

j!_ ·2 I

£wai Ui

~t chia o 4

kauJ

kau

1-, tzu 3

,

ctsz,

chu,

1-, tzu 3

,

ctsz,

chu

& chin 1

ckam kim

~~ man 3

( I -mun boan

· I I

yat::> it

•• . 2 y1ng .

£ying. eng .

~-ching 1•

ckeng. ken g.

75. Some might leave their children wealth but have only this little book to give to mine. If by it they learn to be good and useful I am more than contented .

it i2

iiJ rnan 3

})J Ch'in 2

cK 'an -Khun

leave behind . abundant, filled up.

;;{f yu3

£yau • I IU

~ chih 1

cchi chi

'J}J' kung 1

,

,kung, kong,

~. tsai 1

ctsoi, chai,

•tft wei 2 but, only . l\ ying 2 chests.

~ wu 2

cm6 -bu

~ mien 3

£m1n bian

,~

;;-­...iXII-. ·2 I .

yik::>· ek.

11. li 4

•

likJ . le k-.

76. There is mer1t 1n diligence. Time is precious, so alwllys be prepared and strive hard to achieve these precepts I have

compiled. Published by Chisng Ker Chiu, 56, Shott Street, Singapote.

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

Book For St:udent:s UNDER the title uf "Advanced :V1andarin F~r Cambo·idge Soudents," Mr. Chians Ker

Chiu of the Chung Hwa Ivtan darin Instilul ion, S insapor;;: , intends to write '"' se-ri~s of bouls, d1e first of wl• acll J1as just been publislaed nnd i s now on sale.

"T'he obJeCt of tl1is aeries is to encout"a.ge those s tudttn ls who are to 'king Chinese as a subject. for their Cambridge examinations, autl to enabl e tl1em to tal.:.:: up the study wtth greatGr

eaae under modern methods of training.

The cho ice of Mandarin, the Chinese n ation al language, as th e medium through wluch the Jessous ore taugh.t ia mainly due tu the fact that in a cosmopolitan city like Singapore where Cl1inese, speaking a variety of provincial dtn1o?cts, have co•ne to li ve an d trade, these publications should S<!:rve as wide a purpos~ as pouible.

r\s tbe ability to translate one languaee into a nother is th e fundament:. ! requiremo!.nt for o. succeufuJ candida te in Cambridge e xaminations , d.G author in his first issue has to1len gr~.1l p·1 ins to translate every Chinese tcx:t into Enz:lish and to u:t a Lst of lcsu for the benefit of the students.

-- Tloe .\ \ a lo ya Tribune, Saturday, IJ<cember 28, 19110.

Of ,\1andarin Readers there are many types. Each book must

have its characterisi~cs, and no book alone can supply all requirements .

Everywhere in Malaya, most of the children of the Straits

Chinese first enter the English schools, thus reversing the natural order.

This produces people who an. versed in: English but being ignorant of

their national tongue they are laughed at by others as ilJitetates. This

is a common occurence. As affairs ar e such it is not easy to correct

this d e fect in a short time. 13ut those who are broadminded, know

that Mandarin is compulsory anJ must be learnt. There are many

who study it most diligently. Mr. Chiang Ker Cl1iu's books "N1andarin

Made Easy'' and "Progressive Mandarin Headers" meet this requirement.

Tl1ese books besides teaching Chinese phonetic symbols, also

give Romani zed spelling, and to those who know English it is specially

suitable. The method of compilation is from the simple to tbe difficult,

and empbasis is laid on exercises. This makes the stud~:.nts interestecl

and makes them feel that they are making steacly progress . These are

really very good Mandarin R eaders, suitable for l'v1alayan Chinese

children. TJ1erefore , I write these few worcls as a recommendation.

HUANG WAN, Singapore, July, 1Qlj0,

(Translation f.rum the origina l recommen dati o n in Cbinese

by i\1r. Hunng W nn, lntely Director of Education, Pulirn)

-34-

Amoy Vernacular Lessons For Beginners wH:h a Vocabulary

A Recommendation by Rev. Ernest Tipson, Secretory of Malayan Agency of the British & Foreign Bible Socro;ty:

'Mr. Chiang Ker Chiu is an e ;.c perienced teacher of Chinese and out of his experienc" in teaching that lenguoge this book has been born.

It hos many <.Jua l ities to recomme,, d it end is a great advance upon previous methCJds of teaching by Chinese.

It colllbines the best of Western methods with Mr. Chiang's own methods end thus o very useful book ts the result.

The learning of Chinese hes always been looked upon as a more Formidable t.ask then perhops it is (though one would not wish to minimize the diffrculties of the task •, but thot is because other efforts to teach the language hove been anything but olluring to the student, end rnony becan.e discouraged before they had gone very for. \)(.ith this Handbook end help, it should be o rnuch easier task then Formerly, bttd I hope that this book will hove o la rge circulation.

Those who uso this book will acquire such o taste for learning the language tha t they will v.ant to go on to deeper studies when they hove Finished it. I hey will find Mr. Chiang a relioble guide to tho;e deeper studios.'

Ernest Tipson. Singapore, August 1940.

Singapore S cnolar' s Text: Book On Mandarin ANOTHER valuab le contrtbution to Chinese text books has been made by Mr. Chiang

Ker Chiu, who elreody has to his credit t<.verol othe r publications.

Mr. Chier.g's latest publicetion is entitled "Advanced Mandarin" \Book 1), and is intended for students preporing for the Cambridge examination now that Mandarin, the C hi nese notional language, is one of the languages included in Comb,idge papers.

Chief characteristic oF the book is its simplic;ty. It .s o\;vrous from the book that Mr. Chiang, who is principal of the Chung Hwo Mandarin Institution, he• simplified many of the problems which on advanced student of the Chinese r,otior.ol leng uoge frequently comes across in his study.

Another Factor which makes "Advanced M~ndorin'' valuable i• the diffi culty of getting similar text books from other sources. Recently, it has been fcur.d drfFrcult to obtain books from Chino, end Mr. Cf,iang's latest publication should, at Ieos~, fill a greet need.

But it is mo re then that - fer it is the work of one who has hod considerable experience o~ teaLhing Mon dorin in Malaya end who, therefore, has a good understand ing of en overage student's difficulties.

--The Stra its Times , Tuesday, December 24, 19 4 0.

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Mandarin. Cantonese. Holckien. Hakka. L~arn Cbiuese dialects hy progreui v e SELF.TJ\UGHT bouks. Pronunciolion, lonu,

radicnls, combit\aiions, idioms and etymol ngy minuhdy and cleat·l y explained in Engluh. V cry suitable for Students anJ Bu1ine11 men. The book• are based on {\\QDBRN teacltiJIS: method, ,

(1 ) !ilJ* ~{4¥ Mandarin Made Enoy with Pronuucootion in H o l,kien & Cantoneae, 3rd Editiun $0.55

(2) (ilJtH!~f Progreuive lv1andarin RcaJers fur lntermechute Studenh with a V oca hulnry, Reviaed

(3) i'iij~li!llif:t;,l't/;zfs: .'\dvanced Mandorin for Cambridge Student.

( 4) -'"ilfJ1,f.jf, Cantonese for Beginners with a Vocabulary, Book One Revised

(5) Cantonese for Beginnets, Book Two ..• (6) ~~g1 )\¥ Amoy Vemacular ( Hokkien) Lessons for Besinners

with a Vocubu lary (Word.for-word metlood). ...

$0.60

$0.60

$LOO $1.00

$1.00

$1.'?5 ('i) lffjffi.J.h~ !Ia lkn for Beginnera with a Voc>bula•·y (\Yf orJ.for·word m<tltoc!' (8~ ~~-=*j,'\1: The Three-Character Clauic with E,.g[i,h Translation and l'\o1eo

Romanised into l\1anJo.rin, Cantone1e and Hokkirn ••• ••• • •• $0.30

(9) A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular (Englioh.Chmese) 2nd Ed. $'~.50 (JO) A Pocket Dictionary of tbe Amoy Vernacular 1C hinese-Englioh ) $:1.75

Obtainable at nll !.nd ing bookstores & Chung Hwa Mandarin Institution , 56, Short St., S'pore,

Study Of Mandarin Simplified TWO very valuable contributions to Chinese literature are made by Mr. Chiang Ker

Chiu, author of "Mandarin Made Easy" and "Progressive Mandarin REaders," which have just been issued and are now on sale at leading book..<tores at the remark­ably low price of 55 cents and 60 cents respectively.

"Mandarin l'v1ade Ea•y" fully justifies its name and the claim• of it• autltor who ducovers the .,royal rond" for s~udenh of tbe Chinese national Janguage-Mr. Chiaug presenl, in his text-book a method of ttudying Mandarin which could not b. otmpler.

Anyone with ev"n the most elementary knowledge c..lf Cl'lln~se can m os1er f\1an danu with cue; it is even timpleL· if he is able to speak either tbe I fokkien or Cantonese diol~ct.

HAPPY CHOI CE Mr. Chiang boa made a very happy cl,oice in aelecting I lokkien nod Cantonese as addi.

h nnal media of ins truction , at tltese dialects mr.-v be said to be moat wid~ly used •"'IIHHtg tl1e

( hineae here. PoL· this reason alone, his boo k will appeal to oil Chinrse who desiro.- 1" learn

tlteit• national language.

Quite a number of foreigners are also studying Mandarin, and one con with tl'lt: utmott confic:lenc~ commend "JV\andarin lv\a.~e Easy" lo them, for c.opious yet simplt notes and ex·

planations •given by the author simplify tl1e study of the language to the greatest possible e:xtent.

"Progressive Mandadn Readers" thouJJ prc,ve very useful to those wJH, ht~n! a lready

acquired a Mandarin vocabulary. --The Malaya Tribune, Tuesday, January 23, 1940.

Singapore Books On Mandarin F or Europeans or Chinese wishing to learn lV\andarin, China'a national language a new

text book has just been published by M.·. Chiang Keo· Chiu nf Singapore.

Carefu lly eraded, it i• wdtten an that a working knowledge of Mandarin can be (.1bta1ned witJ,out ref~re uce to any other books or dictionariet.

By the &'\me author is a Pcogressive Mandacin Reader with vocabulary foe inlermediale atudenh,

--The Straits Times, Wednesday, .T~t.nuaty 31. JQ£1.0.

PRINTED BY lAM YEONG PRESS a CO,. It 3 . TElOK AVER STREET, SINGAPORE

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I

.-h ~ OR iii ,$ .l.Jl; 'l -r ~ \111 :::J· <IX

Classes on Mandarin, Malay, Hokkian ~ Cant:onese from E lementary to High School C ourses. Students uth.,r than the

Absolute Be!!inners can: enrol at any time: throughout the: whole year.

THE REGULATIONS OF

CHUNG HWA MANDARIN INSTITUTION No. s6, 51-/0RT STREET, SINGAPORE.

(Eton I-ligh School Budding, Corner o~ Slwrt Street & Selegie Rond. )

Courses: E lementary, Intermediate, Advanced and High School Courses.

Classes: Mondays and Thursdays, 5.15 p.m. to J p .m. or J .15 p .m. to 9 p.m. Tuesdays and Fridays, - do -\XTednesJays and Saturdays - do -

Special aftunoon classes for English school students from 2 to 3 p.m.

or 3 to~ p.m. or~ to 5 p .m., thrice weekly. Fu: $1/- per mensem.

Jl.landarin students may join more th:ln one !vlandarin cla s6 without paying extra fee.

Textbooks: Eas)•, progressive and systematic; composed by our school staff.

Explanations All lessons to be taught accorchngly and explained in English.

ertificates: Certificates on Chinese, approved and signed by the Chinese

Consul-General, will be awarded to candidates \Vho have: passed the final examination on completion of ~ach course:.

Fees: S2/- per mcnsem for Mandarin and $3/- for other dialects and High

School Courses. Special concession may be made to indigent students.

nrclment fee: $t.oo.

orrespondence: All correspondenc e: to be addressed to the Principal.

HAKKA FOR BEGINNERS FOR the comparatively small sum of $1.25, those who read English

b1ay attempt to learn Hal.::l:.a , one of the most widely-used Chinl!se dialects ... in Jvialaya.

"J-Ial:.1:a for Beginners" is another excellent contribution by ]\ ir. Chiang Ker Chiu t o the text books available here for the •tudy ot Chinese dialects .

In this b ook, Mr. Chiang endeavours to teach Ha.kka by the word­or-word method, throueh "·hich the diligent student should be able to acqutre peaking knowledge of -the dialec t within a reasonab ly short time.

-- T h e S traits Times, .tYl arch 1 , 19~1.

Tho Thru Cherac ter Cl •ssic t:'ng lish Trendet ion w ith Note s P rice 30 cts, 1st ed . June , 19lf I

<flji;~~&y:~ CHUNG HWA

MANDARIN INSTITUTION 5b Short Street

Singopore