2018 OVERVIEW - HumanitarianResponse...Needs and gaps in the prevention, protection and care of...

COLOMBIA

OCHA Colombia/Nicolás Mayr

NOV 2018

NEEDSHUMANITARIAN

OVERVIEW

20

18

PEOPLE IN NEED

4.9M

This document was prepared by OCHA on behalf of the Humanitarian Country Team with the support of the Colombia Information Management and Analysis Unit (CIMAU).

This document provides a joint vision and analysis of the crisis by the Humanitarian Country Team, including the most urgent humanitarian need and the estimated number of people in need of assistance. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps jointly plan the strategic response.

The designations used and the presentation of the data contained in the report do not imply, on the part of the United Nations Secretary, any judgment on the legal status of any country, territory, city or region or its authorities or on the delimitation of its borders or limits.

www.unocha.org/colombia www.www.humanitarianresponse.info/es/operations/[email protected] - [email protected]

@ochacolombia

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PART I:

PART I: SUMMARY

Humanitarian Needs and Key Figures

Impact of the Crisis

Disaggregation of People in Need

Prioritization of Need

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PART I:

PEOPLE IN NEED

4.9M

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PART I: HUMANITARIAN NEEDS & KEY FIGURES

HUMANITARIAN

NEEDS & KEY FIGURESThe victim population and the most vulnerable population groups, such as ethnic groups, women, boys, girls, adolescents and youth (BGAY) living in rural areas of difficult access and urban areas, have been the ones who have received the greatest humanitarian impact for several decades as a result of the armed conflict and widespread violence in Colombia

1HUMANITARIAN SECTORAL PRIORITIZATION

In the current context, there are factors that worsen and create new sectoral humanitarian needs. The humanitarian impact is evidenced by the increase in mass displacements, events of limitations on mobility and restrictions on humanitarian access, massacres, warlike actions and attacks against civilian population, represented by 4.9 million people in need. Armed actions and expansion of non-state armed groups1 and post-demobilization armed groups (PDAG)2 , together with the reconfiguration and new dynamics of violence of new armed groups organized in the territories from which FARC-EP3 left after the signing of the peace accord.

These factors pose the main risk of re-victimization of communities already affected, as well as emergencies associated with natural and/or anthropic events that occur cyclically4 . The few socio-economic opportunities in remote rural areas, the weak presence of the State, limited distribution of land, the significant arrival of Venezuelans and the return of Colombians from Venezuela, many of whom are in need of international protection and lack of access to rights and basic services, create new multisectoral humanitarian needs in different regions, despite the efforts of the State and the complementarity of the humanitarian response in terms of care and prevention of the affected population. The implementation of the peace accord between the Government of Colombia and FARC-EP poses a challenge in the midst of the peace dialogues now with the ELN and the presidential elections to be held in 2018, given the expectations and uncertainty of those who bet on a better future despite the existing gaps and needs.

Needs and gaps in the prevention, protection and care of those affected by the armed conflict and widespread violence.

Human Rights violations and breaches of IHL as well as humanitarian needs in the post-accord scenario that require urgent attention persist. The reconfiguration and actions of traditional armed groups in the conflict and new unidentified armed groups fighting for territorial control in areas where the FARC EP emerged, continue to cause a humanitarian and protection impact. In some areas, there is an increase in victimizing acts, such as mass displacements in rural and urban areas, as well as forced recruitment, threats, homicides, sexual violence, disappearances and affectations due to anti-personnel land mines, unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive artifacts (APM/UXO/IEA). Restrictions on mobility and access to goods and services as part of social and territorial control, make other facts invisible, evidencing gaps and often exceeding the State’s response capacity. Actions and strategies are required in terms of prevention, protection, capacity strengthening and care of affected and at-risk population. They are particularly concentrated in indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities, male and female social leaders, male and female human rights defenders, women, BGAY, people in the process of reincorporation into civilian life, and even people who require international protection and who are affected by double or multiple affectations because of the armed conflict, widespread violence, disasters caused by natural threats and now before the continuous arrival of people from Venezuela.

1.This group includes the National Liberation Army (ELN) and the People’s Liberation Army (EPL)

2.PDAG (also called Organized Armed Groups (OAG) by the Government), of which the Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC) and the Gulf Clan and other organized criminal groups of local, national and transnational nature are part.

3.The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP), the main non-state armed group that was part of the conflict in Colombia. After the signing of the peace accord with the Government of Colombia, it is a political party founded in August 2017 by

former members of the former guerrilla group and today called Common Alternative Revolutionary Force (FARC).

4.A natural disaster is called the manifestation of a physical phenomenon whose origin is found in the natural transformation and modification processes of the earth and the environment, e.g., an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, a tsunami or a hurricane, that can result in

the death or injury of living beings, material damage or interruption of the social and economic activity in general. An anthropic event is related to a phenomenon generated by human activity in the production, distribution, transport and consumption of goods and services

and in the construction and use of infrastructures and buildings. Source: UNGRD.

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2 Loss, restriction of access and lack of guarantees for agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods affect security and food and nutritional security.

Boys and girls under the age of five, the elderly and pregnant and lactating women of indigenous, Afro-Colombian and peasant communities living in remote rural areas in Colombia show a high deterioration of agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods due to the direct and indirect impact of their crops and the actions of the different armed groups through access and mobility restrictions due to the persistence of anti-personnel land mines (APM), confrontations, events of disaster, environmental contamination due to the effects of exploitation of resources and lack of land tenure, constitute situations of multiple affectation. These limitations on sowing and the entire productive chain (transport and marketing) have an impact on food security, thus creating risks of malnutrition and even the death of boys and girls, particularly in children under five years of age. The gaps and needs from the lack of a timely and adequate provision of food assistance and healthy habits require comprehensive solutions with a multisectoral approach that provides a nutritional recovery and risk management, in view of the challenges posed by the current scenario, including the population migrating from Venezuela who is in a situation of food insecurity and malnutrition.

3 Gaps in income generation, sustainability and early recovery limit the restoration of livelihoods

Large gaps are identified in the access to formal employment sources and alternative means of income generation with a differential focus associated with the needs by gender, age and ethnicity of the victim population. The continuous arrival of Venezuelan people, many of whom have international protection needs, has especially affected the border areas, impacting the local economy and the labor market, as well as access to basic services, and aggravating the condition of vulnerability and poverty of receiving communities. Uncertainty persists regarding employment opportunities for the ex-combatant population within the process of reintegration and sustainable income generation, as a result of substitution of activities related to illegal economies. The new dynamics of violence generated by the reorganization and emergence of organized armed groups and disasters caused by natural threats, cyclical climatic conditions and other environmental phenomena have contributed to these affectations and generate a challenge in the exercise of early recovery of rural communities. It is necessary to facilitate socioeconomic opportunities with a differential and multisectoral approach, ensuring the restoration of livelihoods (access to services, sustainable livelihood projects), strengthen technical capacities, with an emphasis on women, as well as a strengthened presence and an urgent and effective response by the State within the framework of the post-accord.

4 Limited access to health services in rural communities generates a risk to the lives of people

Access to health services, especially for indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities, continues with great limitations. The provision of the service in urban areas far from these communities, the absence of traditional medicine, the intermittence of medical personnel due to administrative difficulties, the lack of infrastructure, equipment and medical supplies, security guarantees, contamination in areas with mining activity, among others factors, have a negative impact and hinders the response to needs, such as physical and mental health and psychosocial support, assistance to victims of sexual violence and safe maternity. Not only is it necessary to stimulate a response to health care and assistance but also to consider prevention strategies linked to the water, basic sanitation and hygiene and food and nutrition security sectors because of their interconnection and impact mainly on children under of five years of age, Venezuelan people in an irregular migratory situation and other vulnerable groups at risk of suffering diseases associated with gaps in other sectors.

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5 Restriction on access to education and protection risks for boys, girls and adolescents

Boys, girls, adolescents and youths from rural communities see that access to education is affected in various ways. Factors, such as distance, mobility limitations due to armed actions or APM, lack of safe water, school feeding, poverty, disasters caused by natural threats, lack of supply, administrative processes of teachers and regulatory aspects (or lack of knowledge thereof) in the case of Venezuelan boys and girls, are among the factors that most relate to school dropout. Likewise, the presence of armed groups generates the risk of recruitment and use of boys, girls, adolescents and youths and exposes them to affectations, such as sexual violence. In the employment of boys and girls in activities, 48 women and 98 men under 18 years of age were recorded and, in crimes against sexual freedom and integrity, 61 men under 18 years of age, whereas 180 women were victims5 . It is important to have guarantees of access to education and education in emergencies with a differential approach, including full access to the education system by Venezuelan boys, girls and adolescents, as well as prevention strategies, through the implementation of projects for use and benefit of free time, encouragement towards life projects and strengthening of the school as a protective environment.

6 Limited access to drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene systems

Availability and quality of safe water in rural communities increasingly shows some deterioration due to multiple reasons. Attacks against the oil infrastructure that have contaminated water sources, in addition to soil and environment contamination caused by other extractive activities (illegal/legal mining), the presence of anti-personnel land mines and events of disasters caused by natural threats pose great challenges associated with the needs and gaps unleashed in other sectors (food security, health and livelihoods). The limitations on access in terms of drinking water and sanitation are accentuated in rural areas of Colombia affected by the armed conflict and emergencies of natural origin. Complementarity strategies with the institutions are needed to both guarantee the population’s access to sources of safe water for consumption and prevent risks in other sectors, such as health and food and nutritional security, as well as to improve the water and sanitation infrastructure, solid waste management and control vectors transmitting diseases and, finally, to have adequate technologies and/or means to ensure safe water consumption in these communities.

7 Vacíos en la oferta y disponibilidad de albergues en situaciones de emergencias.

En el escenario de emergencias generadas por desplazamientos masivos, eventos de origen de natural y otras situaciones de conflicto armado y/o violencia generalizada, las comunidades afectadas particularmente indígenas y afrocolombianas, enfrentan situaciones donde los albergues temporales presentan limitaciones en la infraestructura, dotación, privacidad y seguridad, acceso a servicios básicos, al igual que enfoques diferenciales de género y pertenencia étnica, entre otros aspectos. La llegada continua de personas venezolanas, muchas de las cuales tienen necesidades de protección internacional, crea un reto en la respuesta ante la incertidumbre sobre la oferta y toda la implicación de lo que representan los albergues en una situación de eventual flujo masivo. Es necesario considerar y asegurar la oferta y disponibilidad de estos espacios de alojamiento, bajo los principios establecidos y que respondan a los vacíos y limitaciones identificadas. Así mismo, acompañados de acciones y estrategias que permitan el restablecimiento del tejido social y familiar posterior al hecho victimizante, y favorezca la atención de población con necesidades especiales con un enfoque de recuperación temprana.

5.Information corresponding to 2015 and 2017 according to the National Information Network (NIN).

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NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN NEED FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (2015 - 2017)

4,9M

TOTAL POPULATION

49M

1,0M Girls1,1M Boys

1,2M Women1,3M Men

0.2M Women0.1M Men

52%Men

48%Women

NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN AREAS AFFECTED BY CONFLICTS

17M

INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT

4,80K

AFFECTED BY NATURAL DISASTERS

1,7M

HOST COMMUNITIES

2M

VENEZUELANS WITH A VOCATION TO STAY

BOYS AND GIRLSS (<18 YEARS OLD)

2,1M

ADULTS (18-59 YEARS OLD)

2,5M

ELDERLY ADULTS (>59 YEARS OLD)

0.3M

BY GROUP BY SEX AND AGE

TOTAL MEN

2,3M

TOTAL WOMEN

2,6M

NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN FORCED DISPLACEMENT (1985-2017)

7,3M

7K

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PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

IMPACT OF THE

CRISIS

Colombia continues facing humanitarian needs as a result of the impact of the historical conflict, emergencies due to widespread violence and events of natural disaster. In the current post-accord transition scenario, disputes over territorial control and illegal economies (illegal crops, illegal mining) by historical armed groups6, such as ELN, EPL, post-demobilization armed groups, FARC EP dissidents and other armed groups as part of the reconfiguration and expansion of actors in the territories from which FARC EP left, continues to generate protection risks and humanitarian needs among civilian population.

UNDERLYING FACTORS

The weak presence of the State in remote rural areas, in addition to the few socio-economic opportunities, gaps in social investment and the difficult access to goods, basic services and livelihoods, increase the conditions of vulnerability of the population. The already existing humanitarian impact disproportionately exacerbates the situation of social and economic inequality, thus creating new and greater protection risks arising from violence and sexual exploitation, particularly for Afro-Colombian and indigenous population groups, women, boys, and girls. Climatic phenomena and cyclical seasons of rain and drought also trigger emergencies, such as floods, landslides, prolonged droughts and forest fires, particularly affecting communities located in areas of difficult access and high risk because of the geography. Emergencies due to natural events, conflict and armed violence, as well as the environmental damage caused by the exploitation and extraction of natural resources, constitute a scenario of multiple effects on the population.

The expected positive impact on humanitarian indicators after the signing of the peace accord (November 24, 2016) between the Colombian Government and FARC-EP has not been evident and the increase and continuity of the territorial disputes by the different armed actors is a matter of concern that creates risk scenarios in the most vulnerable civilian population.

This widespread violence allows the persistence of mass and individual displacements, restrictions on mobility and access, recruitment and use of boys, girls and adolescents, homicides against male and female social leaders and male

5. Vinculados al crimen organizado surgidos de las deserciones y disidencias FARC e incluso alianzas de éstos con otros grupos existentes.

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and female human rights defenders, threats, social control, sexual violence, among other victimizing facts. At the same time, the beginning of the public phase of the dialogues between ELN and the Government (February 8, 2017) and the announcement of the Temporary and National Bilateral Ceasefire (TNBC) from October 1, 2017 to January 9, 2018 could have a positive impact, particularly in regions with the presence of this armed group, amid the uncertainty that exists due to evident gaps in implementation processes of some items of the peace accord with the FARC-EP. With this panorama and the actions of the existing armed groups continue, emergencies will continue to arise and humanitarian needs would be intensified by indiscriminate violence, violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Human Rights violations.

According to information from the Victim Care and Integral Reparation Unit Victims (VCIRU), between January 2015 and December 2016, an average of 13,500 people was displaced each month in Colombia, which indicates a considerable reduction in individual displacements compared to the de-escalation of the conflict against the existing armed groups and while there is already one armed group less in the territories. Otherwise, the humanitarian needs will continue to arise in the country.

Another matter of concern lies in the actors who are perpetrators of the different victimizing facts. According to OCHA monitoring, unknown armed groups take part in 31% of the displacements in both unilateral actions and confrontations, thus evidencing a growing trend of new unidentified actors. Humanitarian and protection needs are a challenge for the national authorities since it is necessary to adapt the regulatory frameworks and urgent implementation for an effective response of the population victim of these new armed groups that continue generating indiscriminate and widespread violence, infringements and violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. Particular affectations are evidenced in boys, girls, adolescents, young men and women victims of recruitment and use, trafficking in persons and sexual exploitation.

Of the total displaced persons, 52% are women -being more significant in adult ages- and 47% are men. However, this figure is reversed for the proportion of displaced minors, evidencing 51% in men and 48% in women. Forty-three percent (43%) of the displacements are attributed to guerrilla groups. Unknown armed groups, in addition to other armed structures, are responsible for 57% of the displaced persons in this period. Gaps in the registry are identified due to

barriers that are arising at the moment of taking statements from the victims, which makes the humanitarian situation invisible and makes it difficult to respond to issues of timely care, reparation and guarantees of non-repetition. In contrast to this situation, according to information by Monitor and reports by humanitarian partners, mass displacements recorded a significant increase (32%) in the first ten months of 2017. It is worrying that, in this period of time, the persons displaced in mass events represent 120% of the total recorded in 2016, almost equal to or higher than those of 2015 when there was one more armed actor who was part of the armed conflict in Colombia. In spite of the efforts made by the State in the scenario of the implementation of the peace accord, should the increase in displaced persons in massive events and the limited capacity for an institutional response, the need to take measures is highlighted.

Restrictions on mobility and access to basic goods and services continue to be another important humanitarian impact of the conflict and widespread violence. Social control, threats and confrontations between armed actors have been identified as the main causes thereof in both urban and rural contexts.

Identification and follow-up of these situations are particularly complex in the current scenario, where the presence of armed groups manages to have a significant impact on the population. The fear to report has an impact on the underreporting of this type of events, whereas in cases such as curfews, the circulation of pamphlets or the declaration of control over specific areas, it creates difficulties to quantify the scope of these restrictions.

Natural disasters, social protests, exploitation of natural resources that generate environmental damage, among other anthropic events, also generate restrictions on access to education, livelihoods, interference in medical missions, among others.

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The Humanitarian Country Team continues to be concerned about recurrent attacks and killings of male and female social leaders, male and female human rights defenders, some of whom belong to ethnic groups, teachers, students, public officials and civilian population in general.

Between January 2015 and October 2017, OCHA has recorded 1,846 events of individual threats targeting large groups of civilian population, which are usually carried out through pamphlets or intimidating messages, including threats of sexual violence, though not exclusively aimed at female social leaders.

Although the perpetrating actors are unknown (49%) in many cases, post-demobilization armed groups are the main responsible (32%) of this type of attacks, without neglecting non-state armed groups (18%).

These aggressions against male and female leaders generate challenges in terms of protection and humanitarian implications due to the breaking-off of the organizational and social structure within the most vulnerable and isolated communities, which in many cases do not have protection mechanisms from the State and are exposed to risks due to the dynamics in their territories, in addition to the repercussions in the implementation of peace accords. There are differences in the figures according to the methodologies and times used by each source, as described by the NGO Pacifista⁷ .

The Ombudsman’s Office reports 67 murders and one case is being verified. In relation to the dynamics of homicides against human rights defenders, ONUDHH, in its leadership exercise, reported 61 confirmed cases and 18 cases are undergoing a verification process, and the Peace and Reconciliation Foundation reported 55 cases from November

24, 2016 to July 11, 2017. In any case, this figure represents a conservative specter of the universe of murders reported against people fighting for individual and collective rights in Colombia.

Forced Displacement8

Colombia is the country with the highest historical number of displaced persons with 7.3M, ahead of Syria (6.3M), Sudan (3.3M), Iraq (3.0M) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (2.2M).

AIn line with the global trend of the relationship between internal displacement and refuge, Colombia is one of the six countries with the highest number of displaced persons and the largest number of refugee population. There are 340,000 Colombians who are refugees –or in a situation similar to that of refugees– located mainly in Panama, Ecuador and Venezuela.

According to figures from UARIV, between 1985 and August 2017, about 7.3 million people have been displaced in Colombia. For the period between January 2015 and December 2017, a total of 487,129 displaced persons is estimated.

In 2015, 215,877 people were displaced according to official figures. Given the high under-registration and lag for the inclusion of people in the registration and consolidation of information since 2016, the displaced population was estimated at approximately 271,252 people⁹ for 2016 and 2017. Of this total, 52% corresponds to women (adults and girls) and 46% to children under 18 years of age.

7. http://pacifista.co/lideres-asesinados-por-que-no-hay-una-sola-cifra8. According to the 2017 global internal displacement report, a total of 40.3 million people lives in a status of displacement in the world. IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, for its acronym in English) 9. A statistical methodology was used in order to project the annual consolidated, given the information gaps in 2017 evidenced in the underreporting and in the consolidation of the information. It was decided to make a projection with data from 2009 to 2016 of the RUV. In addition, a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (SARIMA) was estimated, where the displacement in 2017 is according to the forced displacement of the previous month, the value of the previous year, the moving average of the previous month, the number of mass displacement victims in the month, and finally the errors of the model.

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The departments of Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Chocó, Nariño, Cauca and Norte de Santander concentrated 61% of the displaced population, evidencing an impact on indigenous (6%) and Afro-Colombian (17%) communities10 .

According to OCHA monitoring, between January 2015 and October 2017, indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities represented 79% of the displaced population in mass events11 . In the first 10 months of 2017, ELN has been responsible for 45% of the total mass displaced persons due to its participation in confrontations with post-demobilization armed groups, unilateral actions and, to a lesser extent, due to confrontations with the Public Force, FARC EP dissidence and other armed groups.

In 2017, challenges related to the registration of the displaced population have been identified. Institutional gaps in some cases related to the cooptation and threats by armed groups against responsible officials and even the population itself, which hinders the administrative procedure from the local level to take individual statements and characterize mass displacements. These barriers represent limitations in the general monitoring of the situation and in determining the individual and collective response of the displaced population. Other limitations are the application of guidelines related to dates of events, perpetrating actors and an apparent closure of the registry.

One of the main bets to care for the displaced population is related to the design and implementation of early recovery actions, especially for the population in a situation of prolonged displacement that has not exceeded the needs and remains in a situation of vulnerability and poverty12 . According to the First National Survey of Victims13 , the population with special needs, such as women heads of household, the elderly and persons with disabilities are those who see access to opportunities more limited, 83.3% of the population displaced between 1985 and 2013 live in conditions of poverty and 35.5% in conditions of abject poverty.

Local needs should be taken into account with a differential approach, particularly those of the displaced and revictimized population, ensuring durable and sustainable solutions as part of the integration of centrality of protection. It is important to warn about the potential of organizational processes of different population groups, especially indigenous communities and community councils, as a key factor to progress in the implementation of collective reparation and formalization of community lands returned without accompaniment14.

Restrictions on Mobility and Access to Basic Goods and Services

According to OCHA monitoring, between January 2015 and October 2017, more than 4.5 million people were affected by restrictions on mobility and limitations on access to goods and services due to armed violence-related events. Unilateral actions, especially armed strikes by post-demobilization armed groups, such as AGC (51%), and non-state armed groups, such as FARC EP and ELN (46%), are mainly responsible for these limitations. In the first ten months of 2017, over 105,000 people were affected by these restrictions. Unidentified armed actors have a 25% participation in the

10. On the total of the 2005 national census, where the indigenous and the Afro populations represent 3.4% and 10.5% respectively.

11. From 50 people in the same event, 10 families

12. According to the Effective Enjoyment of Rights Survey (EERS) of DANE 2014, 91.1% of the respondents belong to socioeconomic strata 0, 1 and 2.

13. PENV conducted by the Comptroller General’s Office in 2013. http://www.contraloriagen.gov.co/documents/155638087/161621822/Libro_ENV_CGR-2013_(16-01-2015).pdf

14. 78.6% of the households that have suffered forced displacement have returned to their places of origin or have been relocated according to the REPORT OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO THE FIRST COMMISSIONS CONGRESS, available at: https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/sites/default/files/documentos_biblioteca/INFORME%20CONGRESO%20VF.pdf

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events, followed by non-state armed groups, such as FARC EP dissidents and ELN responsible for 37% of the events (22% and 15% respectively) and PDAGs with 17%. However, the reconfiguration of armed groups widens the shared responsibility, expressed in the fact that 20% of the events are due to clashes between several armed actors, including the Public Force.

Regarding the population groups, the impact persists in communities of the Pacific region, particularly in Nariño and Chocó, with 48% of the events recorded in the first ten months of the year and with a particular impact on the Afro-descendant and indigenous population. Cases also stand out in Norte de Santander and Antioquia, where threats against public transport and attacks against an oil pipeline by both ELN and PDAG restricted access and free mobility to more than 53,000 people located in rural and urban areas.

Some of the most recurrent constraints are limitations on mobility and access to livelihoods and daily livelihood activities that affect community food security, with an impact on boys, girls and adolescents as vulnerable groups of special attention, due to restrictions and/or few opportunities to access education. In many cases, these practices arise as a self-protection mechanism of communities or by imposition of the armed actor, configuring confinement situations, especially in remote places with access difficulties due to the physical conditions of the land or the presence of Antipersonnel Mines, Unexploded Ordnance and Improvised Explosive Devices (APM/UXO/IEA). The naturalization and lack of denunciations of violations that occur within the framework of these controls are of concern because they generate humanitarian and protection needs.

The impact of these events, combined with limited access to information and gaps in identifying the number of people affected, the dynamics of violence and the limited field presence to perform a follow-up, pose challenges in terms of monitoring, humanitarian presence and protection of civilians.

Unlike previous years, the humanitarian access of international organizations in 2017 has been at risk due to changes in security and context. At least 25 restrictions that caused interference with field operation of humanitarian actors were identified.Between May and June, attacks and direct threats by armed groups against personnel of international organizations prevented the continuity of actions, particularly in Meta and Guaviare. In 14 municipalities of five departments, humanitarian personnel security risks were also identified, forcing the suspension of humanitarian missions as a preventive measure. In September, humanitarian partners from Meta, Chocó and Nariño suspended activities, such as food deliveries and follow-up of the humanitarian situation in remote areas with low institutional presence.

These incidents result in reduction of the humanitarian space and, consequently, in restriction on access to care for people in need. Staff safety, as well as impact on the operations, is worrying in terms of both time and costs, hindering the opportunity and effectiveness of the response.

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Population in a Vulnerable Situation

BOYS, GIRLS, ADOLESCENTS AND YOUTHS IN THE ARMED CONFLICT

The risk of recruitment and use of boys, girls, adolescents and youths remains in the country. Although the cases have decreased since FARC-EP agreed to stop recruitment, there have been reports of events involving the use of boys, girls and adolescents, including alleged cases of Venezuelan BGAs and the violation of their rights by other non-state armed groups, post-demobilization groups and dissidents. Factors, such as poverty and lack of access to basic services, encourage the employment of BGAY in armed groups and expose them to effects, such as sexual violence and the rupture of the social, family and community fabric.

The 2016 UNICEF annual report in Colombia15 highlights that, until April 2017, the percentage of boys, girls and adolescents victims of any victimizing event exceeded 32% and that, between September 2011 and June 2016, a total of 1,556 cases of recruitment and use of girls was recorded in 29 departments of the country.

In view of the sexual violence, it indicates that, between 2008 and 2012, there were at least 48,914 boys, girls and adolescents victims of this victimizing act, whose presumed perpetrators were members of armed groups. Among these victims, 84% were girls and 16% boys. Likewise, it reveals that, between 2009 and 2014, at least 107,698 women were examined by a forensic doctor for alleged sexual assaults. Among them, girls and adolescents represented the largest group, with 88% of the total number of cases (94,675). These figures give an overview of the impact on this vulnerable population and the need for urgent measures to be implemented for child protection.

The school as a protective environment is threatened by the presence of anti-personnel mines, warlike actions, absence of teachers and a weak infrastructure, among other aspects.

According to the OCHA monitoring conducted in 2017, different armed actions prevented at least 1,584 boys and girls from accessing the education service in rural areas. In urban areas of cities, such as Medellín, the fear of disputes, the risk and cases of BGA employment in gangs has caused the approximate desertion of 183 boys and girls. This scenario makes boys, girls, adolescents and youths, especially from ethnic communities in rural areas, even more vulnerable. In addition to the foregoing, the situations of mass displacement and restrictions on mobility, the lack of guarantees of access to safe water, proper nutrition and physical and mental health care assistance, make minors, including Venezuelan BGAs arriving in the country and who cannot access services, such as education, a priority vulnerable population for humanitarian response.

WOMEN AND GIRLS FACED WITH DISCRIMINATION AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (VBG

The 2016 UN Women Result Report16 states that the armed conflict has historically exacerbated violence against women and girls. It highlights that 92% of the victims of crimes against sexual freedom and integrity in the context of the conflict have been women, and it indicates that, according to its sources of information, almost half of the victims of the armed conflict have been women and girls, who have suffered affectations due to displacement, homicide, threat, forced disappearance, etc. This is reinforced by UARIV, since according to their data, 52% of the people who were individually displaced between 2015 and 2017 were women.

In that same scenario, the Ombudsman’s Office warned in May 2017 about current risks of sexual violence against women and girls in 85 municipalities of 19 departments due to an expansion process of organized armed groups and control dynamics of different illegal economies (illegal mining and illicit crops) and other crimes, such as trafficking in persons for the purpose of labor or sexual exploitation. Likewise, protection actors warn of a rise in intrafamily violence. There are cases in which cruel intrafamily violence practices have been identified, for example, when the perpetrators have been in contact with techniques linked to the armed conflict and torture, which they apply within the family.

15. https://www.unicef.org.co/informes/informe-anual-unicef-colombia-2016-version-espanol-0 (el cual cita varias fuentes) 16. http://colombia.unwomen.org/es/biblioteca/publicaciones/2017/05/informe-de-resultados-2016

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The different dynamics within the framework of the armed conflict, disasters of natural origin and situations of crisis, such as the Venezuelan migratory flow, make women and girls (without leaving aside the LGBTI population) more vulnerable to the risk of violation of their rights. They are exposed to risks of sexual violence and premature pregnancies, which burst in their development and access to opportunities. They face limited guarantees of security, privacy and dignity when, due to some victimizing act, they must move to shelters. They encounter obstacles in accessing mental, sexual and reproductive health care and have fewer tools required for the recovery of livelihoods and income generation alternatives. Households headed by women are generally higher among the displaced population than households headed by men, and require special considerations in terms of protection and livelihoods. These and other findings identified in MIRA assessments account for the situation of vulnerability of this population group.

ETHNIC GROUPS: INDIGENOUS AND AFRO-DESCENDANT COMMUNITIES

According to OCHA estimates, 77% of mass displacements in 2017 occurred in the Pacific region, an area with predominance of indigenous and Afro-descendant communities. Similarly, for the quarter between July and September 2017, access restrictions were identified in at least 4,256 indigenous people belonging to this region, with particular affectations of boys, girls and adolescents. For example, in Nariño, Chocó, and Putumayo, about 650 girls and boys of Awá and Wounaan indigenous communities and Afro-Colombian boys and girls and peasants had limitations on access to education in rural areas caused by the presence of armed actors and actions. Threats, contamination by APM/UXO in proximity to schools, confrontations and damage of civil assets (burning of fluvial school transport), among other actions of territorial control, in addition to mass displacements, involve FARC EP dissidents, unknown armed groups, ELN and post-demobilization armed groups. On the other hand, the indigenous and Afro-Colombian population of La Guajira have great needs for food security and nutrition, water and sanitation, protection and health. Affectations in the framework of the conflict and factors, such as poverty and weak state care, put many of the indigenous communities in danger of disappearing.

POBLACIÓN EN FRONTERA COLOMBO-VENEZOLANA

In the last three years, several milestones have boosted the migratory flow from Venezuela. In 2015, there were deportations and voluntary and non-voluntary massive returns within the framework of the state of emergency of almost 25,000 Colombians. One year later, it was the reopening of the border with Colombia17.

This year, the economic deterioration and dynamics in politics have generated a significant and continuous arrival of returned Venezuelans and Colombians, some of whom in need of international protection.

Although some do it transiently (to such countries as Ecuador and Peru), many others enter with a vocation to stay and without socioeconomic guarantees, generating an impact on the local life and economy. The different profiles of previously identified people arriving from Venezuela now include: i) Colombian victims abroad; ii) Colombians who were asylum seekers, refugees or in need of protection; iii) Undocumented children of Colombian parents and unaccompanied boys and girls; iv) Foreigners in need of international protection; v) Foreigners seeking immigration regularization and vi)Foreigners seeking immigration regularization. Accordingto official figures from Migration Colombia and projectionsat the end of 2017, it is stimated that at least 700,000Venezuelan citizens, between regular and irregular, would bewithin the national territory with a vocation to stay.

The Humanitarian Country Team continues to be concerned about the vulnerability of the populations in the border area and about the possible protection needs of the population coming from Venezuela that enters the Colombian territory, in particular women, pregnant women, girls, boys and adolescents at risk of abuse, trafficking and sexual exploitation. MIRA need assessments in the border areas have exposed the vulnerability of the Venezuelan population who, in a situation of poverty and in the absence of documentation and/or ignorance of their rights, have adequate limited access to food, education, health and work in decent conditions, among other aspects.

17 Projection methodology based on monthly net income (PMU figures).

16


NATURAL DISASTERS

Colombia is a country highly vulnerable to disasters of natural origin. According to the Risk Management Index (INFORM for its acronym in English)18 , Colombia has a very high index (5.4) and it is ranked in the 30th place among 191 countries in the world in terms of humanitarian crisis, taking into account indicators on exposure to risks and threats due to natural disasters, the vulnerability of communities and the response capacity of both infrastructure and local institutions.

According to information from the National Disaster Risk Management Unit (UNGRD for its acronym in Spanish)19 , between January 2015 and October 2017, a total of 1,718,109 people was affected by disasters of natural origin due to both the drought in 2015 (particularly because of El Niño phenomenon) and cyclical rainy seasons.

In the first ten months of 2017, approximately 523,640 people were affected, out of which 78% had the greatest impact due to floods. Among other events that also triggered emergencies are gales, landslides and sudden flooding. The departments with the greatest impact are located in the Pacific region (Chocó, Cauca and Valle del Cauca) and the Caribbean (Antioquia, Bolívar and Córdoba). In 2017, emergencies

occurred mainly in Córdoba and Chocó (42%). However, the emergency in Mocoa (Putumayo) in April stands out due to heavy rains and the subsequent avalanche that destroyed a large part of the city and left more than 300 people dead, among multiple sectoral affectations.

In spite of being dealt with by UNGRD with immediate humanitarian aid and infrastructure works, these emergencies surpass local capacities when they are of great magnitude in many occasions. However, in remote rural areas there are response gaps and needs associated with livelihoods due to the loss of crops for sustenance, putting food security and nutrition at risk, especially that of women, boys and girls. Additionally, the population living in conditions of vulnerability because of high levels of poverty and unsatisfied basic needs is often a victim of the conflict, some of whom with international protection needs. This population is generally exposed to risks due to widespread violence, activities related to illicit economies with repercussions on the environment (illegal mining) or other anthropic events. Extractive activities, such as mining, cause a great impact due to mercury contamination in rivers and watersheds, which is difficult to estimate due to the water level, but they affect water sources and aquatic species . This poses a direct threat to human health because they are frequently ingested by populations that stock up in nearby places where the mining activity is carried out. Other sectors of concern due to this contamination are food security and nutrition, water and sanitation, health (including reproductive health) and early recovery, which affect the living conditions of people.

2 Displacet out of every 4boys and girls displaced

52%DisplacedWomen

0

30

60

90

120

150

APM/UXO Victims

0

2k

4k

6k

8kAPM/UXO Events

Oct 2017Jan 2015

4.2

1.5

VICTIMS APM/UXO DISPLACEMENT BY SEX DISPLACEMENT IN CHILDREN AND GIRLS

18. http://www.inform-index.org/Countries/Country-Profile-Map 19 UNGRD. Annual Emergency Report. Categories included: Drought, flood, gale, earthquake, avalanche, landslide, hail, forest fire, high swelling sea, torrential floods, sudden flooding, erosion, mining accident, geological fault and thunderstorm.15. http://colombia.unwomen.org/es/.15. http://colombia.unwomen.org/es/ biblioteca/publicaciones/2017/05/informe-de-resultados-201620. Source: FEAT (Flash Environmental Assessment Tool) http://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/FEAT_Version_1.1.pdf

17


2 Displacet out of every 4boys and girls displaced

52%DisplacedWomen

0

30

60

90

120

150

APM/UXO Victims

0

2k

4k

6k

8kAPM/UXO Events

Oct 2017Jan 2015

4.2

1.5

INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT (IN THOUSANDS)20

1620

17

2621

2219

2021

2119

1212

1211

1812

159

1110

913

610

117

1311

1310

1011

1213

1013

2015

IDPs UARIV per Thousands

2621

2219

2021

2119

1212

1211

1812

159

1110

913

610

117

1311

1310

1011

1213

1013

May FARC-EP suspended the cease fire after a military attack with 22 guerrillas killed and began an escalation of war-like actions.

Jun Attacks on oil infrastructure in Tumaco, Nariño creates an environmental emergency, polluting water sources and destroying crops, 200,000 affected.

Jul FARC-EP initiates second unilateral cease-fire.

Aug Massive deportations and closing of border crossings in Venezuela, more than 25,000 returnees in the Colombian border.

Sep A forest fire affects the aqueduct of Morales, Cauca, affecting approximately 40,000 people.

Nov A strong avalanche left 8,310 families affected in Guapi, Cauca

Dec 767 people with mobility restrictions were threatened by ELN in Choco, Litoral del San Juan.

Jan The Security Council unanimously approved Resolution 2261, which establishes a political mission for the verification of FARC-EP ceasefire.

Feb The Security Council unanimously approved Resolution 2261, which establishes a political mission for the verification of FARC-EP ceasefire.

Mar PDAG armed strike affected approximately 2.5 million people in Antioquia, Bolívar, Córdoba, Sucre and Valle del Cauca.

May Mass displacement of 567 people in Hacarí, Norte de Santander, due to armed actions in the urban area of the municipality.

Aug Intra-urban mass displacement of 718 people in Norte de Santander due to armed actions in the vicinity to their homes.

Sep The peace accord signed between the government and FARC-EP. Reopening of the border with Venezuela.

Oct Voting of plebiscite for citizen endorsement of the peace accords, in which NO won (50.21%).

Nov Signing of the peace accord between the central government and FARC-EP.

Dec Floods and overflow of rivers in Córdoba and Antioquia left more than 800 people affected in both departments.

Jan 13,979 people affected by heavy rains in Norte de Santander.

Feb Beginning of the public phase of dialogues between the Colombian government and ELN.

Mar Due to the presence and incursion of armed groups, 960 people in Chocó moved to the municipal administrative center.

Abr In Putumayo, the overflow of several rivers affected 22,267 people in a multisectoral manner.

May There were 51 war-like actions in 12 departments with a balance of 17 dead and 53 wounded (2 BGAs), both civilians and combatants.

Jun Mass displacement of 206 people in Nariño due to clashes between ELN and unidentified armed groups.

Jul The Security Council approved Resolution 2366 for the UN Second Verification Mission.

Aug Increase in the migratory flow of Venezuelans in Colombia. 22,000 people with restrictions on mobility because of a mining strike in Antioquia.

Sep 5,380 families were affected due to heavy rains in Chocó.

Oct Massive intra-urban displacement of at least 1,500 Afro-Colombian people due to clashes between unidentified armed groups.

2621

2219

2021

2119

1212

1211

1812

159

1110

913

610

117

1311

1310

1011

1213

1013

18

PART I: DISAGGREGATION OF PERSONS IN NEED

DISAGGREGATION OF

PERSONS IN NEED

The calculation of the number of people with humanitarian needs in Colombia for 2018 is estimated by means of the number of humanitarian affectations, which includes the number of people affected by the armed conflict, widespread violence, natural disasters and people coming from Venezuela. This information is based on the trends of the last three years (2015-2017).

Additionally, it includes the number of people directly affected by the armed conflict (displaced persons, victims of mines, victims of sexual violence, confined population), and also indirectly, and also people indirectly affected, such as host communities, for which the official information on

vulnerability of those living in areas with a high number of internally displaced persons is used.

At the same time, the number of people affected by disasters of natural origin (National Disaster Risk Management Unit) is added to the displacement data reported by the Victims Comprehensive Reparation and Care Unit, identifying territories and populations that show a ‘double affectation’. This population represents the total number of those affected by disaster events that live in conflict zones and that are directly or indirectly affected by both dynamics.

AFFECTED BY VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS

VICTIMS OF MINES

ATTACKS AGAINST CIVILIAN

POPULATION

HOST

COMMUNITY

CONFINEMENT

IDPSVICTIMS OF SEXUAL

VIOLENCE

PEOPLE IN NEED (2015-2017)

VENEZUELANS WITH A VOCATION TO STAY

19


Venezuelan population

with a vocation to

stay

Host communi-

ties

Double Affectation

People in Need

TOTAL

AMAZONAS

ANTIOQUIA

ARAUCA

ATLÁNTICO

BOGOTÁ, D.C.

BOLÍVAR

BOYACÁ

CALDAS

CAQUETÁ

CASANARE

CAUCA

CESAR

CHOCÓ

CÓRDOBA

CUNDINAMARCA

GUAINÍA

GUAVIARE

HUILA

Population projections

2017

Persons displaced

by expulsion

Victims of Mines

Affected by natural

disasters

Mass displace-

ment

Attacks against civilian

population

Crimes against sexual

freedom and

integrity

People with

limitations on access, mobility

and confine-

ment

BY STATUS

PEOPLE IN NEED(2015-2017)

*niños (<18 años)

78 K

7 MM

268 K

3 MM

8 MM

2 MM

1 MM

992 K

490 K

369 K

1 MM

1 MM

510 K

2 MM

3 MM

43 K

114 K

1 MM

306

71 K

7 K

2 K

1 K

15 K

2 K

2 K

20 K

2 K

35 K

8 K

55 K

18 K

2 K

424

3 K

13 K

0

52

26

0

0

9

0

0

30

0

37

0

30

3

0

0

14

13

7 K 0 0 0 1 0 714 8 K

110 K 135 0 4 K 293 53 K 320 K 555 K

62 K 20 0 148 218 3 K 16 K 88 K

25 K 3 0 0 32 115 K 12 K 153 K

4 K 6 0 0 51 114 K 145 K 265 K

170 K 54 0 0 83 76 K 41 K 302 K

17 K 2

0

0 15 307 7 K 26 K

18 K 3 3 K 0 13 1 K 11 K 32 K

18 K 76 0 0 74 274 57 K 94 K

41 K 8

0

0 39 0 9 K 52 K

202 K 101 2 K 4 K 357 5 K 99 K 344 K

17 K 12 0 0 44 36 K 20 K 80 K

273 K 145 4 K 15 K 164 72 210 K 546 K

80 K 31 0 353 138 19 K 46 K 163 K

19 K 5 0 0 6 3 K 24 K 48 K

18 K 0 0 0 0 0 2 K 20 K

15 K 7 0 22 22 0 7 K 25 K

30 0 0 49 295 55 K 77 K

4.178

92.947

61.541

13.942

4.152

34.923

11.648

16.317

9.889

7.253

150.301

10.936

259.344

58.691

9.995

17.665

15.180

5.933

20


BY STATUS

14.388

65.496

26.085

24.519

21.524

99.830

8.148

31.573

15.520

27.448

11.388

34.757

2.540

39

1.168.090


with a vocation to

stay

Host communi-

ties

Double Affectation

People in Need


2017

Persons displaced

by expulsion

Victims of Mines

Affected by natural

disasters

Mass displace-

ment


population


freedom and

integrity

People with


and confine-

ment


LA GUAJIRA

MAGDALENA

META

NARIÑO

NORTE DESANTANDER

PUTUMAYO

QUINDÍO

RISARALDA

SAN ANDRÉS

SANTANDER

SUCRE

TOLIMA

VALLE DELCAUCA

VAUPÉS

VICHADA

TOTAL

*Children (<18 years old)

5 K 0 17 K 44 0 0 83 54 K 11 K 86 K

11 K 0 168 K 33 0 0 49 34 K 49 K 263 K

9 K 29 33 K 28 0 247 57 4 K 36 K 83 K

38 K 19 49 K 131 0 4 K 130 279 141 K 229 K

35 K 27 32 K 46 0 6 K 211 97 K 130 K 294 K

13 K 17 113 K 59 0 210 99 0 33 K 159 K

1 K 0 9 K 17 0 0 20 4 K 16 K 31 K

7 K 0 32 K 10 0 950 53 4 K 53 K 96 K

23 0 4 K 0 0 0 2 0 4 4 K

5 K 0 32 K 18 0 0 38 21 K 26 K 84 K

7 K 1 53 K 7 0 0 58 22 K 38 K 119 K

21 K 12 18 K 50 0 0 75 16 K 65 K 120 K

72 K 3 44 K 163 885 835 440 17 K 339 K 472 K

410 0 39 0 0 0 7 0 798 1 K

1 K 0 10 K 3 0 0 11 0 873 12 K

487 K 322 2 MM 1 K 10 K 35 K 3 K 700 K 2 MM 5 MM

1 MM

1 MM

998 K

2 MM

1 MM

354 K

572 K

963 K

78 K

2 MM

868 K

1 MM

5 MM

45 K

75 K

49 MM

0

21

PART I: PRIORITY OF NEEDS

PRIORITY OF

NEEDS

BY STATUS

14.388

65.496

26.085

24.519

21.524

99.830

8.148

31.573

15.520

27.448

11.388

34.757

2.540

39

1.168.090


with a vocation to

stay

Host communi-

ties

Double Affectation

People in Need


2017

Persons displaced

by expulsion

Victims of Mines

Affected by natural

disasters

Mass displace-

ment


population


freedom and

integrity

People with


and confine-

ment


LA GUAJIRA

MAGDALENA

META

NARIÑO

NORTE DESANTANDER

PUTUMAYO

QUINDÍO

RISARALDA

SAN ANDRÉS

SANTANDER

SUCRE

TOLIMA

VALLE DELCAUCA

VAUPÉS

VICHADA

TOTAL

*Children (<18 years old)

5 K 0 17 K 44 0 0 83 54 K 11 K 86 K

11 K 0 168 K 33 0 0 49 34 K 49 K 263 K

9 K 29 33 K 28 0 247 57 4 K 36 K 83 K

38 K 19 49 K 131 0 4 K 130 279 141 K 229 K

35 K 27 32 K 46 0 6 K 211 97 K 130 K 294 K

13 K 17 113 K 59 0 210 99 0 33 K 159 K

1 K 0 9 K 17 0 0 20 4 K 16 K 31 K

7 K 0 32 K 10 0 950 53 4 K 53 K 96 K

23 0 4 K 0 0 0 2 0 4 4 K

5 K 0 32 K 18 0 0 38 21 K 26 K 84 K

7 K 1 53 K 7 0 0 58 22 K 38 K 119 K

21 K 12 18 K 50 0 0 75 16 K 65 K 120 K

72 K 3 44 K 163 885 835 440 17 K 339 K 472 K

410 0 39 0 0 0 7 0 798 1 K

1 K 0 10 K 3 0 0 11 0 873 12 K

487 K 322 2 MM 1 K 10 K 35 K 3 K 700 K 2 MM 5 MM

1 MM

1 MM

998 K

2 MM

1 MM

354 K

572 K

963 K

78 K

2 MM

868 K

1 MM

5 MM

45 K

75 K

49 MM

0

Construction and identification of territorial and population needs for HNO 2018 was based on the following components

1. Main humanitarian indicators by conglomerates (including armed conflict and natural disaster indicators)

2. People in need: number of people with humanitarian assistance needs based upon 2015-2017 trends.

3. Results of the MIRA multisector needs assessments: clusters prioritized through 2015-2017 MIRA assessments are included.

4. Geographic prioritization of Local Coordination Teams (LCT): a qualitative exercise by the members of these coordination spaces who analyzed the humanitarian needs for 2017. LCTs also provided a scenario of needs in peace building and durable solutions. Municipalities were classified as high, medium or low priority in a joint exercise in each of the twelve local teams in Colombia

HNO 2018 geographic prioritization results

Of the 1,122 municipalities21 of Colombia, 234 municipalities were prioritized in 15 departments. 177 municipalities were classified as high priority and 57 as medium-high. The departments with the highest number of prioritized municipalities are: Antioquia (35), Chocó (27), Cauca (25), Nariño (25), Tolima (19), Norte de Santander (17), Caquetá (13), Córdoba (12), Huila (12), Valle del Cauca (12), Meta (11), Putumayo (9), La Guajira (7), Arauca (6) and Guaviare (4). Last year, 194 municipalities were prioritized in 15 departments under the same criteria.

Most affected areas

The identification of territories22 in the high and medium-high category is the result of a methodology applied in previous years and show three essential movements. A first step is the consolidation of a set of sectoral indicators provided by each humanitarian cluster23 (quantitative information) that allow for a joint view of all clusters, as well as a sectoral view. A second step is the supplement obtained from the results of the exercises of each LCT (qualitative information) and the MIRA need assessments. A third and final moment is the incorporation of the number of humanitarian cases, composed of both armed conflict and natural disaster indicators for 2015-2017, which allows not only to identify the regions with humanitarian needs, but also to identify the magnitude of the necessary effort of the response. Due to the foregoing, the HNO result is a multidimensional vision of humanitarian needs and identifies 15 out of the 33 departments24 analyzed and 234 municipalities (20% of all municipalities in the country) with the greatest concerns.

The 234 prioritized municipalities occupy 41% of the country’s extension and concentrate 35% of the Colombian population. Additionally, 93% of the municipalities are category 4, 5 and 625 , i.e., they are municipalities with a large area, a low number of population and low-income capacity. From an ethnic perspective, these municipalities concentrate 46% of the indigenous population of the country and 56% of the Afro-Colombian population. Finally, from a humanitarian perspective, they concentrate 77% of the population displaced by expulsion, 55% of the population that has suffered natural disasters, 96% of the victims of anti-personnel mines and 72% of the victims have committed sexual crimes

+ + x =KEY HUMANITARIAN

INDICATORS PER CLUSTER

50%

MIRA

10%PRIORIZATION LCT

40% CASELOAD HUMANITARIAN NEEDS

21. Information is included for departmental corregimientos22.Municipalities or departmental corregimientos.23. Each cluster defined a set of indicators at a municipal level that allow the identification of the greatest lags at a territorial level.24. It is included in the departmental and municipal analysis of Bogotá.25. In Colombia, the existence of 1,101 municipalities has been recognized, which are classified into categories from one to six and a special category according to their number of inhabitants and their Free Destination Current Income.

22

PART I: PRIORITY OF +

Border with Venezuela

Southern Region

Northwestern Region Southeastern

Region Pacific Region

PART II: DIAGNOSIS OF NEEDS

PER SECTOR

SECTORAL PRIORITIZATION

INFORMATION GAPS AND ASSESSMENT PLANNING

RANKING OF PRIORITIES - MUNICIPALITIES

23

PART II: INFORMATION GAPS AND ASSESSMENT PLANNING

INFORMATION GAPS AND ASSESSMENT PLANNING

MIRA Assessment (2015 - 2017)

Between January 2015 and September 2017, 87 MIRA missions and assessments have been performed in most departments, such as Antioquia, Arauca, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Guaviare, La Guajira, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Valle del Cauca and Vaupés, with the presence of Local Coordination Teams.

Of the total MIRA assessments performed, 63 correspond to chronic situations and 24 to sudden emergencies, of which 57 respond to emergencies related to the armed conflict and 20 are related to disasters of natural origin. Likewise, three missions with double affectation and three focused on the assessment of the affectation in the border with Venezuela were identified.

NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS

28NUMBER OF PARTNERS

14PRIORITIZED SECTORS

The sectors most prioritized by the recurrence of affectation in MIRA assessments have been food security and nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene, health and protection. Likewise, in-depth need assessments were conducted by some sectors in some non-prioritized departments, given the situation of the context, e.g., protection, education in emergencies, among others).

Approximately 50 United Nations humanitarian partners, international and national NGOs belonging to the Country Humanitarian Team, as well as members of local governments, have participated in the conduct of MIRA assessments.

EVALUACIONES MIRA (2015 – 2017)INFORMATION GAPS

The adoption of an open data policy by the central government has allowed greater and better access to a large amount of data. However, there are still weaknesses in the quality of the information, especially in the access to microdata of entities. This last item is of vital importance, since it allows the disaggregation of information, especially to obtain more detail per age groups and per sex. However, the country continues to lack information on issues, such as basic sanitation, food insecurity and nutrition, at a municipal level. Other outstanding issues where underreporting is identified are forced child and adolescent recruitment, morbidity rates according to the type of diseases, affectation and educational centers at risk due to natural disasters, armed confrontations, among others.

It is important to highlight the lack of information regarding assistance and humanitarian response by municipal and departmental authorities, which would allow the addressing and identification of gaps in order to respond to the identified needs in a timely manner

24

PART II: INFORMATION GAPS AND ASSESSMENT PLANNING

One of the main obstacles in the information is the limited opportunity to disaggregate it for the rural areas of the country affected by problems, such as the armed conflict, high levels of poverty incidence and a very weak institutional presence of the State. These gaps limit the capacity to enrich the analysis and the identification of differentiated needs between urban and rural areas in the country (unlike urban areas).

Another limiting factor in rural areas is the lack of data gathering on a frequent basis, which makes it impossible to build continuous or updated analyzes of the phenomena. These are evidenced in the definition (for most of the clusters) of the sectorized data and coverage. Given the scarce information at a municipal level, it is necessary to resort to departmental information. Data on the location of health posts and emergency teams. These “level 1” health centers are small, but they are often the first line of response in emergency situations arising from natural disasters or mass displacements.

The HNO process identified a series of key sectoral data that would significantly improve the measurement of humanitarian needs in the country, if gathered, such as:

• Data on the location of health posts and emergencyteams. These “level 1” health centers are small, butthey are often the first line of response in emergencysituations arising from natural disasters or massdisplacements.

• Data on diarrheal and respiratory infections are verylimited, especially in isolated rural areas.

• Data on the different forms of gender violence,especially sexual violence, are difficult to access.

• Data on levels of acute malnutrition in remote ruralareas, especially for indigenous communities.

• Data on the different forms of gender violence,

especially sexual violence, are difficult to access.

• Accurate data on dropouts and lack of schoolattendance, as well as child recruitment indicators. Theonly reliable data on forced recruitment are usuallyobtained after children are recovered from non-statearmed groups since those included in RUV are under-registered.

• In general, data disaggregated by sex, age andethnic group are difficult to access for the differenthumanitarian indicators.

Other sets of data that lack information are:

• Available information on response and assistance tointernally displaced persons by the municipal anddepartmental authorities, which are typically the firstline of assistance to internally displaced persons.

• Gaps in data on intra-urban and intra-ruraldisplacements in many areas. Better estimates of IDPnotification are required.

• Data on humanitarian access, mobility restrictions andconfined populations. Although 2013 marked the firstyear in which confinement data were systematicallycollected, there are many regions that have sub-registries or lack information on these populations dueto high dependence of international actors to furnishdata that are not systematically collected by any officialsource. There is also a lack of systematic data on thelimitations on humanitarian access.

• Data on humanitarian needs disaggregated by sex, ageand ethnic group.

• Data on populations at risk/vulnerable to the conflictand armed violence, particularly in urban areas.

25

PART II: RANKING OF PRIORITIES PER MUNICIPALITY

RANKING OF PRIORITIES PER MUNICIPALITY

DEPARTMENT MUNICIPALITY CATEGORY PRIORITY SCORE RANKING

Tolima Rovira High 1 4,97 1Chocó Bajo Baudó 1 4,96 2Chocó Alto Baudo 1 4,96 3Chocó Medio Baudó 1 4,96 4Cauca Timbiquí 1 4,96 6Nariño Santa Bárbara 1 4,96 7Nariño San Andres de Tumaco 1 4,96 8Nariño Barbacoas 1 4,96 9Chocó Medio San Juan 1 4,96 10Chocó El Litoral del San Juan 1 4,96 11Cauca Guapi 1 4,96 12Córdoba Puerto Libertador 1 4,96 13Chocó Quibdó 1 4,96 14Chocó Riosucio(2) 1 4,96 15Norte de Santander Hacarí 1 4,96 16Norte de Santander El Tarra 1 4,96 17Norte de Santander San Calixto 1 4,96 18Tolima Chaparral 1 4,96 19Norte de Santander Teorama 1 4,96 20Nariño Samaniego 1 4,96 21Caquetá San Vicente del Caguán 1 4,96 22Cauca López 1 4,96 23Caquetá Cartagena del Chairá 1 4,96 24Norte de Santander La Playa 1 4,96 25Tolima Ibagué 1 4,96 26Cauca El Tambo 1 4,96 27Nariño Olaya Herrera 1 4,96 28Valle del Cauca Buenaventura 1 4,96 29Norte de Santander El Carmen 1 4,96 30Cauca Argelia 1 4,95 31Putumayo Puerto Guzmán 1 4,95 32Antioquia Nechí 1 4,95 33Chocó Bahía Solano 1 4,95 34Norte de Santander Tibú 1 4,95 35Norte de Santander Sardinata 1 4,95 36Putumayo Puerto Asís 1 4,95 37Guaviare San José del Guaviare 1 4,95 38Nariño El Charco 1 4,95 39Chocó Nuquí 1 4,95 40Antioquia El Bagre 1 4,95 41Antioquia Tarazá 1 4,95 42Antioquia Turbo 1 4,95 43Antioquia Ituango 1 4,95 44Putumayo Leguízamo 1 4,95 45

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

26


DEPARTMENT MUNICIPALITY CATEGORY PRIORITY SCORE RANKING

La Guajira Riohacha 1 4,95 46Córdoba Tierralta 1 4,94 47Tolima Planadas 1 4,94 48Antioquia Briceño 1 4,94 49Arauca Tame 1 4,94 50Putumayo Valle del Guamuez 1 4,94 51Cauca Suárez 1 4,94 52Antioquia Cáceres 1 4,94 53Norte de Santander Ocaña 1 4,94 54Cauca Morales 1 4,94 55Norte de Santander Convención 1 4,94 56Caquetá Puerto Rico 1 4,94 57Antioquia Caucasia 1 4,94 58Arauca Arauquita 1 4,94 59Antioquia Zaragoza 1 4,94 60Nariño Policarpa 1 4,93 61Antioquia Segovia 1 4,93 62Arauca Arauca 1 4,93 63Nariño Francisco Pizarro 1 4,93 64Córdoba Montería 1 4,93 65Norte de Santander Cúcuta 1 4,93 66Arauca Saravena 1 4,92 67Putumayo Mocoa 1 4,92 68Chocó San José del Palmar 1 4,91 69Antioquia Valdivia 1 4,91 70Huila Algeciras 1 4,91 71Putumayo San Miguel 1 4,91 72Norte de Santander Abrego 1 4,90 73Nariño La Tola 1 4,90 74Cauca Patía 1 4,90 75Tolima Coyaima 1 4,90 76Cauca Popayán 1 4,90 77Tolima Ataco 1 4,90 78La Guajira Maicao 1 4,89 79Putumayo Orito 1 4,89 80Tolima Rioblanco 1 4,89 81Guaviare Calamar 1 4,89 82Valle del Cauca Cali 1 4,89 83Caquetá Milán 1 4,88 84Cauca Corinto 1 4,88 85Nariño Cumbitara 1 4,88 86Nariño Roberto Payán 1 4,88 87Tolima San Antonio 1 4,88 88Arauca Fortul 1 4,87 89Cauca Piamonte 1 4,87 90

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

27


RANKING

Córdoba Ayapel 1 4,87 91Nariño Magüi 1 4,87 92Antioquia Bello 1 4,86 93Antioquia Chigorodó 1 4,86 94Tolima Santa Isabel 1 4,86 95Caquetá Solano 1 4,86 96Norte de Santander Villa del Rosario 1 4,84 97Cauca Caloto(1)(3) 1 4,84 98Antioquia Remedios 1 4,84 99Valle del Cauca Dagua 1 4,83 100Chocó Tadó 1 4,83 101Antioquia Apartadó 1 4,83 102Chocó Lloró 1 4,82 103Antioquia Medellín 1 4,82 104Chocó Istmina 1 4,81 105Córdoba Montelíbano(1)(3) 1 4,81 106Chocó Sipí 1 4,81 107Valle del Cauca Bolívar 1 4,81 108Chocó Juradó 1 4,80 109Nariño Mosquera 1 4,79 110Meta Puerto Concordia 1 4,78 111Meta Puerto Gaitán 1 4,78 112Chocó Unguía 1 4,78 113Guaviare Miraflores 1 4,77 114Chocó Medio Atrato 1 4,77 115Antioquia Puerto Berrío 1 4,76 116Huila Baraya 1 4,76 117Caquetá La Montañita 1 4,76 118Putumayo Puerto Caicedo 1 4,75 119Chocó Nóvita 1 4,75 120Meta Puerto Rico 1 4,75 121Nariño Taminango 1 4,74 122Cauca Mercaderes 1 4,74 123Caquetá San José del Fragua 1 4,74 124Chocó Río Iro 1 4,72 125Caquetá Florencia 1 4,71 126Antioquia Anorí 1 4,71 127Nariño El Rosario 1 4,71 128Cauca Buenos Aires 1 4,70 129Cauca Bolívar 1 4,70 130Caquetá El Paujil 1 4,69 131La Guajira Dibulla 1 4,69 132Nariño Ricaurte 1 4,69 133Antioquia Carepa 1 4,68 134Valle del Cauca El Dovio 1 4,68 135

DEPARTMENT MUNICIPALITY CATEGORY PRIORITY SCORE

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

28


RANKING

Huila Tarqui 1 4,68 136Cauca Balboa 1 4,68 137Nariño Pasto 1 4,66 138Tolima Líbano 1 4,65 139Tolima Roncesvalles 1 4,65 140Antioquia San Andrés de Cuerquía 1 4,63 14Cauca Santander de Quilichao 1 4,62 141Huila Neiva 1 4,61 142Norte de Santander Puerto Santander 1 4,61 143Meta Villavicencio 1 4,61 144Huila Iquira 1 4,60 145Chocó Condoto 1 4,60 146Tolima Anzoátegui 1 4,60 147Córdoba San Pelayo 1 4,59 148Antioquia Urrao 1 4,59 149Valle del Cauca Florida 1 4,54 150Nariño La Llanada 1 4,54 151La Guajira Uribia 1 4,53 152Caquetá El Doncello 1 4,53 153Antioquia Yarumal 1 4,52 154Tolima Dolores 1 4,52 155Meta Mesetas 1 4,51 156Meta Vistahermosa 1 4,51 157Caquetá Curillo 1 4,51 158Córdoba San José de Uré(1) 1 4,49 159Valle del Cauca Jamundí 1 4,47 160Chocó Carmen del Darien 1 4,47 161Chocó Bagadó 1 4,43 162Huila Pitalito 1 4,42 163Nariño Leiva 1 4,41 164Huila Colombia 1 4,41 165Nariño Santacruz 1 4,40 166La Guajira Manaure 1 4,39 167Cauca Miranda 1 4,39 168Córdoba Valencia 1 4,39 169Meta La Macarena 1 4,39 170La Guajira Fonseca 1 4,38 171Valle del Cauca Palmira 1 4,37 172Chocó Atrato 1 4,33 173Nariño Mallama 1 4,29 174Antioquia Dabeiba 1 4,29 175Putumayo Villagarzón 1 4,28 176Chocó Acandí 1 4,27 177Antioquia Angostura Medium-High 1 4,25 178


HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

29


RANKING

Cauca Florencia 1 4,24 179Córdoba Lorica 1 4,23 180Meta Uribe 1 4,23 181Tolima Cajamarca 1 4,20 182Valle del Cauca Tuluá 1 4,14 183Tolima Villahermosa 1 4,12 184Córdoba La Apartada 1 4,12 185Tolima Natagaima 1 4,12 186Meta Mapiripán 1 4,12 187Cauca La Sierra 1 4,07 188Tolima Villarrica 1 4,04 189Antioquia Sabanalarga 1 4,00 190Antioquia Buriticá 1 4,00 191Caquetá Solita 1 3,99 192Córdoba Buenavista 1 3,95 193Antioquia Vegachí 1 3,90 194Tolima Alpujarra 1 3,87 195Cauca Toribio 1 3,85 196Chocó Río Quito 1 3,85 197Huila Acevedo 1 3,83 198Chocó El Cantón del San Pablo 1 3,83 199Córdoba San Bernardo del Viento 1 3,81 200Huila La Argentina 1 3,80 201Antioquia Amalfi 1 3,80 202Nariño La Cruz 1 3,73 203Meta Puerto López 1 3,72 204Norte de Santander El Zulia 1 3,71 205Antioquia Mutatá 1 3,70 206Cauca Cajibío 1 3,69 207Huila Tello 1 3,68 208Norte de Santander Bucarasica 1 3,68 209Guaviare El Retorno 1 3,67 210Antioquia Yondó 1 3,67 211Valle del Cauca Pradera 1 3,65 212Antioquia Toledo 1 3,65 213Tolima Prado 1 3,65 214Chocó Bojaya 1 3,63 215Nariño Linares 1 3,61 216Arauca Puerto Rondón 1 3,60 217Cauca Almaguer 1 3,57 218Norte de Santander Los Patios 1 3,55 219Cauca Sucre 1 3,53 220


Medium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-High

Medium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-High

30


RANKING

Huila San Agustín 1 3,50 221Antioquia Itagui 1 3,49 22Caquetá Belén de Los Andaquies 1 3,49 223Nariño Ipiales 1 3,47 224Nariño El Tambo 1 3,45 225Antioquia Murindó 1 3,39 226Cauca La Vega 1 3,34 227Huila Suaza 1 3,32 228Valle del Cauca Riofrío 1 3,30 229Antioquia Vigía del Fuerte 1 3,29 230Valle del Cauca Trujillo 1 3,28 231Antioquia San Pedro de Uraba 1 3,26 232Meta Puerto Lleras 1 3,25 233La Guajira San Juan del Cesar 1 3,20 234


Medium-High

Medium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-High

Medium-HighMedium-HighMedium-HighMedium-High

31

PART II: SECTORAL PRIORITIZATION

SECTORAL PRIORITIZATION

VENEZUELAN BORDER

Protection:

The political and socioeconomic situation in Venezuela has stimulated the entry of people from this country to Colombia, many of whom are in need of international protection. Although some do it transiently (towards countries such as Ecuador and Peru), many others enter with a vocation to stay and without socioeconomic guarantees, thus generating an impact on local life and economy. Many people are without access to basic rights and services due to lack of documentation and ignorance of care routes, in addition to being victims of xenophobia. The very precarious situation of women from the neighboring country is a matter of concern as they work as sex workers for survival in the border areas. Likewise, there are important changes in the dynamics of conflict and widespread violence, expressed in the strengthening of the actions of armed groups with historical presence in the territory (ELN and EPL) and post-demobilization groups, intensifying the dispute over territorial and social control and control over illicit economies.

Victimizing facts, such as mass displacement, recruitment and use of BGAY, sexual violence, kidnappings, threats, accidents with APM/UXO/IEA that generate restrictions on mobility and even confinement of populations in rural and urban areas of border areas, persist. The most vulnerable population groups are the indigenous groups (Hitnü, Yukpa and Wayuu), Afro-Colombians, displaced people and victims of the conflict, particularly women, BGAY and people arriving from Venezuela with humanitarian needs. The exploitation of minerals and natural resources generates conflicts associated with extortions, as well as affectations associated with the environment due to actions such as the blowing-up of pipelines by armed groups.

Food Security and Nutrition:

Zones, such as La Guajira, have had an impact on this sector due to the prolonged drought. The increase of migrants of Venezuelan origin, who cross the border through the trails with no control or follow-up, make it difficult to access food availability. The majority of the communities do not have subsistence crops. They have poor feeding practices and a decrease in their income due to the affectation they experience due to the conflict, while the conditions of vulnerability and poverty of receiving communities are aggravated. Additionally, there has been a high risk of malnutrition in boys and girls of school age and pregnant and lactating women, especially in indigenous communities, such as Wayuu and Yukpa.

Health:

The presence of armed groups and cross-border mobilization have had a great impact on the health sector. It is important to highlight the needs of women victims of violence and sexual exploitation, pregnant women and infants without access to prenatal check-ups and other services of this fundamental right. There are gaps in the provision of the service to the population arriving from Venezuela (including Colombian returnees) in cities, particularly due to lack of documentation or ignorance of rights. The capacities of health institutions in the region are very limited given personnel problems and administrative situations. In capital cities, such as Cúcuta, capacities are overwhelmed by the strong demand of migrants, in addition to the important risks for public health.

VENEZUELAN BORDER: Norte de Santander, Arauca and La Guajira

TOTAL NUMBER OF PRIORITIZED MUNICIPALITIES

30

13High Priority

11Medium-High

Priority 21High Priority

12Medium-High

Priority

44High Priority

32Medium-High


13Medium-High

Priority

23High Priority38

Medium-High Priority

30 34

64 59

46High

PRIORITIZEDMUNICIPALITIES

Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

32


Water, Sanitation and Hygiene:

Access to water, basic sanitation and hygiene is limited due to the multiple effects of both the rainy season (floods) and droughts, in addition to the armed conflict. The impact of mining activities and attacks against the oil infrastructure prevent communities in the area from having safe water and generate health effects, especially in boys and girls. These same dynamics affect water in schools, thus stimulating school dropouts. The Wayuu population, especially pregnant women, infants, boys and girls, also suffer from a shortage of this fluid, with repercussions on nutrition and health, often causing death.

Education in Emergencies:

Many Colombian and now Venezuelan boys and girls have been denied access to education, due to both ignorance of their rights and the administrative barriers of educational institutions and the risk scenario due to the conflict. There are cases of dropouts due to the continuity of armed actions, recruitment and use of minors and the presence of APM/UXOIEA in school environments in the border region.

The loss of motivation among students due to the interest of the population in coca cultivation is due to situations of poverty and the need to work to guarantee their livelihood, the increase in teenage and child pregnancy and the lack of teachers due to administrative processes. Likewise, the school infrastructure is deficient and fails to meet standards of gender differential approach, nor are there safe classrooms to guarantee academic quality in areas of high impact due to the armed conflict. This is compounded by difficulties in transportation and school feeding

Shelters:

Multi-affectation from disasters, the conflict and the entry of Venezuelan people has generated a proliferation of informal settlements, especially in the departments of Norte de Santander and Arauca. This population is under conditions of vulnerability, living on the streets, does not have decent housing conditions or access to basic services. Likewise, a great fear is generated in the receiving communities due to little or no preparation in case of a new mass mobilization of migrants of Venezuelan origin, especially in terms of shelter and other sectoral needs.

Early Recovery:

In the region, the socio-economic impact arising from the entry of Venezuelan people in a vulnerable and precarious context has been felt strongly. Many offer themselves to work for a lower salary than that received by Colombians, which is generating levels of xenophobia due to competition in the labor market. The lack of livelihoods forces many Venezuelan women to be in a situation of prostitution and are immersed in sexual exploitation networks in Colombia. In addition to the impact of disasters and damages caused by the armed conflict, such as displacement and confinement, this scenario affects income generation and access to stable livelihoods, especially for indigenous communities in remote rural areas. There are many barriers for the commercialization of products of artisanal origin and little local supply that meets the needs and differential interests based on sex and ethnic belonging, as well as high informality rates.

DEPARTMENT PRIORITY 1 PRIORITY 2 PRIORITY 3 PRIORITY 4 PRIORITY 5 PRIORITY 6 PRIORITY 7

Arauca

Norte de Santander

La Guajira


PRIORITIZATION PER DEPARTMENT: VENEZUELAN BORDER

Dept.

Population population projections

People displaced by

expulsion (estimated)

Victims of APM/UXO

Affected by natural

disasters


freedom and integrity

People with limitations on

access, mobility and confinement

Mass Displacement


population


with a vocation to

stay

Host Communities

P eople in need

Double affectation

Arauca 267.992 7.130 26 61.571 20 - 148 218 3.386 15.875 88.225 61541La Guajira 1.012.926 4.503 - 17.230 44 - - 83 46.509 10.838 79.208 14388No rte de S antander 1.379.533 35.135 27 31.868 46 - 6.010 211 84.129 129.588 281.004 21524

Health

Health

Health

Education in emergencies



Protection

Protection

Protection

Security, sanitation and hygiene



Early recovery

Early recovery

Early recovery

Water, sanitation and hygiene



Shelters

Shelters

Shelters

33


SOUTHERN REGION: PUTUMAYO AND NARIÑO

Protection

The geostrategic location due to its proximity to the Pacific and its border with Ecuador makes this region conducive to multiple dynamics of human rights and IHL violations. The reorganization and take-over by different armed groups (ELN, post-demobilization, FARC EP deserters and others) in areas from which FARC EP left and with presence of illicit crops, allows the continuity and increase of displacements and restrictions on mobility and access. Homicides and threats against male and female leaders and defenders, sexual violence, recruitment and use of BGAY are part of the widespread violence, which is exacerbated by gaps in the institutional response to identified needs. Indigenous communities (reservations called resguardos) at risk of extinction and Afro-Colombian (community councils), with emphasis on women, and BGAY are the most vulnerable and affected by the armed conflict, in addition to living in places with double affectation due to presence of APM/UXO/IEA and impact due to natural disasters. Conflicts are highlighted by the transit of migrants who require assistance, guidance and protection in view of care gaps.

Food Security and Nutrition

The region does not have food safety programs and malnutrition risks are reported, especially in school age children, affecting their academic performance. Restrictions on mobility affect the agricultural activity for sustenance, in addition to the loss of vocation to engage in illicit crops, putting food security at risk. The impact of natural disasters and contamination with APM/UXO/IEA make access to food even more difficult in terms of quality, quantity and stay, mainly in children and youth.


LThe Afro-Colombian and indigenous population that lives in this region does not have safe water because of the gaps in the supply systems, potabilization and lack of adequate infrastructure. Illegal mining, oil and illicit crops cause pollution in water sources, in addition to attacks on oil pipelines. On the other hand, the presence of different armed groups and contamination with APM/UXO, generate restrictions on mobility in communities that live in remote places, limiting access to safe water. These weaknesses have a bearing on affectations associated with other sectors, such as health and education.

Health

The lack of adequate infrastructure (urban and rural) coupled with the shortage of medical personnel, especially because of administrative issues, prevent adequate access to health services. The communities in need of medical care must travel to municipal administrative centers, posing a difficulty due to the distances and costs that this entails. Many health effects are reported due to water pollution and sanitation and hygiene issues. Inadequate services and care for reproductive health in rural areas pose a risk in pregnant and lactating women. There is also no safe access to medical care for victims of sexual violence.

SOUTHERN REGION: PUTUMAYO AND NARIÑO


34

13High Priority

11Medium-High


12Medium-High

Priority

44High Priority

32Medium-High


13Medium-High

Priority

23High Priority38


30 34

64 59

46High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

34


Education

Violence and the presence of non-state armed groups and other organized groups contributes to school desertion of boys, girls, adolescents and youths. Boarding schools, which work as a protection measure against threats, recruitment and employment of minors, do not have sufficient resources to provide the service. Other factors, such as the lack of adequate school feeding, gaps in the quality of education, little presence of teachers and difficulties of access due to the geography of the land, shape a scenario with limitations on access to this fundamental right..

Early Recovery

There are gaps in the offer of income generation programs and projects and sources of employment with a differential



Nariño

Putumayo

PRIORITIZATION PER DEPARTMENT: SOUTHERN REGION

focus on. There is high informality in the development and initiatives of long-term economic activities. Needs caused by emergencies (conflict or disasters) and structural problems do not have plans in force that can guarantee the recovery and sustainability of livelihoods in affected communities.

Shelters

The main concern in the region lies in the breakdown of the social and family fabric once an affectation occurs. Communities are forced to move and stay in the existing shelters. The current conditions generate protection risks, especially for women and girls, and difficulties in caring for people with special needs, as they do not have differential approaches.

Nariño 1.787.545 38.352 19 48.700 131 - 3.869 130 242 141.073 228.646 24519Putumayo 354.094 12.544 17 113.370 59 - 210 99 - 32.558 158.648 99830

Dept.


People displaced by


Victims of APM/UXO

Affected by natural

disasters





Mass Displacement


population


with a vocation to

stay

Host Communities

P eople in need

Double affectation

Health

Health



Protection

Protection



Early recovery

Early recovery



Shelters

Shelters

35


NORTHWEST REGION: ANTIOQUIA AND CÓRDOBA

Protection

The post-demobilization armed groups (AGC) and ELN in the Bajo Cauca region (Antioquia) expanded to the places left by the FARC EP, controlling a strategic corridor for the development of illegal economies (illegal mining, illicit crops and drug trafficking). There is a dynamic of extortion, displacement, restrictions on mobility and access as part of social control and intimidation. In this context, protection gaps are perceived, especially for the displaced population, given the homicides and threats against male and female social leaders and human rights defenders (rural and urban environments). Women from ethnic and peasant communities pose risks of exploitation and VSBG. BGAYs are exposed to recruitment and employment in illicit economies due to the lack of opportunities, particularly of the adolescent and young population in rural areas, the multiple effects caused by recurrent natural disasters, environmental damage and contamination by mining activities. There are also gaps in the care route for Venezuelan people who have arrived in these territories and who exacerbate the existing unmet basic humanitarian needs in receiving communities and urban settlements in cities such as Medellín and Montería.


There is food insecurity due to limitations on mobility resulting from the presence of APM/UXO/IEA and social control. Agricultural and daily livelihood activities are affected, thus affecting children under five years of age from Embera indigenous communities. Nutritional problems arising from poor feeding practices associated with natural disasters, mercury pollution of rivers (illegal mining) and soil damage are identified. It highlights the lack of access to land for production and marketing purposes to ensure the livelihood of the population.


Communities in the region have difficulties in accessing safe water. There are no adequate storage, distribution and potabilization systems, especially in rural areas. Geographic conditions of the territory, affectations in drought or rainy seasons, the dynamics of the armed conflict and the extractive economy (mining) make access to water difficult. This situation affects water consumption and food preparation at schools, thus causing diseases of water origin, mainly in boys and girls.

Early Recovery

The presence of illegal armed actors poses challenges for the consolidation of legal alternatives of life since these groups oblige diverse populations to maintain their participation in illicit economies. In this sense, the current humanitarian situation implies a restriction for the consolidation of alternative economies that provide dignified and legal livelihoods.

Education

The education sector is especially affected by the presence of non-state armed groups and other organized groups. The socioeconomic situation of communities in the region and their work in illicit economies (mining and illicit crops) stimulate the employment of minors in these groups, as well as pregnancy in adolescent women because of their sentimental involvement with armed group members of s. Structural gaps due to the low presence and social investment, unsatisfied basic needs (UBN) and weaknesses in the hiring of teachers explain the dropout rate in the region.

NORTHWEST REGION: ANTIOQUIA AND CÓRDOBA


46

13High Priority

11Medium-High


12Medium-High

Priority

44High Priority

32Medium-High


13Medium-High

Priority

23High Priority38


30 34

64 59

46High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

36


Health

The need for psychosocial care to the displaced and vulnerable population should be highlighted in areas where armed actors are present and where historically multiple affectations have been identified within the framework of the armed conflict. As in other regions, health effects are evidenced due to diseases associated with water consumption and adequate nutrition, absence of specialized professionals and infrastructure in rural areas, which limit access to this service and fundamental right. Incidents against the medical mission and threats against health professionals in Antioquia put the professionals in this area at risk.

Albergues

The response to shelters in the region continues to be very weak. There is no adequate infrastructure given the recurrence of emergencies and damages caused by natural disasters, evidencing budgetary and capacity weaknesses in response contingency plans.


Antioquia

Córdoba

PRIORITIZATION PER DEPARTMENT: ANTIOQUIA AND CÓRDOBA


Antio quia 6.613.118 71.042 52 110.219 135 - 3.713 293 46.142 319.912 547.796 92947Có rdo ba 1.762.530 17.601 3 80.185 31 - 353 138 16.113 46.066 160.138 58691

Dept.


People displaced by


Victims of APM/UXO

Affected by natural

disasters





Mass Displacement


population


with a vocation to

stay

Host Communities

P eople in need

Double affectation

Health

Health



Protection

Protection



Early recovery

Early recovery



Shelters

Shelters

37


the rural population to receive optimal and timely medical assistance. Women and adolescents do not have a solid offer for prevention and attention to problems related to sexual and reproductive health.

Education in Emergencies

The region is characterized by a strong impact due to the presence of anti-personnel mines and unexploded ordnance. For this reason, it is necessary to make a prioritization of the region regarding mine risk education, especially in rural areas and with an especially ethnic approach to mitigate the difficulties to access education. Additionally, there is not enough ethno-education offered to indigenous communities.

SOUTHEAST REGION

Protection

The presence of FARC dissident groups and the dispute of territories by armed groups are generating displacements, an increase in recruitment, even in indigenous youth, sexual exploitation and violence based on gender, threats to male and female human rights political leaders and other affectations related to the presence of APM/UXO/IEA, among others. The foregoing in addition to the lack of institutional presence and the lack of a comprehensive response capacity for affected communities. Youth and adolescents in peri-urban areas represent a highly vulnerable group due to associated risks associated with armed groups and illicit economies. Likewise, indigenous groups have been disproportionately affected by the conflict, poverty and inter-ethnic tensions over land issues.

Early Recovery

Many victims of the conflict have not overcome the conditions of vulnerability. There are also areas where there is no access due to the presence of armed actors, making it difficult to respond and implement them to guarantee the recovery of livelihoods and conditions of life, especially indigenous communities (Jiw, Sikuani and Embera). It is necessary to articulate between the local and national levels to seek a response from the institutionality.


High malnutrition rates are reported, partly due to climatic phenomena and natural disasters that affect crop cycles and due to difficulties in accessing safe and consumption water (in terms of lack of infrastructure and pollution). In indigenous communities, BGAs are the most exposed to food insecurity. There are no successful programs to replace illicit crops that encourage the return to subsistence crops and alternative income generation.

Health

Despite the fact that the region has historically been affected by the armed conflict, it does not have specialized services as psychosocial support, nor with adequate infrastructure or permanent staff, especially in rural areas.

In addition, access difficulties due to natural disasters, fluvial, terrestrial and aerial transport costs, make it impossible for

SOUTHEASTERN REGION: Meta, Guaviare, Caquetá, Tolima y Huila


59

13High Priority

11Medium-High


12Medium-High

Priority

44High Priority

32Medium-High


13Medium-High

Priority

23High Priority38


30 34

64 59

46High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

38



Safe water for consumption, as well as basic sanitation and hygiene elements have been affected by the dynamics of the conflict and extractive activities (mining-energy). The contamination of fluvial sources affects the health and wellbeing especially of indigenous populations, communities displaced by the conflict and affected by disasters of natural origin that are relocated in high-risk areas and have not been able to receive an adequate response to their needs.

Shelters

The response to shelters in the region continues to be weak. There is no adequate infrastructure and it is necessary to assess the response in contingency plans.



Meta, Guaviare

Caquetá

PRIORITIZATION PER DEPARTMENT: SOUTHEASTERN REGION

Caquetá 490.056 19.610 30 17.604 76 - - 74 237 56.676 94.307 9889Guaviare 114.207 2.969 14 15.350 7 - 22 22 - 6.545 24.907 15180Huila 1.182.944 12.943 13 9.367 30 - - 49 256 54.678 77.336 5933Meta 998.162 9.412 29 33.474 28 - 247 57 3.366 36.473 82.839 26085To lima 1.416.124 21.077 12 17.592 50 - - 75 13.624 65.228 117.658 11.388

Dept.


People displaced by


Victims of APM/UXO

Affected by natural

disasters





Mass Displacement


population


with a vocation to

stay

Host Communities

P eople in need

Double affectation

Health

HealthEducation in emergencies


Protection

Protection Security, sanitation and hygiene


Early recovery

Early recovery



Shelters

Shelters

39


PACIFIC REGION

Protection

The Pacific region has multiple impacts due to its geostrategic location, its access to the sea and areas of difficult access. There, the presence of ELN, post-demobilization armed groups, FARC EP deserters is reported, as well as the reconfirmation and expansion of new groups that have co-opted the spaces left by FARC EP. This region is characterized by recurrent emergencies, especially mass displacements, mobility restrictions and confinements caused by APM/UXO/IEA. threats to male and female social leaders and human rights defenders are aggravated by the situation of timely state humanitarian response, especially in rural areas. The dynamics of recurrent emergencies have been an obstacle to the conduct of comprehensive long-term interventions. The most affected communities are mainly Afro-Colombian and indigenous. They are victims of the conflict and many of them are currently revictimized by the urban widespread violence, characterized by threats and GBVS affecting mainly women and girls, who are doubly affected by not having services and immediate care routes.

Early Recovery

Limitations on response and little articulation of territorial and institutional processes. Interventions are needed in areas where humanitarian emergencies have occurred and moved to return or stabilization processes. Interventions must manage a differential approach to gender and ethnicity, as well as ensure access to markets, sustainability, supply and State presence.


Security situations and risks are due to the actions of armed groups associated with restrictions and displacements that hinder access to livelihoods, especially for indigenous and afro-descendant communities living in the Colombian Pacific. There is an impact on the food security of communities in rural areas for those who do not have subsistence crops, nor a way to maintain their livelihoods. The double effect of emergencies caused by disasters resulting from natural hazards, in addition to the eating habits culturally shown by some communities, does not include a balance that guarantees an adequate diet.

Health

The indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities of the Pacific report difficulties in accessing health care, in terms of distance to care centers, lack of health professionals and medical supplies, thus affecting mainly children under five years of age and pregnant women. In turn, recurrent diseases, such as ADD and ARI, occur because of the relationship between poor water quality and low health response in matters of promotion and prevention. This situation is compounded by the precariousness of sexual and reproductive health services and the impact of natural disasters and mining due to emergencies.

Education in Emergencies

As a result of emergencies within the framework of the conflict and natural disasters, boys, girls, adolescents and youths face difficulties in continuing their school activities. The State response has been incomplete and cooperation has played a fundamental role in complementarity. Further strengthening or creation of more protective environments is needed to prevent the use, employment and recruitment of boys, girls, adolescents and youths and mitigate APM/UXO affectation risks on the way to school.

PACIFIC REGION: VALLE DEL CAUCA, CAUCA AND CHOCÓ:


64

13High Priority

11Medium-High


12Medium-High

Priority

44High Priority

32Medium-High


13Medium-High

Priority

23High Priority38


30 34

64 59

46High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

High


Medium-High

40


Shelters

Shelters available in this region are limited due to the recurrence of massive displacements. Victimized families have had to lodge at places that do not meet standard requirements, with no privacy, no security, nor a differential approach to gender and ethnic belonging.



Cauca

Chocó

Valle del Cauca

PRIORITIZATION PER DEPARTMENT: PACIFIC REGION


The presence of illicit crops and mining generate high levels of water pollution, which increases the possibility of contracting diseases. There is no response from local or national authorities to guarantee access to safe water for affected communities. The necessary infrastructure for safe water supply or storage is not available, especially in the rural area.

Caquetá 490.056 19.610 30 17.604 76 - - 74 237 56.676 94.307 9889Guaviare 114.207 2.969 14 15.350 7 - 22 22 - 6.545 24.907 15180Huila 1.182.944 12.943 13 9.367 30 - - 49 256 54.678 77.336 5933Meta 998.162 9.412 29 33.474 28 - 247 57 3.366 36.473 82.839 26085To lima 1.416.124 21.077 12 17.592 50 - - 75 13.624 65.228 117.658 11.388

Dept.


People displaced by


Victims of APM/UXO

Affected by natural

disasters





Mass Displacement


population


with a vocation to

stay

Host Communities

P eople in need

Double affectation

Health

Health

Health




Protection

Protection

Protection




Early recovery

Early recovery

Early recovery Water, sanitation and hygiene



Shelters

Shelters

Shelters

2018 OVERVIEW - HumanitarianResponse...Needs and gaps in the prevention, protection and care of...

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