20110825090806 Week 1- BIS 3043 Critical Appreciation of Drama (1)
-
Upload
syarifahkamaruzaman -
Category
Documents
-
view
116 -
download
1
Transcript of 20110825090806 Week 1- BIS 3043 Critical Appreciation of Drama (1)
BIS 3043 CRITICAL APPRECIATION OF DRAMA
Name :Dr. Lajiman Janoory E-mail : lajiman @fbk. upsi.edu.my Nombor Telefon : 05-450 5381 No.bilik : FB 3-8
INTRODUCTIONDrama you will analyse:
Greek tragedy- Oedipus Rex by Sophocles Shakespearean comedy- The Taming of the
Shrew Modern Drama- A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Theatre of the Absurd- Waiting for Godot by
Samuel Beckett Malaysian Drama- Jebat:The Death of a Warrior
by Usman Awang
A Brief History of Drama
Three theories about the origin of drama.First theory:
early humans’ perceptions of the forces that appear to influence or control their lives
attributed natural events that affected them to supernatural or magical forces
began to perform rituals to see if actions would affect natural events
Second theory: through the activity of storytellingA narrator’s story of events being played by
different personsThird theory:
imitations of animals or out of narrative forms of dances and songs
THINK Which of the theory above do you feel
best explains the early development of drama? Give your reason.
Concerning the Drama, the Theatre, and the Play What is drama? Theatre? Play ?
Interchangeable meaning
Drama:Written formPrivate rather than social experienceGreek word “dran”- “to do”Aristotle: an imitation of an action as
opposed to represent an action in proseOnly partially concluded
Theatre:The performance of dramaGreek word “theatron”- “to watch” or “a place for
seeing”Theatre not only a setting for “seeing”. Also
pretending, make-believe games.Human arena for understanding human
condition revealing human truths.Physical feature of theatre has important effect on
audience, Ex: representational or unrepresentational
Play:The production of dramaInvolving efforts other than the dramatist.
Ex: director, creative artists, lighting technicians etc
A social experience rather than private matter
In general:Drama is a form of literary composition for
performance in the theatre, where the actors take the role of characters, perform the action indicated, and utter the written dialogue.
Drama + theatre= play
drama theatre play
THINK There are many dramas that have been
performed on stage. Have you read and watch the same drama/play? Are there differences in your experiences between reading a drama and watching it performed? What are the differences?
TYPES OF DRAMA
DRAMA
Tragedy
Comedy
Melo-drama
Farce
Tragi-comedy
DarkComedy
History
Docu-mentary
Musical
Social
A tragedy
deals with serious human issues such as suffering, downfall and more often than not, death.
normally involves the fall from grace of the main protagonist who, in classical tragedy, must be of noble birth.
brings out pity and fear as it shows how weak we are as mere mortals in the face of a greater power.
Oedipus Rex by Sophocles is acclaimed by Aristotle as the perfect tragedy.
A comedy
is the opposite of tragedy. A tragedy begins with the elevation of the
protagonist to a higher social or moral status and ends with his or her downfall.
A comedy begins with confusions and conflicts and ends happily with the resolution of the confusions and conflicts.
usually followed with a marriage or marriages. less emotive and intense in theme since a comedy
does not attempt to evoke a deep sense of pity and terror but more to elicit laughter than shock.
A melodrama is a serious play with unimportant theme. The protagonists are more likeable than heroic and
the villains are too obvious in their wickedness. presents to the audience a simplified version of life
of good versus evil and good against bad. seldom delves into the more complex human
issues as in a tragedy and a play of this genre normally ends pleasantly.
Intellectually a melodrama is empty but it is compensated by pleasurable and amusing endings.
A farce is a comical and humorous play on a trivial theme. The most common plots will be mistaken identity,
illicit romance and elaborate misunderstandings. Identical twins, lovers in closets, full stage chases,
switched potions, switched costumes (often involving man and woman), and misheard instructions are the often used methods to produce outrageous situations and uproarious response from audience.
The Bear by Anton Chekov is an example of farce.
Tragicomedy is often called a tragedy that ends
happily. As a subgenre it attempts to bridge
between tragedy and comedy. Tragicomedy maintains the serious
mood and tone throughout the play but it always ends happily.
Dark comedy is the opposite of tragicomedy. If
tragicomedy ends happily, dark comedy is a comedy that ends tragically.
The history play
deals with dramatisation of historical personalities and the events that surround their lives.
established by Shakespeare. normally deal with English kings especially
from 1377 to 1547 such as kings Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry IV, Richard III, and Henry VIII.
maintain a serious tone but with sprinklings of humour thrown in.
The documentary recent subgenre. Plots taken from trial transcripts, news
reports, personal and official records. These materials are then brought on
stage to highlight particular issues and points of view.
The musical play
relies on extensive use of music and songs.
Usually the musical aspect is combined with another genre to create musical comedy, a musical documentary or a musical history.
sometimes called problem plays, evolved in nineteenth century and
dominated the stage through the early part of the twentieth century.
explores social problems and the individual’s place in society.
can be tragic, comic or mixed. Examples: Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, Arthur
Miller’s Death of a Salesman and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House.
Social dramas
THINK AND RECALL
DRAMA
PERFORMANCE SPACESAmpitheatres
open stage
theatre in-the-round/arenas
corridor/terrace theatre
promenade theatre
thrust stage
proscenium arch theatre
Amphitheatres of Greek origin and were slightly
modified by the Romans. normally accommodate a large number
of audiences for large scale productions. Plays that are full of ceremony and
movement are suitable for these theatres.
Proscenium arch theatre the most recognisable form of dramatic
performance space. is a space in front of the back scenery. The word proscenium now means the front
opening of the stage and the area around it. The arch is the frame surrounding the front of
the stage. normally constructed as a permanent structure. As if audience is watching the play through a
picture frame.
Open stage
has the audience facing the stage whereby the stage is at one end of the building.
Modern and school theatres are open or a mix between this and proscenium.
Advantage-suits many kinds of production with their simplicity in conceptual framework.
Thrust stage
This type of stage has a raised platform that thrusts out into the audience, who sits on all three sides.
This theatrical set-up allows for excellent actor-audience contact and which draws in the audience into the action.
Theatre in-the-round/arenas
no stage curtain, little scenery and allows the audience to sit on all sides of the stage
round, diamond, or triangular, with actors entering and exiting through the audience from different directions or from below the stage
problems since actors at all times have their back facing some members of the audience
allows for interesting and realistic staging
Corridor/Traverse performance space is between two
parallel groups of audience. Normally, does not have a permanent
structure constructed to suit particular plays
audienceaudience stage
Promenade Stage there is no formal stage, both the audience
and the actors are placed in the same space The performance starts when one of the
actors draws attention to himself or light is pointed in such manner that draws attention to a particular person.
During the performance actors will stimulate the audience to move around.
conclusion Performance stage depends on the type
of play presented
tutorial Imagine that you are a drama director for
your school. You are to stage a play performance to raise funds for your school. There are many theatres available in the town where you can perform the play. Choose the theatre that you think best suits your play. Explain your reason by stating the type of play, budget available and expected funds you wish to raise.