20-1 and 20-2

Chapter 2

Factors that Shape Nationalism

• Historical Factors• Social Factors• Economic Factors• Geographic Factors• Political Factors

Historical Factors

• The storming of the Bastille – Occurred on 14 July 1789 – More then 600 Parisians stormed the prison

looking for ammunition– The mob killed the guards and freed the prisoners– The event inspired people all over France to take

action against the King and marked the beginning of the French Revolution

Bastille Prison

Storming of the Bastille

Nationalist Symbol: The Bastille

• The storming of the Bastille is a symbolic event that remains today

• 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday (Bastille Day)

Social Factors

• Ancien Régime- France prior to 1789– People’s roles were set before they were even

born• The son of a peasant would remain a peasant, the son

of a farmer would remain a farmer, the son of a businessperson would remain businessperson

– The highest class of society was the Aristocracy• Enjoyed all the benefits and wealth of society

Ancien Régime

Three Classes of Society

• First Estate- Clergy• Second Estate- Aristocrats (nobles)• Third Estate- Commoners (96-97% of the

population)

Changes in Ideas About Society

• 1700s France was one of the cultural centres of the world

• People of various classes would meet in Café’s and in Salons to discuss the Day’s events in light of new ideas about individual rights– They would often talk about the Monarchy, the

aristocrats and the ruling members of the clergy

Speaking Out

• Freedom of Speech did not exist in the Ancien Régime

• The Royal police would arrest and throw in jail anyone suspected of saying anything negative about the King or the Nobles

• Despite the Danger many people published their ideas in books, pamphlets, and newspapers

Voltaire

• Real name was François-Marie Arouet• Wrote under the name Voltaire • Published comments that got him arrested

such as “…government consists of taking money from one class and giving it to another…” page 45

• Wrote mostly about individual rights and freedoms

Voltaire

A Growing Middle Class

• The commoners (third estate) included the growing Bourgeoisie (middle class)

• Members of the Bourgeoisie lived mostly in towns and cities and were often factory owners, doctors, and lawyers. Others were philosophers, writers, highly skilled clockmakers, and artisans

Bourgeoisie

• Members of the Bourgeoisie began to increase their wealth

• As a result many became educated and welcomed new ideas about liberty (freedom) and equality

• Absolutism – Kings had

Absolute Power

• Divine Right– Kings were

chosen by God

• Louis XVI– Born 1754– Married in

1770– Became

King in 1774– Executed in

1793

Estates General

• To try to solve the problems of France King Louis XVI calls an ancient forum called the Estates General (the first time called since 1614)

• The Estates General would be made up of delegates from each of the three estates

• Each estate was given ONE vote though the third estate was given double the number of delegates

Estates General

• One vote for each estate would ensure that the first and second estate would always win.

• Delegates brought with them cahiers de doléances (Lists of complaints)

• The Estates General met for several weeks in May and June of 1789

• The lists also suggested possible solutions to the problems of France

Assignment

• Read page 47• Complete Explorations 1 and 2 on page 47

Assignment

• Meeting of the Estates General

Geographic Factors

• Bad weather– Cold and snow in the summer of 1788 decimated

crops – the winter of 1788-1789 was brutally cold– The spring of 1789 brought floods due to heavy

snowfall– Spring of 1789 then brought drought conditions

Geographic Factors

• Bread and Revolution– By 1789 peasants and labourers spent up to 90%

of wages just on bread– 5 October 1789 women march to Versailles

begging King Louis XVI to return with them to Paris • King Louis XVI had promised to help the poor

– King Louis XVI never again returned to his castle in Versailles

Political factors

• Third Estate frustrated over lack of political power and felt the King and government represented only the First and Second Estates

• French people did not feel a common identity• Summer of 1789 members of the Third Estate

form a National Assembly – Members of the First and Second Estate join the

National Assembly, pledge not to leave until a new constitution for France is written.

Political Factors

• National Assembly agrees to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen– Takes away privileges of the king, clergy, and

nobles– The role of government was to preserve the rights

of people

Political Factors

• Threats from outside France:– Kings of other European countries worried

revolution would spread– Kings of Europeans countries sent troops to invade

France • Goal to reinstate Louis XVI to power

– France formed a revolutionary army made of members of the three estates and successfully held back invaders

1793

• After being caught trying to escape France Louis XVI is executed by guillotine (the National Razer)

• To stop criticism terrorism was used to crack down on opposition to the revolution

• Reign of Terror– Lasted for 11 month in 1793-1794– Thousands were executed by Guillotine (estimates

about 1 every 30 minutes)

People Respond to Some Factors that Shape Nationalism

• Nationalism and Remembering – Nationalism is shaped through shared

remembrance– Revolutionary ideals in France during the

revolution that today form the French (France) nation:• (liberté, égalité, fraternité) • National Anthem (La Marseillaise) • Storming of the Bastille• Red white and Blue (tri colleurs) (Flag)

Assignment

• In groups (max 3 students) or individually read pages 52-53 and complete questions 1-3 page 53)

The Railway and the National Identity

• Building the railway from coast to coast was seen as a great success

• Workers were most often Chinese or Native. Chinese especially worked the most difficult and dangerous jobs

The National Dream

• Building a railroad that would connect Canadians from coast to coast

Inuit Perspectives

• No treaties with the government of Canada• Declines in Caribou led to forced relocation in

the 1930s• Difficult adjustments caused many social

problems (drinking etc)• To Solve the problem government created

Nunavut in 1999 (Inuit Self Government)

Quebec Nationalism

• At the conclusion of the 7 years war, France’s North American territories were given to Britain

• The accounts of the key battle of the plains of Abraham differ in English and in French– Conquest or Not

• Slowly English immigrants began changing Canada from a French to an English Colony

Tensions between Anglophones and Francophones

• Confederation was designed to end the conflict between English and French, but it has continued to grow

Assignment

• Complete Questions 1 and 3 on page 60.