World War 1Ch 26:1

War Breaks Out

Factors Leading To War

Get ready for the MAIN event!!!

M-miltarism A-alliances I-imperialism N-nationalism

Alliances Many European nations built

up their army in order to protect their overseas colonies from attacks by other nations.

Germany in particularly had greatly increased the size of its army.

The military buildup made many countries nervous, so they searched for alliances with other countries.

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Factors Leading to War In the late 1800’s, Germany,

Austria-Hungary, and Italy united as the Triple Alliances

As part of the pact, each nation pledged to defend the others in the event of an attack.

In response, France and Russia formed their own alliance, which Great Britain later joined which became known as the Triple Entente

The major goal of these alliances was to keep peace

Alliances

How would they prevent war? Fear of war would keep nations from attacked

each other (1 fights, all fight)

At the same time, rivalries over empires were growing.

Nationalism Nationalism is- devotion to

nation or group

Nationalism had led to the formation of countries such as Germany and Italy

Serbia hoped to expand its borders and unite all Serbs living in the Balkans

Due to fear of rebellion, Austria-Hungary opposed their expansion.

War Breaks Out As tension grew, the archduke

of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand visited the city of Sarajevo.

He and his wife were shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip.

Since the killer was identified as a Serb and the Serbian government supplied the murder weapon, Austria Hungary threatened war against Serbia

Germany

Russia which had promised to support Serbia, prepared for war.

Germany viewed the preparations as a threat, and declared war on Russia, and later on her ally, France.

Germany

The first country attacked by Germany was Belgium.

Because it was a Neutral country, Great Britain declared war on Germany

The Good and the Bad? Triple Entente -> Allied

Powers Great Britain Russia France Serbia

Later Italy United States

Triple Alliance -> Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary

Later Ottoman Empire

The First major battle between German troops and French and British soldiers, known as the Battle of the Frontiers, ended with a clear-cut German victory.

Russia attacked German forces from the east in the Battle of Tannenberg, which ended with a German victory.

Allied forces were able to drive Germany back at the Battle of the Marne.

Trench Warfare German soldiers dug a

series of trenches, which helped them win the Battle of the Aisne

Allied forces also dug trenches, lead to a deadlock over the coming months.

This deadlocked region became known as the Western Front

World War 1Ch 26:2

A Different Kind of War

The Battlefield

By the end of 1914, the war had become one of trench warfare, or fighting from trenches

Trenches were muddy, unsanitary, and crowded

When troops were ordered “over the top” of their trench, many were gunned down.

New Weapons In order to gain an

advantage in the war, side sought new technologies and weapons.

Poison gas was developed to injure and kill enemies, but often the wind blew it back toward the soldiers who launched it.

Gas masks were developed by both sides to protect the soldiers, making it less effective.

Cont’d Other technologies were also

effective, such as machine guns and tanks

Aircraft quality also improved, which were later equipped with machine guns and bombs which could be used to attack enemies.

Even with these innovations, neither side was able to gain an advantage, so the war continued.

The Homefront

Total War: war requires all of societies resources

You don’t have to write this (Everything is fair game for attack)

The Homefront Governments took control

of important industries as well as the economy

They censored newspapers, and introduced propaganda, or information created to influence people’s opinions, which helped maintain support of the war.

Women

Women took over jobs the men had left to go to war.

Women also served as nurses in the war

This changed the view of women. In the United States, it helped women gain the right to vote

Battles on the Western Front

In May 1915, Italy joined the war for the Allied Powers.

In a long series of battles against Austria-Hungary, Italy made little progress and reached a stalemate

Cont’d In the Battle of Verdun,

Germany hoped to kill as many French soldiers as possible, thinking France could not bear to see the city fall.

In 1916, German troops killed over 400,000 troops, though they suffered a great deal themselves, leaving both sides badly weakened

Cont’d Partly in an effort to push the

Germans back from Verdun, the British launched an attack at the Somme River.

The Battle of the Somme resulted in massive casualties for both sides, but had no major breakthrough.

The British were defeated easily after starting the Third Battle of Ypres in Belgium, as the Germans held high ground in a flat area.

War Around the World After the Ottoman

Empire joined the Central Powers in 1914, the Allies attacked Dardanelles, which was a sea passage the Allies relied on to ship supplies to Russia.

The Gallipoli Campaign in 1915 was unsuccessful

Genocide

At the same time, Russia attacked the Caucasus region of Turkey, where millions of Armenians lived

After accusing the Armenians of aiding Russia, Turkish leaders forcibly removed them from their land.

Cont’d After nearly 600,000

Armenians died from neglect and violence, Turkish leaders were accused of Genocide, the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group

Other battles were also fought in Asia and Africa as armies attacked their enemies’ colonies around the world.

World War 1Ch 26:3

Revolution in Russia

The Background

Before World War I, poor economic conditions in Russia made Czar Nicholas II increasingly unpopular.

A small group of Marxists who called themselves Bolsheviks sought to lead a revolt against the government.

In 1914, Russia had a huge army, but it was not prepared for war.

Millions of Russian soldiers died or were wounded in the first year of the war. In 1915, Nicholas decided to personally take command of the army. However, he knew little about warfare and could not lead the army to victory.

Nicholas’ uncle was good commander -->

Rasputin

Back in Russia, Nicholas had left his unpopular wife, Czarina Alexandra, (btw: she was German) in control when he went to war. Alexandra relied on the advice of self-proclaimed holy man and healer Grigory Rasputin, who many Russian people saw as corrupt and immoral.

Russian Revolution On 3/8/1917, unhappy

Russians protested the lack of food and fuel in the streets of the capital, Petrograd.

A week later, Nicholas had lost control of the country, and the monarchy in Russia had ended

The Duma established a temporary government under Aleksandr Kerensky, which was unpopular with the people.

The Bolsheviks, led Vladimir Lenin, also opposed the new government, and called for a revolution that would bring social and economic change.

After fighting a final battle against the Central Powers, the Red Army collapsed.

In November, Kerensky’s government was overthrown and the Bolsheviks took over, establishing a Communist government.

The new government made private land illegal and gave control of the factories to the government

After the Revolution After the revolution, Lenin sent

Leon Trotsky to negotiate peace with the Central Powers

With little leverage, Russia was forced to give up huge chunks of land, and much of its empire.

Upset by the treaty, some of the Bolsheviks opponents formed the White Army, leading Russia into a three year Civil War

Cont’d

After the Bolshevik victory, millions of Russians had died and famine had swept across the country,

In 1921, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy, which allowed some capitalist activity.

The goal was to increase food supply.

Cont’d

After regaining lands that had been part of the Russian empire before 1917, the country became known at the United Socialist Soviet Republic (U.S.S.R.), also know as the Soviet Union.

World War 1Ch 26:4

United States Enters the War American President Woodrow

Wilson decided to keep America out of the war, remaining neutral.

As part of the strategy of unrestricted submarine warfare, German u-boats, or submarines, attacked any boats traveling around Great Britain.

Germany sank passenger ships such as the Lusitania, which anger the American people.

Cont’d The Zimmerman Note, a

secret message in which Germany asked Mexican officials to attack the United States, further angered Americans.

The United States joined the Allied Powers in the war in Europe.

The End of Fighting In 1917, as the United States

prepared to fight in Europe, Russia accepted defeat.

Germany was then able to focus all its resources on the Western Front.

In March 1918, Germany launched its final attack on the Western Front, forcing the Allies back. However, the German army suffered huge losses.

After fresh American troops arrived, the Allies started the Second Battle of the Marne.

Pushed back, the German army collapsed.

Germany and the Allies agreed to an armistice, or truce, on 11:11 on 11/11/1918 (date)

A Difficult Peace Before the end of the war,

Woodrow Wilson announced a plan for world peace that he called the Fourteen Points.

In it, he asked all countries to reduce military and give their people the right to choose their own government.

To prevent from future wars, Wilson also asked to form an international organization of nations to protect each other from aggression.

Cont’d France wanted to

punish Germany and destroy its ability to wage war

Britain wanted to punish Germany, but keep it strong enough to stop the spread of communism from Russia.

Italy wanted to gain land

The Allies compromised on the Treaty of Versailles

After the Treaty Germany forced to take

responsibility for starting the war, and was forced to pay the Allies for it.

The treaty limited the size of Germany’s military

Germany was also forced to give back land to France and Russia

Though the treaty was humiliating to Germany, they had no choice but to accept it.

The Treaty also called for a League of Nations, the body which Wilson had sought in the Fourteen Points.

Germany was excluded from it, and the United States also did not join.

The other Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) were broken into several smaller nations.

In 1917, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, which favored establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, the ancient Jewish homeland.

The Costs of War World War I was the

most devastating war the world had ever seen

Nearly 9 million soldiers died during the war.

In Europe, the war devastated the farmlands, cities, and national economies, while Japan and the United States emerged as economic powers.

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Cont’d

Monarchies were overthrown in Austria-Hungary, Germany, The Ottoman Empire, and Russia.

In far off colonies, colonists who had participated in the war demanded more rights, causing the age of great empires to soon come to an end.