22ndnd Generation Intel Generation Intel MoteMote

Lama NachmanLama Nachman

Intel Corporation ResearchIntel Corporation Research

Santa Clara, CASanta Clara, CA

Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation

22

ImoteImote22 Design Goals Design Goals

Focus on a “value add” moteFocus on a “value add” mote Demanding applications / data processingDemanding applications / data processing Industrial applicationsIndustrial applications

Use Intel siliconUse Intel siliconIncorporate learnings from Imote design Incorporate learnings from Imote design and deploymentsand deployments Condition based monitoringCondition based monitoring Water pipeline monitoringWater pipeline monitoring Structural monitoring / damage detectionStructural monitoring / damage detection

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Imote 2 componentsImote 2 components

ProcessorProcessor

FlashFlash

RAMRAM

RadioRadio

Sensor interfaces / connectorsSensor interfaces / connectors

Power Management ICPower Management IC

OtherOther Antenna, USB, Reset button, LED, Crystals, passives, Antenna, USB, Reset button, LED, Crystals, passives,

etcetc

44

Low active power @ 13 MHzLow active power @ 13 MHz Ultra low voltage at low speeds (0.85V)Ultra low voltage at low speeds (0.85V) Similar active power to Imote (45mW)Similar active power to Imote (45mW)

Enhanced Low power modesEnhanced Low power modes Many voltage domainsMany voltage domains Deep sleep (0.1mW)Deep sleep (0.1mW) SRAM banks can be individually turned off SRAM banks can be individually turned off

Many I/O options to enable sensor boards and Many I/O options to enable sensor boards and alternate radiosalternate radios I2C, SPI, UART, CIF, USB, SDIOI2C, SPI, UART, CIF, USB, SDIO All I/O pins can be configured as GPIOsAll I/O pins can be configured as GPIOs

PXA 27x FeaturesPXA 27x Features

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PXA 27x Features (Cont)PXA 27x Features (Cont)

Scalable performanceScalable performance DVS can be used to tailor the platform to differing DVS can be used to tailor the platform to differing

application needs, leaving the power / performance application needs, leaving the power / performance tradeoff to the apptradeoff to the app

Internal 256K SRAM, sufficient to run many apps Internal 256K SRAM, sufficient to run many apps without adding SDRAMwithout adding SDRAMStacked 32MB FLASH/SDRAM option, to reduce Stacked 32MB FLASH/SDRAM option, to reduce form factor sizeform factor sizeWireless MMX and ARM5VTE DSP Wireless MMX and ARM5VTE DSP Useful for in-network data processing (FFT, Useful for in-network data processing (FFT,

compression, peak detection, etc)compression, peak detection, etc)

Security co-processorSecurity co-processor

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Radio ChoicesRadio Choices

Too early to commit to a single radio for WSNToo early to commit to a single radio for WSN Different applications might need different radiosDifferent applications might need different radios

802.15.4 looks promising (medium data rate, low power)802.15.4 looks promising (medium data rate, low power)Bluetooth has the ubiquity advantageBluetooth has the ubiquity advantage802.11 has the installed infrastructure advantage802.11 has the installed infrastructure advantage

Need to compare the characteristics of different radios and their Need to compare the characteristics of different radios and their suitability for WSNsuitability for WSN

ImoteImote22 has an onboard ChipCon CC2420 (802.15.4) has an onboard ChipCon CC2420 (802.15.4)Other radio options will be enabled through SDIO cards Other radio options will be enabled through SDIO cards and UART/USB and UART/USB

802.11b

Bluetooth

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Sensor Board ConnectorsSensor Board Connectors

Split the connectors into 2 setsSplit the connectors into 2 sets basic (front side of the board) basic (front side of the board) Advanced (back side of the board)Advanced (back side of the board)

Define a subset of the pins as “architectural”, will be supported in all Define a subset of the pins as “architectural”, will be supported in all future Imote generationsfuture Imote generationsDefine the rest as platform dependent, can change in later Define the rest as platform dependent, can change in later generationsgenerationsUse two connectors on each side of the boardUse two connectors on each side of the boardBasic Connector (31 pin, 21 pin, 1 mm pitch)Basic Connector (31 pin, 21 pin, 1 mm pitch)

Basic featuresBasic features Support most application needsSupport most application needs Enable low cost sensor boardsEnable low cost sensor boards

Advanced Connector (40 pin, 20 pin, .65 mm pitch)Advanced Connector (40 pin, 20 pin, .65 mm pitch) Capture the remaining featuresCapture the remaining features Targeted for specialized applicationsTargeted for specialized applications

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Basic ConnectorBasic Connector

SCL

SDA

1

2

3

4

5

6

9

10

11

12

13

14

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

27

28

29

SSPCLK

SSPFRM

SSPTxD

SSPRxD

GND

MMCLK

MMCMD

15 31

MMD0

MMD1

MMD2

MMD3

31 pin

16GPIO 93

FFRxD

FFTxD

FFCTS

FFRTS

BTRxD

BTTxD

BTCTS

BTRTS

SSPCLK2

SSPFRM2

SSPTxD2

SSPRxD2

GPIO 94

GND

Hirose DF9

7GPIO 10

30

8

25

I2C

SPI 1

SPI 2

UART 1

UART 2

SDIO

Reserved

Reserved

STD_RxD

STD_TxD

1.8 V

3.0 V

Alarm

GND

STDUart

1

2

3

4

5

6

9

10

11

12

13

14

17

18

19

20

21

15

21 pin

16

VBAT

VBAT

GND

Reserved

ResetReserved

ReservedReserved

Reserved

Hirose DF9

7

8

5 V

Reserved

VRTCVCC_IO

Reserved

Reserved

Futureexpansion

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Advanced ConnectorAdvanced ConnectorImoteImote22 specific specific

20 pin

Hirose DF15

40 pin

BB_OB_DATA0

CIF_DD9CIF_DD8CIF_DD7CIF_DD6

BB_OB_DATA1BB_OB_DATA2BB_OB_DATA3BB_OB_CLKBB_OB_STBBB_OB_WAIT

BB_IB_DATA0BB_IB_DATA1

BB_IB_DATA2BB_IB_DATA3

BB_IB_CLKBB_IB_STB

BB_IB_WAIT

SDASCL

GPIO 10

GND

GND

FFRXD

FFCTSFFTXD

GND

SSPCLKSSPFRMSSPTxDSSPRxD

FFRTS

I2S_BITCLKI2S_DATAIN

I2S_DATAOUTI2S_SYNC

I2S_SYSCLK

GND

Hirose DF15

VBAT

VBATVBAT

1.8V

TCK

USBH_PUSBH_N

TMSTDOTDI GND

3.0V

Reset

5V

GND Alarm

nTRST

123456

91011121314

1516

78

17181920

21222324

26272829

31

30

25

32333435

3637383940

123456

910

111213141516

78

17181920

I2S or AC97

SPI 1

I2C

MSL &CF

MSL &CF

FF UART

JTAG

USB Host

STD_RxDSTD_TxD STD

Uart

VCC_IOVRTC

Reserved

CF

1010

Power ManagementPower ManagementUse Dialog PMICUse Dialog PMIC

Requires 9 voltage domainsRequires 9 voltage domains VCC_BB, VCC_LCD, VCC_MEM, VCC_IO, VCC_BB, VCC_LCD, VCC_MEM, VCC_IO,

VCC_USIM, VCC_SRAM, VCC_PLL, VCC_CORE, VCC_USIM, VCC_SRAM, VCC_PLL, VCC_CORE, VCC_BATTVCC_BATT

Dialog PMIC ICDialog PMIC IC Designed specifically for Bulverde, provides all Designed specifically for Bulverde, provides all

required domainsrequired domains Battery chargerBattery charger Dynamic voltage scaling optionDynamic voltage scaling option Battery voltage monitoringBattery voltage monitoring LED driversLED drivers

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Usage : Primary, USB/power, RechargeableUsage : Primary, USB/power, Rechargeable

Added battery pads on boardAdded battery pads on board

ImoteImote22 Power Solution Power Solution

USB Plug

Vchg Vbat

Primary Battery

Rechargeable Battery

PMIC

1 2

5V V

4.5V Max

External Battery Board Examples

Primary Battery Pads On mote board

Jumper Position 1 : No rechargeable Battery in system Position 2: Rechargeable Battery in system

USB min-B plug on mote board Could be used as power-only plug as well

Vbat on connector

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Other componentsOther components

AntennaAntenna GigaAnt surface mount antennaGigaAnt surface mount antenna Leverage the current Intel mote solutionLeverage the current Intel mote solution Optional SMA connector Optional SMA connector

Imote learning : no cable requiredImote learning : no cable requiredDo not populate optionDo not populate option

USB connectorUSB connector Programming over USBProgramming over USB Double as a power connectorDouble as a power connector

Color LEDColor LED Found it to be very useful in current moteFound it to be very useful in current mote Will use the same oneWill use the same one

CrystalsCrystals Bulverde requires 13 MHz and 32.768 KHz crystalBulverde requires 13 MHz and 32.768 KHz crystal ChipCon radio requires 16 MHz crystalChipCon radio requires 16 MHz crystal

Reset buttonReset button

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ImoteImote22

(Top View)(Top View)

Basic I/O connector

Basic I/O connector

Dialog PMIC

36 m

m

48 mm

PXA273

LED

Crystals

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ImoteImote22

(Bottom View)(Bottom View)

36 m

m

48 mm

Advanced I/O connector

Advanced I/O connector

Crystal

Antenna

Optional SMAconnector

Mini USBConnector

CC2420

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Other FeaturesOther Features

No A/D on mote boardNo A/D on mote board Reduce costReduce cost

Digital sensors don’t need itDigital sensors don’t need itApplications have different A/D requirements (Number of Applications have different A/D requirements (Number of channels, sampling rate, filtering, etc)channels, sampling rate, filtering, etc)A/D will be integrated into the sensor boardA/D will be integrated into the sensor board

Create generic A/D sensor board to enable quick Create generic A/D sensor board to enable quick proto-typing of analog sensorsproto-typing of analog sensors

SDIO SDIO Connector is too big (30x30 mm) and costly ($1.74) to Connector is too big (30x30 mm) and costly ($1.74) to

be included on Imotebe included on Imote22 board board Pins will be exposed through basic connectorPins will be exposed through basic connector Create SDIO connector boardCreate SDIO connector board

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StatusStatusDev board in Q3Dev board in Q3 Collection of plug-in boardsCollection of plug-in boards Enable S/W developmentEnable S/W development Currently running TinyOSCurrently running TinyOS

15.4 radio15.4 radioBasic drivers : Timers, SPIBasic drivers : Timers, SPI

First form factor board (Q4/’04)First form factor board (Q4/’04)Debug board (Q4/’04)Debug board (Q4/’04) JTAG, expansion headers, USBJTAG, expansion headers, USB Power & battery holderPower & battery holder

22ndnd spin of form factor board (Q1/’05) spin of form factor board (Q1/’05)

Sensor BoardsSensor Boards

Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation

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Backward Compatibility + Generic Backward Compatibility + Generic Analog inputAnalog input

Need to quickly enable using existing Need to quickly enable using existing sensor boards on Imotesensor boards on Imote22

Develop a board that has the followingDevelop a board that has the following Imote connectorsImote connectors MICA2 connectorMICA2 connector Generic 8 channel, 16 bit A/D Generic 8 channel, 16 bit A/D

Enable prototyping of analog sensorsEnable prototyping of analog sensors

Support analog inputs on MICA2 connectorSupport analog inputs on MICA2 connector

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Stargate Adapter boardStargate Adapter board

Connects to basic sensor board connector Connects to basic sensor board connector on the imoteon the imote

Connects to the MICA 2 connector on the Connects to the MICA 2 connector on the stargatestargate

Wires Power & UART (2 pins)Wires Power & UART (2 pins)

BackupBackup

Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation

2121

Existing sensor interfacesExisting sensor interfacesBasic sensor interfaces Basic sensor interfaces

Analog Analog I2C I2C SPI SPI PWM PWM Custom bit-banged digital interfaces Custom bit-banged digital interfaces

Sensor familiesSensor families LightLight (usually analog or PWM and some I2C) (usually analog or PWM and some I2C)

ThermopileThermopile (mostly analog, some PWM) (mostly analog, some PWM) UltravioletUltraviolet (analog or PWM) (analog or PWM) IRIR (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) Visible LightVisible Light (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) Color sensorsColor sensors (PWM) (PWM)

MagneticMagnetic (analog, I2C) (analog, I2C) SoundSound (analog) (analog)

UltrasoundUltrasound (analog, PWM) (analog, PWM) AccelerometersAccelerometers (SPI, I2C, analog and PWM) (SPI, I2C, analog and PWM) Temperature sensorsTemperature sensors (I2C, analog and PWM) (I2C, analog and PWM) Pressure sensorsPressure sensors (analog, SPI) (analog, SPI) HumidityHumidity (custom I2C) (custom I2C) Touch sensorsTouch sensors (analog or PWM) (analog or PWM)

A/D (SPI, I2C, parallel)A/D (SPI, I2C, parallel)

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BOM Cost EstimateBOM Cost EstimateItemItem DescriptionDescription CostCost

PXA 270/271/273PXA 270/271/273 Discrete / 32M F+S / 32M FDiscrete / 32M F+S / 32M F $17.75 / $32.44 / $23$17.75 / $32.44 / $23

  PMICPMIC Dialog power management ICDialog power management IC $3.75$3.75

CC2420CC2420 ChipCon 15.4 RadioChipCon 15.4 Radio $3.6$3.6

CrystalsCrystals 13 MHz, 16 MHz, 32KHz13 MHz, 16 MHz, 32KHz ~$2.8~$2.8

AntennaAntenna Giga Ant surface mountGiga Ant surface mount $1.5$1.5

LED + DriverLED + Driver AgilentAgilent $1$1

ConnectorsConnectors Basic (2) + Advanced (2)Basic (2) + Advanced (2) $1 + $1.6$1 + $1.6

PassivesPassives ~ $9~ $9

Fab + AssemblyFab + Assembly Rough estimate from imote1Rough estimate from imote1 ~ $10~ $10

Total Total With PXA 270 / 271 / 273With PXA 270 / 271 / 273 $52 + F / $67 / $57$52 + F / $67 / $57

Prices above assume 1K units, except for PXA and PMIC (special Intel pricing)Prices above assume 1K units, except for PXA and PMIC (special Intel pricing)

PXA 270 configuration will need an external flash + bringing out addr/data busPXA 270 configuration will need an external flash + bringing out addr/data bus

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Mote feature comparisonMote feature comparisonFeature Imote Micaz Telos Mica2 Imote 2

CPU type @[MHz] 32bit ARM @12 8bit Atmel @8 16bit TI @8 8bit Atmel @8 32b XS@13(104)

SRAM [kB] 64 4 2 4 256/32,000

FLASH [kB] 512 128 + 512 128 + 512 128 + 512 32,000

Radio BT 802.15.4 802.15.4 300-900MHz 15.4 (BT/802.11)

Bandwidth [kb/s] 720 250 250 15 250 (720/11,000)

Power C/R/T [mA] 15 / 24 / 24 8 / 20 / 18 1 / 20 / 18 8 / 10 / 27 40/20/18

Power sleep [uA] 1-250 15 6 15 1-100

Security HW 4LFSR-128 AES-128 AES-128 N Y

OS support TinyOS TinyOS TinyOS TinyOS TinyOS

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ImoteImote

Research goalsResearch goals Explore more demanding applications (is there a need for a Explore more demanding applications (is there a need for a

value add mote?)value add mote?)High data ratesHigh data ratesIn network processingIn network processing

Gain experience with Mote developmentGain experience with Mote developmentExplore needed features (processing power, radio characteristics, Explore needed features (processing power, radio characteristics, I/O options, RAM, flash, form factor, etc)I/O options, RAM, flash, form factor, etc)ImoteImote22 definition definition

Cost reductionCost reduction No volume in WSN currentlyNo volume in WSN currently Reduce cost by leveraging another high volume marketReduce cost by leveraging another high volume market ARM7 + BT radio module cost the same as 8 bit AtmegaARM7 + BT radio module cost the same as 8 bit Atmega

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Early MotesEarly Motes

Early Motes (UCB) focused mainly on low Early Motes (UCB) focused mainly on low power (Mica, Mica2, Mica2 Dot)power (Mica, Mica2, Mica2 Dot) 8 bit micro-controllers (Atmega128L, 8 MHz)8 bit micro-controllers (Atmega128L, 8 MHz) 4 KB of RAM4 KB of RAM Low bandwidth radio (15 Kb/s, 300–900MHz)Low bandwidth radio (15 Kb/s, 300–900MHz) Active processor power = 24mWActive processor power = 24mW Sleep power = 45uWSleep power = 45uW

Suitable for low data rate applications Suitable for low data rate applications requiring only minimum data processing requiring only minimum data processing

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Imote featuresImote features

ARM* coreSRAMFLASHBT radio

Stackable connectors (top and bottom)

2.4 GHz antenna

Multicolor status LED

Optional external antenna connector

Optional voltage regulator (bottom)

*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

2727

Imote hardwareImote hardware

IntelIntel®® Mote is a modular, stackable design Mote is a modular, stackable design Main board (ARM* core, SRAM, FLASH, BT radio)Main board (ARM* core, SRAM, FLASH, BT radio) Power supply board (battery, AC, solar, …)Power supply board (battery, AC, solar, …) Sensor board(s)Sensor board(s) Other boards (alternate radio, debug, actuator, …)Other boards (alternate radio, debug, actuator, …)

Backbone IBackbone I22C interconnect provides power, signalingC interconnect provides power, signaling

Power board

Main board

Sensor board

Backbone interconnect*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

2828

Learnings from ImoteLearnings from Imote(Condition Based Monitoring App)(Condition Based Monitoring App)Higher bit rates and MAC reliability are Higher bit rates and MAC reliability are very useful featuresvery useful features Reduce total energy of the systemReduce total energy of the system Enable higher collection frequencyEnable higher collection frequency

Extra RAM is usefulExtra RAM is useful Reduce sensor board cost by leveraging Reduce sensor board cost by leveraging

internal RAMinternal RAM Eases development considerablyEases development considerably

Bluetooth resilience to interferenceBluetooth resilience to interference

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Processor ChoiceProcessor Choice

PXA27xPXA27x Includes 256K of internal SRAMIncludes 256K of internal SRAM Basic Mote : PXA273Basic Mote : PXA273

32MB of stacked flash32MB of stacked flashNo external SDRAMNo external SDRAMUpdate : No longer offered, fall back to 272 or discreteUpdate : No longer offered, fall back to 272 or discrete

Advanced Mote : PXA271Advanced Mote : PXA27132 MB of stacked flash32 MB of stacked flash32 MB of external SDRAM32 MB of external SDRAMEnable Other OS options (e.g. Linux, WinCE, etc)Enable Other OS options (e.g. Linux, WinCE, etc)

Stacking advantages:Stacking advantages: Small form factorSmall form factor No need to bring out address / data busNo need to bring out address / data bus

Stacking disadvantages:Stacking disadvantages: Higher cost (for now)Higher cost (for now)