INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

An Age of Revolutions

Pages 7-23

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Pages 7, 8

The Industrial Revolution was…

•Economic changes.

•Social changes.

• Goal: creation of a modern society.

Revolution: combination of three elements

Machines (Mechanisation)

New energy source (Steam)

Work location (factories)

Steam machine by James Watt

Consequences

• The invention of steam-driven machines = a new energy source to industry.

• Massive incorporation of machines = increased production and cheaper.

• Machines located in fixed places: factory (city).

“Coalbroakdale by night” (1801)

The first step• Enlightment: “Increasing knowledge,

increasing human happiness”. • “Natural philosophy” (science) help

humans to master nature. • Francis Bacon: “Machines would liberate

mankind”, scientific application to the solution of practical problems.

Machines are the future!

• 17th century, Jethro Tull invented the “Seed Drill” and a horse-pulled hoe.

Modern seed drill

Horse-pulled hoe

Agricultural Revolution

• Casual factor for the Industrial Revolution. • By 18th century, technological changes

caused the “enclosure” of the land. • “Enclosure” meant different crops, with

mechanisation increased production. • Crop rotation, helping the fertility of soil.

• Small landowners moved to cities to work, new rural emigrants.

Enclosure movement

Enclosure Bocage

Demographic revolution

• Population growth was slow or static in Europe until the 16th century.

• Between 1500-1600, from 60 million to 78.

• Between 1600-1700, from 78 million to 84.

• 17th century, “Century of crisis”. • Between 1700-1800, from 84 million to

150.

WHY?

In England?

In middle 18th century?

Page 9

Some agricultural advances: enclosures, new technologies,

use of fertilizers, crop rotation system.

Rural depopulation

1

Fewer commercial obstacles in England.

Not so many taxes or local tariffs.

England also had a single currency.

2

Abundant natural and easily available raw materials

(copper, tin, coal)

3

Wool, metals, canals

Early infrastructure in England Canals

1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Coal mining in England 1800-1914

Kids in mining

Iron production in England

The British slave trade and the colonial empire had created

capital for investment.

4

Parliamentary democracy gave the new bourgeois class political power

and influence.

5

Protestantism encouraged hard work and ambition.

The “Work Ethic”.

6

Dense, growing population, but small geographical size.

7

Involved in wars, but fought them in Europe.

8

Agricultural changesTechnological

advancesNew machinery &

energy sources

Population growth Large potential workforce

Revolution in transport

ColonialismRural exodus to

the townsLarge profits

Increased maritime trade

Capital to invest

The first Industrial Revolution

Pages 11, 12, 13

1750

“The Industrial Revolution serves as a key to the origins of modern Western society. No other revolution in modern times can be

said to have accomplished so much in so little time”

“The Origins of Modern English Society” (1969)

First, ENGLAND

Later, the European society

Rural economy (Working on the land)

1700

Urban economy (Manufacturing &

commerce) 1800

Characteristics 1700 1800

Active population working on the land.

75 % 35 %

Active population working in industry.

13 % 45 %

Enclosure acts passed by the English parliament.

2 906

London’s population. 500,000 2,000,000

Manchester’s population. 7,000 85,000

Liverpool’s population. 5,000 78,000

Characteristics (1)

• 1st Industrial Revolution: Textile industry.

• Before 18th century, cloth making: “Domestic system”.

Textile loom (1835)

More population,

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Loom

New inventions helped for development

• “Flying shuttle”. • “The Spinning Jenny”. • “The Spinning Mule”. • The Steam Machine by James Watt.

“Flying shuttle” by John Kay (1733)

“The Spinning Jenny”

“The Spinning Mule” with water power (1779)

GOAL

Producing more

Producing cheaper

More benefits

James Watt (1736-1819)

Design of steam machine (1774)

The biggest innovation

• 1786: James Watt’s Steam Machine applying steam power to the cotton mills.

Consequence

• England = “the workshop of the world”.

Lancanshire

Characteristics (2)

• Another important aspect: coal. • Steam could be produced by burning coal

(much faster than wood, for example).

Coal & industrial areas

Importance of the steam engine

• Extraction of coal. • Cotton mills. • Steam ships. • Trains. • Steam tractors. • Iron & steel furnaces.

Changes in society

• Mills of factories did not have to be located near to water.

• Transport was revolutionised. • The production of iron and steel became

faster and more efficient. • This contributed to the growth of towns

and cities.

Changes in society (2)

• Machines also began to replace people, in agriculture and industry.

• There was more flexibility of labour, because people could move greater distances.

• Iron ore: machines, mills, tractors, trains, railways.

The steam tractor

The steam boat

The impact of the train

9 factors

1. Lower costs of transport. 2. Bigger cities. 3. Demand for material to build railways. 4. Quicker, faster, safer transport. 5. New infrastructure network. 6. Increased demand for iron-based products. 7. Easier migration. 8. Joining together industries & markets. 9. Growth in active population.

Gas lightning

Coke smelting

The Rolling Mill

The flying shuttle

The spinning Jenny

The power loom

Steam engine

Steamboat

Locomotive

Hot-air balloon

1st hot-air balloon Montgolfier

Category Inventions of the 1st Industrial Revolution

Agriculture ?????

Energy Gas lightning

Iron & steel Coke smelting / Rolling mill

Textiles Flying shuttle / Spinning Jenny / The power loom

Transports Steam engine / Steamboat / Locomotive / Hot-air balloom

Adding “Revolutions”• Pre-industrial:

• Agriculture (food, organization of land).

• Post-industrial:

• Demographic (84 million (1700) to 150 (1800).

• Textile (clothing, production of it).

• Urban (city migrations).

• Coal (heat, fuel).

• Iron (train, railway, steamboat making).

• Train, steamboat (transport methods).

The spread & development of industrialisation

Pages 14, 15, 16

Two/three industrial revolutions

• 1st: in England.

• 2nd: in Europe, USA & Japan.

• 3rd: middle of the 20th century (ex-colonies).