Two/three industrial revolutions

• 1st: in England.

• 2nd: in Europe, USA & Japan.

• 3rd: middle of the 20th century (ex-colonies).

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

1st Revolution 2nd Revolution

Power source: steam (coal).

Place: Great Britain.

Sectors: textile, iron.

1750 onwards.

Power source: electricity/oil.

Place: Europe, USA, Japan.

Sectors: chemicals, steel.

1870 onwards.

Power source

• Cause: more machines. • Effect: more energy.

• The coal available was not enough. • It was replaced by petrol.

• Cause: the car was invented. • Effect: the use of petrol rose.

Power source (2)

• Cause: a revolution in transport. • Effect: stimulated new industries and

commerce.

• Steel: machines, railways, ships, cars, iron buildings, etc.

Power source (3)

• Need for extra finance (capital), money.

• The growth of banking and share-holding.

• “High Capitalism”.

• Companies = “Public Limited Companies” (PLC).

• Giving out “shares” which public could buy.

Power source (4)

• Electricity: – Electric generation established by Michael

Faraday in 1831. – Thomas Edison invented a light bulb in

1879. – The first commercial power station was

opened in San Francisco (1879). – 250,000 lamps are used in USA in 1885.

Power source (5)

• Cause: various electrical domestic inventions in the early 1900s: – Oven, vacuum cleaner, washing machine.

• Effect: the developed world changed in a radical way.

Adding “Revolutions” (2)

• Petroleum (heat, fuel).

• Car (transport method).

• Steel (car, train, etc., making).

• Capital (money), bank.

• Electricity (energy source).

• Domestic (home tools).

New World Powers

USA

In God we trust

E pluribus Unum

World’s number 1 economy

GermanyEurope’s number 1 economy

England

Traditional/historical economic power/reference

USA - petroleum?

• First commercial drilling and bringing oil up to the surface was Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania in 1859.

USA (2) - petroleum companies

• John Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company in 1876.

• Control over the 90% of crude oil production. • The first great industrial monopoly.

Where is the petroleum?

Petroleum consumption per day: 87.421.000.000 barrels

1 barrel = 159 liters

Germany -steel & chemistry

• 1870: creation of the German state. • The Rhine and the Ruhr valleys were

rich in coal. • Stimulation of the iron and steel

industry. • Also, the chemical industry (synthetic

dyes and aspirin).

Rhine-Ruhr

1897

Felix HoffmanInventor of the Aspirin

Bayer factoryLeverkusen

1889

• It all began courtesy of two Scots, Alexander Mackay and Robert Russell Ross, overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines.

• The club was originally named Huelva Recreation Club.

• The doctors founded the club in order to provide the mine workers under their care with physical recreation.

• Football was introduced to Bilbao by two distinct groups of players, both with British connections; British steel and shipyard workers and Basque students returning from schools in Britain. In the late 19th century Bilbao was a leading port of an important industrial area with iron mines and shipyards nearby. It was the driving force of the Spanish economy and as a result attracted many migrant workers. Among them were miners from the north-east of England, and shipyard workers from Southampton, Portsmouth and Sunderland. The British workers brought with them (as to so many other parts of the world) the game of football. In the early 1890s these workers came together and formed Bilbao Football Club.

• Meanwhile, sons of the Basque educated classes had made the opposite journey and went to Britain to complete their studies in civil engineering and commerce. While in the United Kingdom these students developed an interest in football and on their return to Bilbao they began to arrange games with British workers. In 1898 students belonging to the Gymnasium Zamacois founded the Athletic Club, using the English spelling.

Other European countries

• France & Northern Italy: industrialisation began in the middle of the 19th century.

• Austria, Russia & Spain: industrialisation was slower and located in few places.

Spain

• Problem: – No capital to invest in machinery. – No market for the products.

– Most of the population lived on a subsistence basis.

– Bourgeoisie used money to buy lands instead of creating industries.

– Countries infrastructure were very old.

Catalonia

• First real extensive industrial activity. • Textile industry. • 1832 in Barcelona, the first modern

industrial factory, the “Bonaplata”, using steam driven machines to produce textiles. • Factories appeared all over Catalonia and

other Mediterranean regions.

Biscay

• Another principal industry: Bilbo and surroundings (La arboleda).

• Based on iron-ore and mining.

Others

• 1833: First “Altos Hornos” in Marbella. • 1834: First Spanish steam-ship. • 1848: First train, from Barcelona to

Mataro. • 1868: The peseta was introduced, as a

single currency.