21

"''"''

-

~he Rauta o~ Chhattiega:t"h are a :tiDe aturdy•look:l.ng

people. \rhey -a:t"e the oooupa.t:l.onal. aaete of Cli'aalera aDd

do oattle -herding and oatt1e-breeding. !!!hey weal' a hau long aDd a1waya keep a '1a.thi t ( sttok of tour or t'i'te teeil

l.ons) :l.n their handes. 4 typical. Raut · I!Nat walt!:' a turban ( paga) • a ban.U ( j aoket} , and keep a l.athi. ~a gruier Raute 'a1ao aft Tlil%7 :tond. ot keeping big tl.utea., about

two•and•& hslf to three :teet long (baa) t or they kUP a tlute or tw!D t'lute of one to one-ettd•a hal.f :teet long.

!he Rauta apeak Cbhattiasal'h:l. languase - a dialect

ot Daatern Hindi (Grierson, t966•24•29)• It ie spoken in the ChhatUsauh region 'b7 over thirty-three l.akha peopl.e •

~he Val':l.et1 spoken in the ~:l.l.aapUr division al.ightly ditto~ from the variety spoken in the Ra:l.pur division•

!the Tillage l.i'fe of India has a areat :f.mpaot ot

her culture on the people of the oount2';1"o 'fhs Rauta are

till now, in their incipient stage of modernisation. Onl.7

thoae people who al"a miSX'ating to oit!ea, and those vho

oome to sell thai%' mi1k in the oitiee or have reoeive4

education, are becoming aware of ~• new trend o~ 1ivine.

Still, their moral. values and trad:l.t:l.onal. nor~:~a hnve

remained :l.ntaot in their society. So, the material. culture

vh:l.oh is present !n the society, is the mb'ror of the

culture sustained by them~

22

Rauta are J"eQ.uired b,y theil" Z"el.!aion to take bath e-rer3"4a7• flUe te easenUalJ and theT have 4GTieed sou other health lllfluurea to proteot thtm from eve1"3" oonoeivabl.e

oontamtnaUon• Thel"e ia onl.T one wq to 4e:teoate f .in l.ove•makina onl.v the l.e~t band ta to be uaedt :tood is to

be taken on17 b,y the richt. ~•7 use the tooth. bruah• sUoka o:t n!al, babul., 1!111.1"&1 1 aer•. eto., to dean their

teeth. The ohtl.dren uee oow""tiuna ashes and eal.t to waah their mouth• Gudakbu • a paete preparation with tobacco

te :trequ~m:l:13" used b7 the le.ute to Vl'l$h their ·heth. The7 take bath in the tanka and wash their ol.othe•• ,, .. too •. • u: :Bal.oda• where tho .1herle,1 :1Canau~ia1 l>ariloal. and :ICaw&Z"at

Rauts inhabit, eiaht tanka o:t ol.ean water are used to'l!

bathiq and drink:.b:ttt puQose•• :rhe vtllage ie &U'I!Z"ounded

b7 a numb&%' o:t 1cka and uumao•srove1h Men take bath in

the m~ins and set enaaaed in tbaiZ" home or oooupatlonal. taebo Wo111en ol.ean the house, e.n4 then take lur.th. Soap is uae4 b,y these people, bUt washing ooda is ueed moat

:trequeni:J.To ~eJr anoint oU ~ter bath vhioh eo:t-.ena the

bod3". ~e:r l.Use m.u.stard, phal.l.i (£:11'0\11\d-nut oil.), eeaame, oooonut, and l.inaeed ~U for anointing and :toed prep~ation

purposes. Child'l!en are daubed with soot to protect them

from the effect of an7 type of bl.aok•magio.

C1eanltneaa o~ the house is IIIUoh important. Women•

folk ae11 up eazoly in the mom!ng, ol.ean the houee, beemeal."

it vtth oow-dungt olean the house aite, and doors and

eprtnkl.e water to saTe the1118el.vee :tZ"Om whiZ" ling duet • On

auepioioue da7a end ~eativala, the house ie vhite•vaehed O'l! red•vaehad b7 l.ime or red-earth and the roo:t-til.ee

are reset, ao that Z"ain water can not c!Z"ain tn. 'the vall.e

are pl.aeteZ"ed with earth and beaameared with l.ime•vater or the oow-dung paste.

Men let their hair el.onaate anc1 tie it in the 'back •

. Buber ehavee their beard and ~~~~ set their hal11' ooaaeionally trimllled. !rhe araziere ue aeen with long hair and are ·not wtl.l.ins to out itt but take epeoial care

"to make it 1110re attraoUTe and soft. Wo111en :comb thei_:J>

hair and dress it up .tn 'lmn' ehaPer which te lmown &e ·~uaa•. ~hey out their nails b7 actaaore o:J> set them out b7 the barber. Women pol.ieh thetr nails with re4-d7e and apply U a:tl'ound the eol.es •ald.n« a otroull'U" line o'lt ·

thick. t!J'e. U~ied CJ:ble leave a gap in the poateriol" ·

recton of the eol.e when app4'in« the '.mahaN' (red•c!J'e). Hehe.ndi is appl.ied . on· 'the pn,'tms ai 'the time o:f llla:n'!age

and on other ~uBpio!oue deus. Married girls part their

hair 1n .the atddle and app17 verlllilion which is the

hall.•llla%'k of the ~~~arried women • ~•7 e.lao weruo a 'Ukali'

( s~ round thin l)l.a.to) o:t" ve1'111Uion ... dot in the middle o'lt th• forehea4.

Raute b.a.ve a distinctive waM" in 1:ha band! ( ~aoket) which 1~ usua11y o~ a blaok aolour or some other aaudT olotho Dll:t>inr i'eativale, they put en red or other aauc!T

satin bend!. Bendt oau Ol."din.uoil;r be vorn over a )mrta

or ahirt a:t" apart. ~. l.ower sruoaents consist of a dhoti

whioh is worn uptc kneeao fhe dhoti is not worn on usual days, but oft17 when going to the miU"ket or other v11.l.aaea •

On avere.ce 4n;vB, a alllall.er piEtoa kr.o~ ao 'panohhB' ie worn.

fhie ia l!Ut on i'or tha ealce ot ooz:rroniGnoe u well u troa the point o~ view of eoono~CTo 411 ordinUT ol.oth turban

whioh is aalled 1 paga 1 !a wo:t"ft by the Baute, but thie ia also not an trf'C!J';Ydq t~e&ro

24

the enoea are oount%7•111Ade. '.rh.e usual. vUlase

lllade shoe is oal.l.ed 'bhadai' or 'panehi' which is vom 'b:r the lllal.ee, while the felllal.e footwear :1.11 oal.l.ed 'hara»a' •

These are obeape:z> and mo:~te l.astin!r. Wo111en wear 1ha:Pa:pa' when aoiq to market or ~:~ut ot the v1llqe to aell milk •.

:At the time ot Itaut-naoh• a t:rpioal. Raut weare

'bhada:l on hie foot, jingles, sid.sh, undervear, jama,

'bel.t, jala3~ (big -'insles) on and .bel.ow hie wds1:J

l:ll!mi:rM, saluJcba ( eh:b-1:) and 'ba.n4i1 eM. over that a , 'pett 1

or bcm.•balt, ba.blrar on ehoulder, be.nkar on l1ri"'1f:t:'iete.

carl.e.nd and $.111\llet on the neok and tu:P'ban on i:he heacl,

which ie deoorate4 by the 'kwtdal.' (fJ.owe:zo ring) • The

Xundal. is a4ome4 'b? peacock tee:therth Tho:r rub Rallll"aj

on their face utterina t •

•nrintl.avan ke Rl!l.1llra3, ~l.si ve:ll ke 4hool.,

Oorl•oor:l para! lllhar&e:!!" me, Pap kate.i eab door• •

Mean:tna • •Ramraj ot :Srindavo.n and dust o:t the

basil•pl.ant wen :t.'al.l. on the bod:r, al.l the eins go ··~·. 'fhe:r llla:lfk a Uly (a sectarian mark) on the :torehead and hold l.athi, phari, shield, ghaghara1 guru.d, 1:abba.l., pharaaa, etc., in their hands, each taking a certain item.

Womento1k vear l.udo (sari) nnd bl.ouee. Lugda ·

is a ai:z-;vard 1ong handloom ol.oth. Now, ha.ndl.oom 1qdas

are being substituted b:r lllill dhotia. Blouse is used b.r ~emal.ea vhen tbe:r go outside and on ·~eatiTe ocoasione.

No epeoie.l. drees ia worn b7 women <1\l:!!"ina ~eatiTal.a

ezcept that nev clothe are used.

O~amente are mostly 1ike4 by women• ~ey wear

both aUTer e.r1d co1d o~amentah Some yeare 'back:, bell­metal. ankle•bertd waa preTal.ent amorta womert whioh is

rarel.y seen, toda:r• Ka.cla, pats., ohur:l., ka.ksni, n&81110ri, mundari ( eilTer ornaments wo~ on hertd) f toc!a, ka11har, pairi, pai4e'b1 b!ohhiya (•il•el" ornatllente worn on 1eg) • atbhann:l., rupiya, eoota,. karttbha or t!lari (go14), aa1a

( uounc! neok), kamarpatb artd kardhart (~:~a wa!a1:), dhar, ear-rinse (o~ ear), phul1:t, nuth, nose-rings (on noee) and biruU.ya. ot ao14 on 1:he forehead IU'e the ao14 and eil.Ter orna~~~ente which are wo~ b7 the Raut women. All.

theee oreamente are not often possessed bT 1!1.117 woman at a time, but their oapaoii::r and interest enab1e them to

wear the ee1eoted orna~~~ente.

the women do not ueua11T wear o~amente on the

head.. The ears are 'bore4 at the top and throuah the 1obe. In the upper ear•bore, ema11 ring~ made of co14 and knova alii 1b~i t are wo~ b:r both men and 110men, all4

in the l.obe-bore l.arge ear-:l"lngs laiown as k,binuo or

dhaxo are worn. Noae .. rinaa are ao1: popul.ar, but in the tloee-boro a emal.l. piece known as · 1 f'ull:l. 1 is worn. Jmonc

the men si1Ter brace1et or chura and the amULet (tab:!.•) are the onl;r pieces o~ ornaments that are used.

~. women use 1 khutee 1 and 1khinawa' ~or the ear.

fhese ornaments are golden ones. Ha111el. and eoota are the silver ornaments tor the neok. Hamel. (Rupiya) ie a

neoklaoe oonaioti~g of old a11Ter ooina in1:erl.aoe4 b7 a

26

thread. aoota ie a solid silver neok•band. For the vrie't kada, pata, kakanit and chura made o~ e11ver a:eoe

used. N~mori or aerpent:tne eUver orn~~~U~nt ia won on ,

arm above the el.'bo1r. ltada or. harraina ie a hollow crna.lllent i& V0%'2l on the Qie1:o SUVer l£a.rdha:n ( wa:f.at•bend) t choora (rOUl'ld nbt•band)t pata (beaten a:f.l.ver niat•bande) are al.ao ueecl, . fcda, pai:t'it katb,ar ere eilve%" anklet••

~. hb:l,JI ('aiiNl.et) ~ppee:H to be 'the oof!lmoneat

wear amons males ana :I.e used both bV grown-upa and children alike. Women also wear .this tabie wbiOb !a made

of ei1ver artd ie Of . racrtansul.ar ShaPe• The tab! a ia YO:t'n

Juat as a piece ot ornament and does not have. anv api:t'itual. aigniticanoe.

2:att00:t:u • tattooina' appears to be a ooDIIIIcn item o~ body care•

It ie done 'b7 the womett of all oaatea and b7 married and unmarried woman alike. Tattooing !a done by female members

of the wandering Dewar Caat• who go about from place to place for this purpose.

Among women it :ta treated ae a mark of decoration

but amottg men it is a treatment ~or certain bodily ail.ments euoh ae al.ow growth and is uRUal.l.y done during

earl.y ohUdhoodo In euoh cases hie skin or the lower part of hie baok•bcae :I.e puncture\\ b~ the tatooing needle which, aa ia belieTed, giTes him strength and accelerates hie growth,

KanT bel.iefa -~ngthen the praoticee or tattooinao

P:f.retl7 tattociaa is %"8aarde4 aa a treatment ror certain

27

p~aio&l deformities and ~ervous week=eesea. Seoondlv

it is considered to be a social neoeseitTt as the ctr1s attel' their llla1.':l'ia.ge are r!diou1ed W their • in•l.awe', · it the:r ue not ta:ti:ooed. Val:'ious .lllal'ka ot tattoo!ns in the shape ot o~aments, tlowers, eto,. on the b:'C'1de 1a body are oons~dere4 to be real ornaments and• therefor~, a bride without these aarks is reg~ded ae •.bride without o~amentat tor which her »arenta are area.t1T aal.i8fledo 'lhirUT, • etrona re11doUIJ 'bel.iei' al.so atta.ohea

to it. Wo~~~en are Ter:t tend ot orna.menta and thq woulll neTer ba without. thellt :U' they ooul.d aftordo ~is

attaohlllent to orna.lllents has aade thp bel.i.,.e. that on the1r

death peop1e weuld take oft the aetall.io o~alllents, but they oan not 11akfl o'fi' ornllllle:ats tattooed on their bo.:~T, the only possession whiCh vou14 go with thea eTe:a after

death. Henoe• the:r Al:'B the true aoapaniona of women. The l.ast but uot thct l.eaet impol"ta.nt thins I.e thd ta:ttootns

marks are ooneidered to be an ez»reeeion o~ ~OTe and a~feotion tol" a person whose nama is tattooed on the body. Gir1e get the names of their friends inscribed on their

arllll!lo

~a.ttoo!ng ia dona at two ditterant periods !,e.

at an ea%'17 qe when a ohild has tender akin a.nd at puberty when a girl is ready tor e:tteotiTe marriage. On the tint oooaaion a dot on the :torehaad and ohin is

inscribed. fhree clots arranged in a t:rianaul.ar to2'DI are

alao so111etiaes put on the lett nostrUo On puberi7

tadtootng aarks A%'8 1Deoribed,, aooordina to the cirl'•

taete and aenaibil.ity., Joints ot the tin~rer, an4 W:l'in

are aarke4 b:r dots in the shape of ornament• 'for theee

puotao 'rhe hand below the elbow ie llla:l:'ked b;v some

~lower-vase or b;v bird•moti~a. Figures o~ aoorpion

28

and snake are also inscribed. ~attooina ~arks are also made on leas en;vwhere ~rom toe to knee and sometiaee on the thiah and breast (Profiles o:t Rural Ohhat~iegarhl Sooioloaioal Survey, 196Sr14).

Different designs preferred ~ the unmarried airla

are •Ill follows *""' Hu<talci • One do'fl on 'flhe chin below the U.pa •

Purouni • One dot above the no••• .Bhoorei OJ' .Bhoore:f.•dakahina .. One dot a.bove each e:v e•bil'ow •.

Alii umal'ried .ril"l. oannot eet hvee1t tattooed in any other part o·:t the bod7 exoep1: these, A ma:rn:ied woman oan, howneJ' get he.l"~tel.t tattooed· on the wrist. ar!CI't

shoul.dU" or lee.

~attooinc serves the purpose of both body decoration

and as e. distinsuishins sip between lllan'.f.ed and un~~arried

women.~ Vermil.ion pl.e.oed in the ha.iroope.rtins ia, of oouree, a sign of aarrl.ase tor a woman all. oTer these ::t'sfrions.

the widow cannot wea2:' bangles;·

Pettleeept & Dyellipg t

Kauts have houeea of lll114, 'brloka and oement. 0n1:v a few people who are voll•to•do poaseea puooa 'build!Dg

for their living. Mud houses have one door tor entrance and one or two rooiiiB ~or sleeplnc and kitchen. A rooa which ia used for aittinc purposes ia el.so ueed to 1odae

29

the .,seats and aene~al.17 it is known ae 'p~aobh.i • • Catt1e•ahe4 ~es a separate apartme~t lnoide the house and a oou:M-var4 is 'found in mos't of the bo\tl!lss.

Raipur Dlst~Lot Gaeettee~ describes vi11aae

houses in the dlst~iot ae be1ow r•

11.ltreq Ohhattilllaarhi :to.ml17, hcweve~. poo~ hae

at leaet two aeparate hate, one of which serves ae cook~& and s1eep!ng plaoe and the othe~ ae sto~e~houee to~ g~dn or tuel., a pl.ac• 'for poundina :toice and Bll8111t•

ohamb.r. 'rheae huts us s~ouncled u eome ltlnd o:t we11 or hed.se • · It the :t am:l.l :v I.e well•to-ao iii has a 1ar~re

number of hllt~t1 and as the married members inoreaae, i'l becomes neoaes~ to increase the nUIIIber o:t sleepina plaoes. ••• •• It t.s not uncommon to permit one o~· more :tjll:t"lll h.'b~ to oonetruot their buts within the 'fam:ll.J'

enclosure, And an enclosure m07 11hus oonta.in onl¥ one famil.v or eeve~el. distinot :te.mU.ies, either cognate or

unrelated. fhe houses of 1ande4 proprietors who live in their villqee are not ueu.al.l.7 l.arge and oo1m11odioue ••• ,, • .

Praot!oal.17 all the housee have a courtyard whioh ia

kept ol.ean and emooth ••••••••• The wal.le o~ the rard vh~oh

mq be about 38' x 20' are o:t mud, and e.re uauall.J' 4' high. ~87 are oovered with thatch in the raina, Moat

houaea have cm:J.T a gate o:t bamboos and the doo~a are not secured by looks"•

X:anau1ia Re.uta of Bal.oda ha.ve puooa houses made

o:t bJ"loka and thQ are settled on the J"idp. :rn oo~~pariacm to thia aeot1on o:t ~;he Rauts, .Theria Raute

haTe -4-all.ed houaea vhioh 111all:e a hut like appearmoe.

fhhethbvare ot Mahimarb poaaeaa both ~ok.and mud•v&lle4

houaea. Deehaha 1\aute o:t lChieora have aleo pucca houeea.

~heee houses are rooted with earthen tilea prepared bT

the potter, a man of Kumhar caste who make• also the earthen

pots ..nd Telllael.a nt.ed.e4 in . 1\aT-to-d.a:r lli'fh Wocda .and

bam'boo•at:loke. are also uae4 it!. prepar:tnc the houaea. More or 1ese1 th• houses sn-epared 'b7 the peopl.e of

41:t:terent aeotiona are al.ikl!lo

'rn fl'f"&'%7 house earthen 'oh'lilhaa' (hearthe) &l'8 used

to cook· food, Rice ia cooked in &arthen pota end ao, is

the pul.aoa atld veseta'bl.ets. ~· earthen pot :tor rice is oall.ed 1ha41ya' elld 'kuderi • :tor pul.sea at~.d veaetabl.oa;

ltaoh pot· is covered with a 114 knoVJS ae •topa.ua'. ~.

utcud.l.a ueed for eating purposes are thalit sekami,

mal1Ta and lota, 'S&kaat• is a big, deep bel1•metal plate.

It is a shall.ow pl.ate of about 12•· 41ameter. 'llatuka' iEJ also a beU-metal. shall.ow pl.ate usod tor o~Ltins

purposes, eapeoiall.y for 'basi • or stale rice. Both· · 1 sekami' Blld tbatuka • are used for ''basi 1 eating. Dlltl.

or -vesetabl.e our17 ia · taken in a e~~~a.ll. plate of eimil.ar ahape 'made o:t bell•=etal. This plata is known 1!18 'mal.iTa'.

fhe dal. or alU'%7 is stirred and taken out with a bis

apoon known ae •aua'• Diahea cal.led 1thali' are used

for rioe eatins, but for 1baa1' e~t.tins 1aekaa1' or 1 batuka 1 is mora oonTenient. 1Batua' ia a braae•matal.

shallow container vhioh 1a uaed to cook pu1aea and

'XaraihTa' ot all.o7-metal. tor .,egetabl.ea. 1Lota• ia

used for 41"inki%1B wator and iCJI a 'bell-metal. aha' 1 ov container.

31

Yater ia ato!ll'e4 in eazo·then pote ot black oolov.

J'or bringing water trom the tank and well• b%-ass veeeel.111

known e.a 'haula* are usea. Vessel. ot a smaller

cU.~~~endon b oel.le<l 'haul! t t

Visitors are of'tazoed. cote to aUt UPOl'l• fbe o~te

are wooden 11ade and atrinaed wt th thtt hemp rope or ooh-.

Wooden aeata are al.ao used f'o!ll' eittins purp0aea whioh are knetm 11111 '»oa1'hawa o::v pata• • »urine vintao some t'i1'e placed tn an ee1'then pot :1.111 kept bel.ow the cot or bu.::vn1:

.to t,fa~ Wa:t"llltb. whioh ia prepcred by the WOII!Ail\ 'bJ' lllUd.t &nd. _

ie known aa t coraei t ( t:f.S"e"''on1ulilleX') •

. '

Re.u.ta use 'IChwaari' ,_ a bamboo hat t'or ·protection

asa:f.nat aun and rain•• It is a oonical. bamboo hat, covered with l.eavee ot tendu ( Dioewroa mal.anoxil.on). 'rhe

l.aavea are lhtereewn with the bamboo-work. ''rha Xhu~i

ie put like a hat on the head, but the t:raditional.

lthum!lZ':l haa now aot a oompe'U tolio !n the Wll'brelia. Countrv

blanket of' bl.a.ok ool.ov vhioh is known 11111 'kemara' ia

al.ao used 11111 a protection in the ra.:ln and oold. ot winter.

It :la thrown on tho back and tied ey a knot in front. Yea:rine ot 'kaiii!U'a' ie apaoial.l.T popular' with the Rauta.

~e «rain !a stored in a big ~arthan vessel known

aa •kothhi'• 'rh!a 'kothhi' la_moatl7 prepared by the

vomen in the houoeo Por dehuald.n« the paddy, the Rauta

uae 'dhanld' and al.moat eveey hous-hold has a dhenkt

inatall.ed in one ot the rooiii.So Xt ia meohanioa1 deTioe

uaed tor husking padc!7o I1: ie looa.ll.,- prepared b7 the

oupentu. A woo4en l!lhdt t• .,ent~al.l,- au-pporte4 011

two small. poles at a ha:lch1: of 8 to 9 iaohae :tzoom the ground. 4t one end a pointed oonioal wooden pieoe ia

fixed which :remains bld.da a small bow1 shaped. Pit• In this pi 1:, · -pa447 .:!.e kept and the one end oe the shaft ta

preeeed. towuda the srounll b,- one 1es which :tod.eea the

othe1' end Md the momen'fl ];12:'8~BU1"8 ie releaaed.. it OOIIIeB

d.own, .By 1"epoa:ted IIJt:r.obe huek is aep~ate,d ~rom the C1"ain. llheJ:tki worke on the principle of lever and the

vo'-n p1"ees one end. o.f lt vi.th a :too1: amc! then 1"eleaee the 1)1"eeeu:re. •KiloS. • le 'IUied t"O tu:ton We:t' the padd,- iD

the pit~ . It is mAde ~rom a bamboo stick. One end of it is :tixed with a bent iron plata to turn over the

padd:r. . llhenki is al.•o used to «rround illrlllerio into powder.

Jgte or Ch'kkt · ta a rotary t~uern :toualt in aver,.

houae IU!d ta v.sual.l.y installed :l.n one cO)I'Jl•r o:t the

house• !fhb is used :toJt grinding the :tl.ou.r. l:t i•

ocna~%'\loted ot' two :tlat etone al.aba, one tixe4 1n the

e&J<th on which a 9" iron bar l!lt~U~da which vorke aa a

keel. to operate 1:he nu:t one • nte nG%1: slab :I. a :thed

wi1:h a wooden handle to roto:f:e the sl.ab on the :fixed elab. ~re is a hol.e in the mlddl.e of the nex"t al.ab

through vh1ch 1:he grains IU'G pu.t tn en4 pounded b7 ro1:ating it. !l'hia vork ia done blr the vomen:tol.k amd ia

alao used to ££0Wld tu'lt!Der!o and to pound pul.aea.

'811-Lorhoha' ia another 4eYioe 1 uaed.to prepare

'ohatan1 1 and to pound ohill;r, oor1ande:r1 etc. 'Sll'

ia a r.etan111la.r atone· slab o:t· one :toot and quarter :l.n

lensth and one :toot :ln breadth. 1'he thiokzseaa ot the . 1 ail' ie uaua.U.:v 4•. !rhe uppn• pall:"i: o:t the alt>.'b is

,,

111ade :rough·:: ~ et:t"Okett ot a oh:f.sel and halllmer. •Lorhaha' is a peatle of stone~~. It is a oiroulal:' e1a'b o:t g• length

and 2" radiuts.

Kawm::·e&nlSm · :ta a balazsoe tne thins used :to»

O@l'l'Tins heaV? 1oade :to» l.ong diatanoe. 1Xa1tar1 1• a . . smooth 'ba~~~boo-stiok of six Oil:" GIIVGl!l feet 1ens1;h on which

at 'both etomere:. two hemp J:Oopea ·ail:"& abinged to cuu·r7 loads. Raute use it mostly fo» brincins water ~~~~ the tazsk Ut'ld well. Haul.a is :tmt in botb of' the a!dcta, eo that the bal..!utoe is I!IS.:ln'tadned. It :la aleo ueed in aSl":l.oul.tural. vork, euoh a.e, to brine ea%'th or 11o throw the oow-dung and l"Ubb!ah tn the man~e-pitt d~ outside the village.

~lei-oh4.Ul"a :f.a found inYIU'iably :ln eYel:7 houee

in Chhattieearh• It is a so»t o:t small plat:tol"'ll on which

the 'tule:l plant is povn azsd is hia~ esteemed bT the Raute.

Fin 1 Ra.uta keep :tire a1wqs bunling :ln their

houses either in on earthen ocntainell:" known ae Goraa1

or &llloul.der!ng 1ong wood•et!cke. ~e~ ~~otd the neoeesit~

o~ aaldng :tor :t:lre :tl"'m other neighbours, bu~ it :f.a not a

matt~ that th~ do not at ftl1 ask for it, at ~imaa. Pire is regarded aa a God end m!ebehaY:loUl" with it is oone:ldel"ed

sin. They warn their ohi1dren not spit or Ul"inate on it.

It ia their bel.:lef' that the people who epit on fire, get

boils in their 111outh and those ~ho urinate, set avel.l.:lng in ~heir organa.

,.

In wbter, ha;ra and atrawe o:t :pe.4q, atal.ka of' pul.eee and seee.111e III.Z'a 'b\u'nt for cettinr warmth. Chulha ie the devioe in which :tire !a bQrnt and the food is cooked.

Ohul.d a:re found to be of two t7pea • 'JUcohu1ha1, with on•

mou'th, and 1llooohu1ha', vii;h two JQOuthst one upside e:Pd the other in the f~nt aide where the vood•etioks are :ted. 0T$r

the upside mouth, the oooki~ Yeaaele are kept with the oereal.so .It ia llada of thin pl.aet•r of wdo ltaute, i:t, they are on a lourne71 wher.ver the7 atop, make obulhae of atones and oook their food, In this srstem, three stones are put' to make a :tenoins in three directions and the fourth

b kept opetl tor UahUns th11 :ti1"e.

J41'ht t llaute poe•esa le:Ptern and oh!mni in their

houeee for l.icht• Z.antern ie known 1!1.11 1Kandil or Lalten1

in the Ohhattiagarh Yillagel!h Chimani ie a emall l.amp

with oil•oontainer and tLas•• wt the Kan4il is taken out to

It is used inside the house. the fields and to visit

the houeee ot other rel.atives at ni«ht. Chimani is found in eVe1"7 house due to ite ohee:s;m.ess and :tn.eide utility.

Dee,-a :f.m an earthen 1ittl.e hol.l.ow lamp used durins rel.igious worehipD and l>iwal.i fest.f.Ta1. U is filled with oU, and

there is a ootton w1ok, one end of whioh comes through the lallp•s lip vhlle the rut tral.l.e in the oil held lQ' the

container. fbe wiok is Ut ~uet be,-ond the lip, and the

lam» ~a vith the 11» facing eaatt the sacred direction.

:Pood H!!!.bi tg I

Ohhattiegarh is the rioe-bowl. of Madh)l"a Pradeeh.

In general.• the food habits of the »eopl.e a:re, more or lees, common. Rioe !e the staple food of the Rauteo ~.

oo111111onest prepa.ration o:t riae is ''basi • whiah 111811l18

left •overni.rht' • In the evening the l"ioe :I.e oooked

and et~.ten vi 'tlh vegetable and • Chatani 1 • 'l:he x-emaining oooked xoioe is eoaked and left 1n water ove:z-night,

and ea'ten next mo:.m:l.ng ae 'bl'eak:tast. 'Bore' is the

ea111e pxoepa.rat:l.on, but :1.11 :I.e eaten just after add.bl,r

water to the rice. 'Bore' is frequently eaten in the

sumraer. whU.et the '\)ui,~ ia takan, b all. sea.Bona.

llui lis taken with a little salt added to it, It

:I.e a light food and :I.e easily digested. Basi :I.e a p~

of the diet of both the rioh and poorer eeot:l.ons of the

Rauts. fhe ontv d:l.tferenae is that the rioh peopl.e

take it as breakfa.Bt onl.;v, whil.e the poor people take

,,

it ae brea.kt'aet, as vell. as lUDOh• It is said that

'basi' is avery refX'esh:l.ng diet for this region and keeps

the system oool.

fhe other prepare.tioDS for bl:'eak:te,ei: ve • an.rakt!U't

oheela ani! dhusake. roti' which are pre11e.red from rioe•

flour. ~gake.r 1e thiok--eieed,and the ohee1a is the

thinner•ahed preparation of rot:i. Angakar roti ie

baked on oow-duns tire by keeping it covered with earai-leavee1 while, the duahaka and. oheel.a are baked

on an boon•:Patl• The roti is eat an wi i:h chat ani and

angakar is specially taken with ghee and ahatani. '>

Wheat.is also uae4 b7 the xoicb people. Ai: the

testiva1a or at the time ot marriage, the houeeholda

Prepare 'bara and aoha.ri'. 'Soht!U'i • are the thin

oakes of wheat :tlour :tried in oil. 'llara' ia another

ooauncm item of :toed prepared at the time of :teet:l:va.'le.

It is 'the Pl"&PU'ation ot' ure.d pul.ae wh:!. oh ia aoalced. in water, BJ:'OW1d to a paste and then small oak;ee of it are :tried :f.r.1 oil.. • Thhethhari 1 is pre~ared. Out o:t· .

srP :tl.our. The gram :tlo\U" ia made· into dough with

water and ea.'lt to taete •. !l'he dough ia then made in

the ehape of 'thiu si;:!.oks as thick ae the littl.e tinser

and the pieces of it, about 2" to '"• are out and. after

giving them a little twiet,.put in oil for being tried. 1Xhurami' ia prepared out of.wheat tlc\U"• It .ta kneaded with water and a Uttl.e salt. Then, :t:t is ou't into ama.'ll. oakee and are tried in oil. 1:Babara. and dehurau.ri' are the other common preparation o:t rioe

flour aweetened with jagger,v.

The pul.aea used are ra.ha.r ( arha.r}, ti:wa.ra, moons,

urad, maaoor and S'l"a.lll• fil ie uae4 to prepare aweet­

bal.l.a rith jageeq during the festival. ot t•alc:e.r Bankrant1. Ghee, 111llk, wbe,-, ourd, eto. are a part o:t their diet. On festive oocasione, lchir, taema1 1 bare., baba.ra,

che.uae1a• lchurami. thhethhal'i, ohikau.l1, puri, eohar:!.,

Pa»aohi, 1a4uwa are the apeoial. preparations done by them. ~ey,drinlc the oountr,r 1:.lquora prepared from

rice o:t Mahuwa.

Smoking 1

~e habit ot emokins tobaooo seems to be cettina

more popular amoneet practically all. aeotione o:t the

Rauta, whether ol.d or young, Even ohil.dren have tolcen

to amolcinao t1eua.'l1;v tobaooo ie smoked in the :torm o:t

lJid• .£hMc! 'll'hioh is prepo.red br :roll!rlg loose tobaooo. on a d%'3' or semi•d%7 ·tendu or l!larai leaf is also usually smoked. Once prepared, it oan be. smoked

twice or thrice like a oiB$1"• Chona! is prepared bT a:lnkins the le~ in the water to sotteno !L'he Teb.s o-E the leaf are taken out end it is bent trolll the lll:f.ddle by roU:f.ng tobacco into. it. One end of the . ohonsi :l.s

ke»t na.:n-ower to putt qut the smoke. end e.nother e.nc!l. is lllade ~ader to set fire.

37

Otter:lna biri, like tea, is also o.ons:f.dered. a

mark of hoapital!t;v. Xt is the duty of 7ouriaer »ersons to otter biri to elders, when the latter visit the former~ ·. Diri is also offered to suests on verioue oooasione like kathat oaste•meetinsa. Ramaran recitation. eto.

In the opinion of the people• smoking is aseooiated

with Titatit~. youth and vigour,· They take smoktna as the oustollla1'7 process continued e:l.noe l.ong baoko Sll!.oking by wo•en is not considered deeirab~e. The chewing of the betel•l.oavee and areca-nut ia 1ike4 by the Raute. Some Rauts o~ the Kanaujia section have installed bet~shopa in the vil.l~c•• Addicts chew bet8P1eaves al1 the day, L11114t paete and oateohu is pasted over the rough side of

the l.eld' and then :l. t is put into lllouth elong vi th amal.l. bite of areca-aut usually attar meals. Bete1 l.eaves

(PaD) are eleo siven to the sueste al.ong with the biri.

Apart fro= biri, Gan~c.-lea,ea (hemp) are al.eo

used in smoking but onl.7 at important reliaioue ceremonies

and tea~ivals oonneoted with Lord Sbiva. .4 apeoia1

earthen pipe b1own ae 'oh:t.l.e.m' is used :tor ~his. Bhlll.IU2S' (heliiP l.eavee) and madat are the other irstox:l.oants ueed

on :restive oooasiona. Madat ia pre~ared trolll the

essence o:t 'apheem• (opiUlll) with the 'pa1ha. ot ~a.~ul.'•

Rslzori·e~tJU:t t

fhe plants ot llllllft80t banyan, Pi'GPBl.• ntm, ba'bul.,

ltai1:1 bel, tataaX"b4 and p!!£Asa, eto. ere pl.eted by

these people to:ro th• eoonolllic:J ani'! rel.igious purposes • Peepa.1 and 'batl7atl t:r'ees ere· the abode o:r gods. Nim at~d

babul. U. the blast· tooth bru•h•a·ticltao Parasa :f.s the

plant'wh:f.oh PX"'duoee l.ao~~eein and babul. oo~es out the

au,m. Mans:c .. grovea and au,ava .. ~oYes are the impoX"tant

pl.antationl!l which prcnr:!.de seaeona1 i'rui ts and have a

aood. eoonom:!.o aspect. Tamarind is used in sour•p:r'epua•

tiona and ka:!.t :fOX" ohatsn1. Bel.•patti is o:ttered to .LoX"d ShiYa. and :f.ta t'rui:ts ue TeXT delioious. Most o:t the villages in Ohhattiegarh a.X"e BUX"Z''Utl.ded 'by •anao•

SX"ovee, and the sua•a-~oTee are mostly ~oursd on the

aides o~ the r:f.yere.

Agr:f.qu1ma+ tool.a p.nd iml!l~menta t

Lend ana oat'\l.e a:re 'the 1:vo main X"eeoUX"oes ot the

ltaute' eoonoll/7• inTana'bl.y 11111oh

:Bullooke and bui'tal.oee have sot impo:r'tenoe in asriou1tu~e. Without

oatt1e1 qrioul.tuX"e is illlpoeeib1o alllong the Indian

peasantry. Ware (19,911,6) hae wri~ten, •India ie a oount17 ot eraal.l. l.and-hol.ding, and the tne of &CX"ioul.ture

ia auoh aa to :r'equire impleMents ot the oiap1eet

ohuaote2." onbt 11ith 111111le tendency amongst the vaiJil

=ajo2."ity o~ the cUltivators tov~ds the use of meohani• oall-7 propelled applienoes. fbe whole a~ the vast apioul.tural tnd-.tstry J.a, the2."ef'Ol('Eh dependen-11 on the oattle pop"4l.e.t1on o:t the oount.r:v :tal:' .ita e:tiailenoet f'or in India it io the 'bunock th"t d.l:'a1fs the plough, pull.e the ce.rt and thl'!'eehea the oorn•. It has 'Hen vri.tten

in the Report o:t Royal Oommieeion o~ Agriculture in India (19aBtf69) that "without the ·ox, no ou1Uv.e.tton . . '

11oul.d b• poeetble• without the oz. 111o pt:od.uoe could 'be trenepol:'tea•" So the oattl.o are the moat w.nted implement

' of sst"ioul'tlU'th Other tools are as :tollowa ••

!fhe n .. CI.'I' (plough) 1a the oountry•~~~ade :ttr•t

essential implement :tor :tarminB• It ooneieta ot a 9' len& wood llha:tt known ae dandt (shaft) • At one end of

!t 1e :ti:zed a. wooden piece 4" l.cns known a.e !Kb.eel.a1 •

At the other end of ~he clandi ia fi:zed vhe ben~ woodan etruoture bow as nsgere In all., tbie is about tour to

tour-and•a hal~ feet long ooneisting ot a two to two-and•a

hal.t :teet long portion above the dandi and a 1Y 2 <to 2•

long par'l below the 4and1. !fhe de.ndt b tbecl 'b7 making a hole in the nagar ana passing the dan4i through it. fhe

\lPPer part ot the nagar :I.e of a sma.l.ler diallleter thiiZl the

lower one. 1 small. wooden piece, 1 ~o 1Y2• thiok at one

end and taperin~t at the other end and four to eiz inohee l.oJ1«, ie Ulled to keep the nagar in pl.ace in the dancU.

!hie woo4en p:l.eoe !a known ae 'dab' • At the upper end

40

ot the DaSB%" is f'i:zed a 9" long roUDd wooden b8%" to

serve as a htWdl.e 'ltor appl$ing pre11wr11 on the DI!Lliri!U'•

1'hill portion ie la:!.Ciwn as 1lltllthhiya'. The l.owe'r end of

the naaia'r is bent :b\warde and to :l.t ie fixed the iron­

blade known as 'naaar•loba•.

!rhe JUt.SU" ie fixed to the attMhment to which

the 'bul.l.ooks are tied. 1'he attachment is lcnC!wn as 1 juadi* and oonsiats ot a 'beam, the upper end of whioh

hae th'ree ridges, the oentl:'a.l. :ll'idae known as. Maha.d.eo.

A.11 the two ends o1 the bai!IJil, bullocks c'r bu:t:tal.oss ai:'e

h~aaaed to the beam with the help of' t~o attachments

known as 'panethal.i t • ~e da.'11di of' the nsg/.\1" :l!'ests on

the central rides ot the juadi and it is tied to the

juad:i with a rope {nahani, me.de of' leather) rOUDd. the

juedi and kheila.

JtOVq I

lCO'pa.r is ilhe :f.mpl.ement used :to%' levelling the

field, and also tor weeding operations. It consists of a flat pieoe of wood about 10 • 1n l.ength an4 :' 1 • ·

wide. From the two endB o~ the wooden 'beam, <two

OcnTera:!ng at'te.ohmenta l!l:t"G :fixed.. 'rheee are about 1 3'

'to 14' 1onso At the converging aDd another beam is rixed 1n which the bul.looks are tied.

Zt is a TarieD1: ot kopar and is uaed ~or woediJls operatioDa as well. as for thinnine operatioDe• The

ilap1ement ia launm ae dan'tri beoauae ot ita narrow teeth•

fhe dan~ri !a also used tor Jlllddl.f.nso

41

Saba£ o~ Babbe1 a Sabet.P or the orow .. 'be.r :La ttot very IIIU.ch used itt

aaricu1tural operations except to die ao•• bol.ea, etc• tbroush the e111bank111ent for »aesage of water or to fix the stake in the earth. lt is a 4' lonl' bd' with one end 11attene4 and sharp.

Rn.npe. •

. It !a the ahcwel and haa· a broad !ron pl.a'h

attaohe4 to a wooden handl.e. fhe voto!d.nc ectee of the

ranpa is 6' to 6 11 l.on1r. It :La used tor d.icc:lns and

eoraping purpo•es.

lbud£& t

It is a p:f.ok•e.s•• It oona:la'te of a ,Ya• lone wooden handle anrlt . a 1 ' long ana. allshtl$ ben-t :t.ron -phoe having e. hol.e :l.n vhiob the wooden he:l\dl.e is :t:bed and

the other end is pointed :tor digging operations. A short fol'lll o:t it !a !mown ce 1k:udari' and. the bis one te known

ar:l 'la:tdara' •

l:t :La the ord:lna.:ey a.tokl.e ooneiatinc of a 6• loll«

wooden ha.ndl.e ·and a bent sharp tron-'bl.aae. It ia used to 0\\1: veeetabl.ee in the kitchen a.nd to ou11 the etandinc oropo at the time o:t harvest.

fansba 1

It ie a outtinc-axe fixed with a wooden bandl.e o:t

3' l.ong at one eZ14, a.nd the other end is eh~ 11attened

to eut buahee and hecla• growing near the tiel.c!Bo The Rauto

42

alwqe keep tans4-a with them when the:r go to tlul:b>

1'iel.da or the ;jungl.e to graze oat111•• '!he 'big form of tanci:ra :I.e known a.a •tulba.ri •, whioh :I.e ueed :tor ou11tins

trees and wood•logs.

I£Alq1 t

:tt :te an 1mp1emct used 1'o1' IUtPara1:ing :fodder

. from the sratne afte1' threshing. JCAlari ts a bent bar pointec! at one end. and. fixed with a 6' 10ng wooden

handl.e at the other end"

lt is a wooden slab o1' about 8 1 lena with a rad.iua

of 1' • I1: ia used for threahine operat:l.on. hom the two ends of 'the woo4en slab, two oonvare;ing e:tte.ohmenta

uoe fixed. .A.t the converging end auother 'beBII! :I.e fixed

in whioh.he•but:tAloea are tied,

~eae are the tathering stake. A long stake ot

81 long !a ,inserted into the earth to which the tether

io tied. It po~aeaaea so 111an7 separate t:ring•s:retems b,r

vhioh the bullocks. are tied for threahing p\U'poaee. This

tether i.e known e.a 'dauri 1 and the ate.ke is known all 1khoonta 1 • fhe bullocks tied with tho tetherins•etalce

move :round OYer the orope epread bel.ow and orueh the arai~a with their oloven-~oot, ao that, the gra!n11

tiJeparate t'rom the stAlks and tht~ :toddo:r ia aeparate4 h-om

the sraina b7 kal.~:l..

4'

!rho buffalo oar1t is known d 1 &l!t.l."a• and tlul

bullook•oPt is known aa • l!:Pi' • lSaffaloea are ~oh vigCill'OU;,t BCt the;v dr-.w the big OIU'i!St f.oG• t &'&%'a 1 azl4

· the lniU.ocks 'the 1 al!l1"i 1 • J'or the f'aX'II!.Ora, ol!U"t ill Ye%7 eaeential... Iii is used t;or 11!11'-.rteportation. !rhe;v

briu~~r theb> pains tl'om the tielcta flo the cran~ b;r cart and alec vtsttothetr Tillages by o~ $ourne:r.

W•ausmu 1 lrhe Rau:l:a are a wl~Pl'l'icl" caste a:l.uoe their

esietenoe. ~he oh:.tldl'en eo to lel~U'%1 l.athi•:tenoiq and.

f'ighUnc at' a.kha.ra (Q'IIInlllltiW!l) •' ':he:v heal' all the wea~one at the time of' Raut-naoh to show their ekiU.. Bo111e wea:pone are preee~ed :l.u the houses ·in the nauae ot their enoestore. Lath!, tangi;va or pharea are the oollll!lcn weapono alwqiJ kopt tn hand whan they so out tro111 their houeee. Daraohhi 1 j~elene, sword, shield, gurji,

{rtnas ot iron with a ball at the bottom attached with

the bar), tuttins axe, tabbal., mus:4alt toma.r, b.f.ohhi;ra,

lltha«hara, be-arrow, khal'ada, gup1:1, ke.t1:e., bal.ua, sulel. (catapult), airoht. e~o. are ~he woa~one ~OtU14 in the Rauta 1 houeee.

;aaeketq 1

~re are eo man;r thinse of: bn.sketr;v prepared b;r

the Dhanwa:r ( tribo) and ICadarc caste peopl.cto Those

u-tiol.oo are extens!Tely uaed by tho Rauto. 'Gol.ar1 ie

a nettins o't bamboo etri.pa whioh ls a. :pal"'\ ot the oart. It ia kept OTer the oal"'t aa a ~~~a.t. It is wsed 'to ei1:

44

u»on and i:o 081"1'7 m~ things b;v putting on it. 1lti:ll'sa' le a ~enoing of bamboo stripe ueed to protect the

p1anted eeo41.inge, suoh, aff O'f. ma,nao, ba:n7tm• -rt41telll, peep-.1', tama.r:lnd, etc. hom th• anilllals. Dal.awa, 't<tllulna

all'e the b:l.g-siaed crain oonta!ners and tukani f.a the alllal.l.er cme, ued in man;v dollleQtic work: a PaxTa ( tra7)

pall'ri, aoopa (~nnower), bi~ana (fan), ~heepana (uaed to e:.ttrao1: ou:b the a,_.aine :f'rom the wo:ter..,eeds lmown ae

pashar), dasa (a :tl.a1:, ehsllow oontabte~), 4auri (alllal.ler thi!ID 4asa) 1 snpaU., bro<~m, mo%'i;va, 3h&:l)ol.:l, i:ai:i;va (a

fla'11 'baokei:r;v work wsed as a eha.de), lfba.uha (big basket), a4a ( a l.tm« bi!UIIboo a tick used as a hanser ) • aoor (a balance ~pe bamboo sUck ueed in agr!oul.tural. W01'kt

euoh Mt too~ pains), mat {sarald), karee1 (d•oootion of tender bamboo shoots uaed as Tesetable), and other

~o:rma o:t 'baaketl';V' • .All. these ruotiol.ee prepared from the bam'boo..,ork arft uee~ in da;r to da;v work ot' the Rauta.

Mate are exchanged with the torn ol.otheo

Haute use man;v eall'then-are :POts prepared by the

K'ltlllhar (potter) • .ul. theee are used to prepare food alld

to etore water and cereals. 'Ha41;va' ie a bl.aok efl%'theD

veeeel. to oook rice &Utd aleo u.eed 'to kMP w~~.ter. Pall'ai

ia the l.id 0:1.' the hadi~a. Tel.ni !a used to oook vegetabl.e,

and to:Pana ie the l.:ld tor thl'lto Mataka•k'lldera are ueed ·to keep the material.e of erooeey. Thheko.Yf\-dooheo.na are

the emal.l. earthen veseele used na milk•container0 Poraha

ue the ea.rthen to~a to :Pl.eY vith at the t'eatiYal o~ 1 Per a or Pol a 1

• Chuk:ln 1 e the a mall. earthen :POt to keep

Pall'ohec! Pdc!T end Mahuva tor the feet !val ot t lth amarohhat• •

l)eeya is an earthen 1alllll.; •:s:ue.t~t• is a water

oontaiuer used in 'the 4a;Y"a of 811111111&.1" to keep the water

ooo1.

Huaigft1 Instrwmente •

Bas· and Baaur:l. are the 111e.in IDI.1111ical. inlll'tJ'Uments

of the fta.ute. Both o~ ·these ere Jllade o:t ba~~~boo. Baa is

a l.ons ~lute of' ' ' to ,Ya• :Pl'e:Pared by exbaotinc out the f'leeh of' th• bamboo-tick, 1'he upper :pari: . ia kellil 'b.x-oa4eZ' the.n the l.over :pUt,. ~ee hol.ea ·A.l'e made at

equal. 41a11e.nce on th• upper ~~~ and the f'ourth hol.e :I.e

lltade 1n the l.ow:Gll' Par'*• lfuis :l.ns1:.l'11JIIen11 is uaed 1n :reci­

tation of the :f."o.moua festival. eoncra• . .Baeuri ta a f'l.ute of' s111a1l.e:r eiae. :tot is a eingl.e :tl.ute 'o.x- twin :tlute,

el.W878 kept in hand b;v the ara!lie.l's Who pl.q it in the

~uncl.ea and pe.l!ltu.l'ea. fheae A.l'a 'the traditional IIIUBioal

inat1"Ulllenta o:t' the Re.uta. 1'he;v p1a;r theae during 11141'riese,

bi.l'th and other f'eative oocaaiona with creat 307•

Dgmestio anima1g t

~oae Bauta who graee goats keep dogs with them

to save the aoate :t.l'Om the attack of wil.d anilllal.a like

'biabava, eto. !rhe peopl.e col'll!leorQ.te a mal.e oal.:t :ro:r the pu:rpoae of ita t.x-ans:tormation into a bumped oatt1e (sarha.we.) 1 the •waban • o:t Lord Shive.. fhe act of oonee•

o.x-aUna mal.e•calvee :to:r making them bUIIIped cattle ie

reaarde4 .. a :rel.iaioua aot in the sooiety, and the

People who do thia, sain mente. Peopl.e never beat them ~1d feed, i:t the,.- ooma to thei:r houaea.

'!hey also dome ~tioate bi%'da1 such ... pa%'1"ot1

ohioken, piseon, maina1 eto.

Wh!P«I £!1ott4 to RDimals t

Xharphar! (wooden) • bell, euhe.i, noi. sod.aia.t O'l

the 1ea, .ldhcsal'•thel.a of' il!Ie neok tn"e P:NParad. b:r thtse »eople wbioh are used to adorn o~ oont~ol the oa.ttl.e.

Buhai, ltharpha.:d cd bell. ~U>e Ued 'flo the oa.ttle • a

neok. 'lh~ha.ri 1 is made o:r wood, 111 the same farmion

ae the 'bell, 'but hs aiee i• lllomewhat big~U' due to being lighter 'than th• beU•meta1• 'Suhai • is prepa:red :t:rom the

:aooot of' the Pal'aea tree which is known ea 'benkh t • This 1 bankh' is shaPed into ·a lfa.l'l.and b;r knitting and on the da;v of' Jethh.ouni (Eaacla.ei) tied !a)!'ound the neck of 'bhe cow.

this shows the e.rtit:l'tlo taste of! 'the &uteh · Goclaya.t, ot

lee and labangu- o:t neok lU'e tied to the unf'eri:Ue. or uncont:ro:Uable oowa, ·bullocks and buffaloes, 1:o make them

fertil.e or to punieh 'them. Due "to this the;v oan not

etl>'&:r awe;v •

'Noi 1 !a PlO'aPartd from the 1:a:f.l hair o:t the

oa.ttle, It is of lY2 1•4' length and knottea :tine~ at

both ends b:r preparing 1 phundlU'a 1 • 1'hie Noi is Ter:r

strong and luting. .A.t the time o:r milking the oow1 the

oa1:t ie t:led with this Noi around her leg, eo that,

after eo:tten:lng the i:tats, the Baut mQ equeeee out the

milk. Noi ie torkod a1: one end to tie the oal:t b;v ita

neck and another end is kept hee making a· :aoound knot.

A'li the pl.aote ot knots, phunda.raiJ a.l'G :tb:ed.

'Gerawa1 :le the tether by- whiCh the oatt1e ore

tied with PG«B• 'It ie forned nt both ende. Ircn•ohainu

are a1eo used to tie the~:~. Buak, ohai't, fodder and the

1eavinae ot the too4 a~ the aain tood tor them. In

the rat117 ••aeon, the7 are atven, areen sralllh

,anmag+ cntm4A£ t

47

Rautfi tollow the Btnd.u namee of 4a;re and months. ~he vho1e 78~ ia mainl;r divided into three eeaeona,

••«• ra!n7, wint,lUI' and I!IWIIlller. - '~hey ue, more or lese, equal. in Uae of tour aonthe each. Spring a.t1d AutWim

are also marked due to their ceremonial a!snit1cance.

BTer,r aonth is divided into two tortnichts, each ot

t:U'ten, dQ"a• '!he first tortnisht wh:ioh ie dark o:ne, la

k#ow:n as 1bad!' and the second fortnight vh1oh is bright 11;1 'aud!f. Al1 the 4a:ra of the totn!ght 11.1"11 counted by

their B:tftdu :name a. !rheae ue - pa:dwt\t doo~, teej,

chau.th, PB.l1Challli, ahhath, sate, ' athe, navallli, 4a~~hamt,

ekadaeht, dwadaeM, 11eri!LB, chaudae a.t1d amavaa;ra. Punlima

ie the fifteenth da;r of the brigh~ to~:nicht.

Calenc!ar laonths

Maah

ll'alsun

Ohait:ra

Baieakb

Je'th

A.allharh

Savan llhadon Ewu

JCartika

"a han

Pws

'

are ae :toll owe t ...

• Janttal'I'-Februa%7

- l!'ebruar,r•l.fa.roh • MIU"ch•A.pri1

- .A.prtl.-Mq • Mq-June

• Ju:ne-.Tul.;r

• J\ll.y•Ausust - Auaust-Septeaber • September-ootober - Ootober-No?ember

• Rovemb..-Deoember • Deoembez-.Jenua27

48

1'he Dallies o~ the 411178 are as followe • •

lhur?,.hh Bind! Qhhatt !•nrhi

Monctq SoiiiVar Sa,~~D~er

!l'ueectq Manga.lvar Mangal.

Wectneeda;y :Budhwar :Budh

!l'hureda;r Guruwar ( lh'ihae• · patiwer)

J311teSPat

F:r:t4a;v Sh'llkl'awa Shukwa:r

Sanrcta;r Shanival' Shiud.ohoba:r SU1\4.q Ra'V'iwU' Xtwar

:r.ooa.1 aaue f0'11' the di:lferent p~e of i:he dq

are ae follows 1 ...

:Bhinsarba, l'~anga cebe,

~era ha oowat be, ShuAuwa ooa••

Morning .. :Bhitma, l3ihan bo se.

Late morning ( 9 A.M.) ... Suwari naba;v Ice 'ber. ( 1'he

lfoon •

Evening -

S1eeping time

Midnight -

time for bath of the wife).

Majhania.

Sanjba , :Bhainea Mudhi7ar•

at night - Sowa parge.

.a\adha rat ke, Nager ha tbadiya;y

hawe.

Berl.J' dawn ( 2 A.M.) • .Aadha rat 1e lrhaeal. aehe, Ek

neend rat bawe •

•••••••••••••••