LEMMA LIST

VOLUME ONE

A – Ed

Articles Page numbers

A

Abbreviations (Adam Gacek) ........................................................................................................ 1–5

Acehnese (Edwin Wieringa) ........................................................................................................... 5–12

Adjective Phrase (Alain Kihm) ...................................................................................................... 12–16

Adjectives (Wolfdietrich Fischer) ................................................................................................... 16–21

Adverbs (Janet C.E. Watson) ........................................................................................................ 21–25

Affrication (Chakir Zeroual) ......................................................................................................... 26–28

Afghanistan Arabic (Bruce Ingham) .............................................................................................. 28–35

Afro-Asiatic Languages (Andrzej Zaborski) .................................................................................. 35–40

Agent (Hussein Abdul-Raof) ......................................................................................................... 40–43

Agreement (Maher Bahloul) .......................................................................................................... 43–48

≠â±id (Yishai Peled) ........................................................................................................................ 49–50

Aktionsart (Johannes Reese) .......................................................................................................... 50–53

Algeria (Jacques Grand’Henry) ..................................................................................................... 53–58

Algiers Arabic (Aziza Boucherit) ................................................................................................... 58–66

≠Amal (Valeriy Rybalkin) ............................................................................................................... 67–74

Analogy (Robert Ratcliffe) ............................................................................................................ 74–82

Analytic Genitive (Kerstin Eksell) .................................................................................................. 82–85

Anaptyxis (Petr Zemánek) ............................................................................................................. 85–86

Anatolian Arabic (Otto Jastrow) ................................................................................................... 87–96

Andalus (Otto Zwartjes) ............................................................................................................... 96–101

Andalusi Arabic (Federico Corriente) ............................................................................................ 101–111

Antiochia Arabic (Werner Arnold) ................................................................................................ 111–119

Apophony (Sabrina Bendjaballah) ................................................................................................. 119–123

Apposition (Mohssen Esseesy) ....................................................................................................... 123–126

≠Arab (Jan Retsö) ........................................................................................................................... 126–133

Arabic Alphabet for Other Languages (Alan S. Kaye) ................................................................... 133–147

Arabic Alphabet: Origin (Beatrice Gruendler) ............................................................................... 148–165

Arabic Studies in Europe (Alastair Hamilton) ............................................................................... 166–172

≠Arabiyya (Yasir Suleiman) ............................................................................................................ 173–178

Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords (Jan Retsö) ......................................................................................... 178–182

Argument (John C. Eisele) ............................................................................................................. 182–187

Article, Defi nite (Andrzej Zaborski) .............................................................................................. 187–188

Article, Indefi nite (Lutz Edzard) .................................................................................................... 188–191

±Aßl (Ramzi Baalbaki) .................................................................................................................... 191–195

Aspect (John C. Eisele) .................................................................................................................. 195–201

Asseverative Particle (David Testen) .............................................................................................. 201–204

Assimilation (Petr Zemánek) ......................................................................................................... 204–206

Automatic Language Processing (Noureddine Chenfour) .............................................................. 206–216

Auxiliary (Martine Haak) ............................................................................................................. 216–221

B

Baghdad Arabic (Farida Abu-Haidar) ........................................................................................... 222–231

Baghdad Arabic Jewish (Jacob Mansour) ...................................................................................... 231–241

Bahraini Arabic (Clive Holes) ....................................................................................................... 241–255

Bambara (Dinie Bouwman) ........................................................................................................... 255–257

Bangladesh (Ali Riaz) .................................................................................................................... 257–259

Bedouin Arabic (Judith Rosenhouse) ............................................................................................. 259–269

Bedouinization (Farida Abu-Haidar) ............................................................................................. 269–274

Beirut Arabic (Samia Naïm) .......................................................................................................... 274–286

Bengali (James M. Wilce) .............................................................................................................. 286–289

Berber (Jordi Aguadé and Peter Behnstedt) ................................................................................... 289–293

Berber Loanwords (Abderrahman El Aissati) ................................................................................ 293–299

B≠èri Arabic (Manfred Woidich) .................................................................................................... 299–308

Binà± (Ramzi Baalbaki) .................................................................................................................. 308–310

Binding (Joseph Aoun) .................................................................................................................. 310–313

Biradicalism (Andrzej Zaborski) .................................................................................................... 313–316

Braille (Muhammad Al-Sharkawi) ................................................................................................. 316–320

Buka®a-syndrome (Rudolf de Jong) ............................................................................................... 320–322

C

Cairo Arabic (Manfred Woidich) .................................................................................................. 323-333

Cameroon Arabic (George Echu and Mohamadou Aminou) ........................................................ 333–339

Caretaker Talk (Khawla Aljenaie) ................................................................................................. 339–343

Case Roles (Hussein Abdul-Raof) ................................................................................................. 343–347

Case Theory (Mark S. LeTourneau) .............................................................................................. 347–353

Cataphora (Yishai Peled) ............................................................................................................... 353–355

Causative (Adrian M≥celaru) ........................................................................................................ 355–360

Chad Arabic (Patrice Jullien de Pommerol) ................................................................................... 360-368

Child Bilingualism (Ghada Khattab) ............................................................................................. 368–375

Child Language (Mary-Ann Walter) ............................................................................................. 375–378

China (Leila Chérif-Chebbi) .......................................................................................................... 378–383

Christian Middle Arabic (Jacques Grand’Henry) .......................................................................... 383–387

Cilician Arabic (Stephan Procházka) ............................................................................................. 388–397

Classical Arabic (Wolfdietrich Fischer) ......................................................................................... 397–405

Classicism (Heikki Palva) .............................................................................................................. 405–411

Clitic (Joseph Aoun) ...................................................................................................................... 411–414

Code-switching (Gunvor Mejdell) ................................................................................................. 414–421

Cognitive Linguistics (Sami Boudelaa) .......................................................................................... 421–427

Coherence (Said Faiq) ................................................................................................................... 427–430

Cohesion (Esam N. Khalil) ............................................................................................................ 430–433

Collective (Ignacio Ferrando) ........................................................................................................ 433–434

Collocation (Dalal Mahmoud El-Gemei) ....................................................................................... 434–439

2 lemma list – volume one

Colloquial (Soha Abboud-Haggar) ................................................................................................ 439–442

Communal Dialects (Keith Walters) .............................................................................................. 442–448

Comoros (Ahmed Chanfi ) ............................................................................................................. 448–451

Compounds (Abdul Sahib Mehdi Ali) ........................................................................................... 451–455

Computational Linguistics (Everhard Ditters) ............................................................................... 455–465

Concessive Clause (Michael Langer) ............................................................................................. 465–467

Conjunctions (Michael Waltisberg) ............................................................................................... 467–470

Connectives (Heléne Kammensjö) ................................................................................................. 470–477

Construct State (Elabbas Benmamoun) ......................................................................................... 477–482

Contrastive Grammar (Utz Maas) ................................................................................................. 482–489

Convergence (Lutz Edzard) ........................................................................................................... 489–495

Coptic (Tonio Sebastian Richter) .................................................................................................. 495–501

Coptic Loanwords (Peter Behnstedt) ............................................................................................. 501–505

Copula (Maher Bahloul) ............................................................................................................... 506–511

Corpus Linguistics (Everhard Ditters and Jan Hoogland) ............................................................. 511–518

Creole Arabic (Jonathan Owens) .................................................................................................. 518–527

Culture and Language (Niloofar Haeri) ........................................................................................ 527–536

Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Alexander Borg) ................................................................................... 536–543

D

Îàd (Kees Versteegh) .................................................................................................................... 544–545

Damascus Arabic (Jérôme Lentin) ................................................................................................. 546–555

Îamìr (Yishai Peled) ..................................................................................................................... 555–559

Declension (Lutz Edzard) .............................................................................................................. 559–564

Defective Verbs (Rainer Voigt) ...................................................................................................... 564–565

Deixis (Mihai Dat) ........................................................................................................................ 565–569

Demonstratives (Ángeles Vicente) ................................................................................................. 569–573

Derivation (Pierre Larcher) ............................................................................................................ 573–579

Determiners (Lina Choueiri) .......................................................................................................... 579–583

Dialect Geography (Peter Behnstedt) ............................................................................................. 583–593

Dialect Koine (Catherine Miller) ................................................................................................... 593–597

Dialect Literature (Humphrey Davies) .......................................................................................... 597–604

Dialects: Classifi cation (Heikki Palva) ........................................................................................... 604–613

Dialects: Genesis (Soha Abboud-Haggar) ...................................................................................... 613–622

Diathesis (Jan Retsö) ..................................................................................................................... 622–626

Îidd (Lidia Bettini) ....................................................................................................................... 626–629

Diglossia (Naima Boussofra-Omar) ............................................................................................... 629–637

Diminutive (Tamar Zewi) ............................................................................................................. 637–640

Diphthongs (Tamás Iványi) ........................................................................................................... 640–643

Diptosis (André Roman) ............................................................................................................... 643–647

Discourse Analysis (Ahmed Fakhri) .............................................................................................. 647–653

Dissimilation (Petr Zemánek) ........................................................................................................ 653–654

Djibouti/Eritrea (Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle) .......................................................................... 654–656

Dysphemism (Mohammed Farghal) .............................................................................................. 656–659

E

East Africa (Abdul Aziz Y. Lodhi) ................................................................................................ 660–666

Educated Arabic (Karin C. Ryding) ............................................................................................... 666–671

lemma list – volume one 3

VOLUME TWO

Eg – Lan

Articles Page numbers

E

Egypt (David Wilmsen and Manfred Woidich) ............................................................................. 1–12

Elative (Alain Girod) ..................................................................................................................... 12–16

Elision (Michael G. Carter) ........................................................................................................... 16–18

Ellipsis (Mustafa Mughazy) ........................................................................................................... 18–21

Enclisis (David Testen) .................................................................................................................. 21–22

Energicus (Tamar Zewi) ................................................................................................................ 22–25

English (Alan S. Kaye) ................................................................................................................... 25–29

English Loanwords (Ahmad Atawneh) .......................................................................................... 29–35

Epenthesis (Samira Farwaneh) ....................................................................................................... 35–39

Epigraphy (Islamic) (Sheila S. Blair) .............................................................................................. 40–50

Ethiopia (Andreas Wetter) ............................................................................................................. 51–56

Ethiopic Loanwords (Stefan Weninger) ......................................................................................... 56–57

Ethnicity and Language (Eirlys E. Davies and Abdelâali Bentahila) ................................................ 58–65

Etymology (Václav Blažek) ............................................................................................................ 65–69

Euphemism (Mohammed Farghal) ................................................................................................ 69–72

Europe (Jan Jaap de Ruiter) .......................................................................................................... 72–79

Exclamation (Daniela Rodica Firanescu) ....................................................................................... 79–81

F

Fà≠il (Hassan Salam Bazzi Hamzé) ................................................................................................ 82–84

Faßì™ (Georgine Ayoub) ................................................................................................................ 84–90

Fi≠l (Hassan Salam Bazzi Hamzé) .................................................................................................. 90–96

First Language Acquisition (Fatima Badry Zalami) ....................................................................... 96–104

First Language Teaching (Kassem M. Wahba) .............................................................................. 104–113

Focus (Sven-Olof Dahlgren) .......................................................................................................... 113–116

Foreigner Talk (Muhammad al-Sharkawi) .................................................................................... 116–122

French Loanwords (Carole Paradis and Darlene LaCharité) ......................................................... 122–131

Fronting (Wafaa ≠Abd al-Fahim Batran Wahba) ............................................................................ 131–136

Frozen Expression (Elizabeth M. Bergman) ................................................................................... 136–137

Fulfulde (Rolf Theil) ...................................................................................................................... 137–142

Functional Grammar (Ahmed Moutaouakil) ................................................................................. 143–150

G

Gahawa-Syndrome (Rudolf de Jong) ............................................................................................. 151–153

Gemination (Samuel Rosenthall) ................................................................................................... 153–155

Gender (Atiqa Hachimi) ................................................................................................................ 155–164

Glide (Abdellah Chekayri) ............................................................................................................. 164–169

Government (Mark S. LeTourneau) .............................................................................................. 169–175

Grammatical Tradition: Approach (Jean-Patrick Guillaume) ........................................................ 175–182

Grammatical Tradition: History (Michael G. Carter) .................................................................... 182–191

Grammaticalization (Mohssen Esseesy) ......................................................................................... 191–198

Greek Loanwords (Dimitri Gutas) ................................................................................................ 198–202

Greetings (Nagwa Elzeiny) ............................................................................................................ 202–207

Grounding (Esam N. Khalil) ......................................................................................................... 207–210

Gulf States (Clive Holes) ............................................................................................................... 210–216

Gypsy Arabic (Yaron Matras) ....................................................................................................... 216–222

4 lemma list – volume two

H

£a≈f (Jacques Grand’Henry) ......................................................................................................... 223

£àl (Monique Bernards) ............................................................................................................... 224–228

Hamza (Andries W. Coetzee) ........................................................................................................ 228–232

£araka (Kees Versteegh) ............................................................................................................... 232–236

£arf (Samvel Karabekyan and Marat Yavrumyan) ....................................................................... 236–239

£assàniyya Arabic (Catherine Taine-Cheikh) ................................................................................ 240–250

Hausa (Al-Amin Abu-Manga) ....................................................................................................... 250–256

£imyaritic (Christian Julien Robin) .............................................................................................. 256–261

History of Arabic (Ignacio Ferrando) ............................................................................................ 261–268

Horn of Africa (Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle) ........................................................................... 268–275

Hypercorrection (Benjamin Hary) ................................................................................................. 275–279

I

±Ibdàl (Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila) .................................................................................................... 280–281

Ibero-Romance (Reinhard Kiesler) ................................................................................................ 281–286

Ibero-Romance Loanwords (Federico Corriente) ........................................................................... 287–290

Ibtidà± (Choukri Iraqi Houssaini) .................................................................................................. 290–293

±I∂àfa (Karin C. Ryding and Kees Versteegh) ................................................................................ 294–298

±Idÿàm (Janusz Danecki) ................................................................................................................ 298–300

±I∂màr (Michael C. Carter and Kees Versteegh) ............................................................................ 300–302

±I≠jàz (Sophia Vasalou) ................................................................................................................... 302–307

±Ilÿà± (Kees Versteegh) .................................................................................................................... 307–308

≠Illa (Kees Versteegh) ..................................................................................................................... 308–311

±Imàla (Aryeh Levin) ...................................................................................................................... 311–315

Impersonal Verb (Alain Girod) ..................................................................................................... 315–318

Implicational Scale (Maik Gibson) ................................................................................................ 318–325

India (Tahera Qutbuddin) ............................................................................................................. 325–331

Indirect Speech (Madiha Doss) ...................................................................................................... 331–333

Indonesia (Karel Steenbrink) ......................................................................................................... 333–339

Indonesian/Malay (Stuart Campbell) ............................................................................................. 340–345

Infl ection (Djamel Eddine Kouloughli) .......................................................................................... 345–354

±Inna wa-±axawàtuhà (Kees Versteegh) .......................................................................................... 354–358

±Inšà± (Pierre Larcher) .................................................................................................................... 358–361

Insults (Evelyne Larguèche) ........................................................................................................... 361–365

Interface Linguistics (Peter Hallman) ............................................................................................. 365–372

Interference (David Wilmsen) ........................................................................................................ 373–378

Interjection (Herbert Eisenstein) .................................................................................................... 378–380

Internet (Waheed Samy) ................................................................................................................ 380–387

Interrogative Pronoun (Kees Versteegh) ........................................................................................ 387–389

Interrogative Sentences (Moha Ennaji) .......................................................................................... 389–395

Intonation (Dana Chahal) ............................................................................................................. 395–401

±I≠ràb (Kinga Dévényi) .................................................................................................................... 401–406

Iran (Éva M. Jeremiás) .................................................................................................................. 406–414

Iraq (Otto O. Jastrow) .................................................................................................................. 414–424

Ism (Monique Bernards) ................................................................................................................ 424–429

Ism al-fà≠il (Michael G. Carter) ..................................................................................................... 429–432

Ism al-fi ≠l (Aryeh Levin) ................................................................................................................. 432–434

±Isnàd (Kees Versteegh) .................................................................................................................. 434–437

Israel (Muhammad Hasan Amara) ................................................................................................ 437–441

Isti≠àra (Udo Simon) ...................................................................................................................... 441–447

Ištiqàq (Abdellah Chekayri) .......................................................................................................... 447–451

lemma list – volume two 5

Istiμnà± (Monique Bernards) ........................................................................................................... 451–454

Italian (Guido Cifoletti) ................................................................................................................. 454–456

Italian Loanwords (Guido Cifoletti) .............................................................................................. 456–459

±I†bàq (Muhammad Hasan Bakalla) .............................................................................................. 459–461

Ivrit (Aharon Geva-Kleinberger) .................................................................................................... 461–464

Ivrit Loanwords (Muhammad Hasan Amara) ............................................................................... 464–467

J

Jargon (Elizabeth M. Bergman) ..................................................................................................... 468–472

Javanese (Rochayah Machali) ....................................................................................................... 472–477

Jazà± (Kinga Dévényi) .................................................................................................................... 477–481

Jerusalem Arabic (Judith Rosenhouse) .......................................................................................... 481–493

Jìm (Andrzej Zaborski) ................................................................................................................. 494–496

Jinàs (Lidia Bettini) ....................................................................................................................... 496–498

Jordan (Mohammed Sawaie) ......................................................................................................... 498–505

Jordanian Arabic (Amman) (Enam Al-Wer) .................................................................................. 505–517

Juba Arabic (Catherine Miller) ...................................................................................................... 517–525

Judaeo-Arabic (Geoffrey Khan) ..................................................................................................... 526–536

Jumla (Tamás Iványi) .................................................................................................................... 536–540

K

Kalàm (Tamás Iványi) ................................................................................................................... 541–545

Kalima (Aryeh Levin) .................................................................................................................... 545–548

Kàna wa-±axawàtuhà (Aryeh Levin) .............................................................................................. 548–552

Kanuri (Sergio Baldi) ..................................................................................................................... 552–555

Kaškaša and Kaskasa (Munira Ali Al-Azraqi) ............................................................................... 555–557

Kazakh (Rob Ermers) .................................................................................................................... 557–559

Khartoum Arabic (James Dickins) ................................................................................................. 559–571

Khuzestan Arabic (Bruce Ingham) ................................................................................................. 571–578

Kinàya (Joseph Dichy) ................................................................................................................... 578–583

Kinship Terms (Mohammed Farghal) ........................................................................................... 583–588

Ki-Nubi (Ineke Wellens) ................................................................................................................ 588–597

Kufi c (Sheila S. Blair) .................................................................................................................... 597–603

Kurdish (Michael Chyet) ............................................................................................................... 604–608

Kuwaiti Arabic (Clive Holes) ........................................................................................................ 608–620

L

Labiovelarization (Dominique Caubet) ......................................................................................... 621–623

LafÚ (Djamel Eddine Kouloughli) ................................................................................................. 623–628

La™n (Georgine Ayoub) ................................................................................................................. 628–634

Language Academies (Mohammed Sawaie) ................................................................................... 634–642

Language and Gender (Fatima Sadiqi) .......................................................................................... 642–650

Language Attitudes (Keith Walters) .............................................................................................. 650–664

Language Contact (Sarah G. Thomason) ...................................................................................... 664–674

Language Impairment (Mohammad T. Alhawary) ........................................................................ 674–681

Language Loss (Abderrahman El Aissati) ...................................................................................... 681–687

Language Pathology (Sabah M.Z. Safi ) ......................................................................................... 687–694

Language Policies and Language Planning (Kassim Shaaban) ....................................................... 694–707

Language Shift: Amazigh (Yamina El Kirat El Allame) ................................................................. 707–716

6 lemma list – volume two

VOLUME THREE

Lat – Pu

Articles Page numbers

L

Latin America (Ernesto Capello) ................................................................................................... 1–6

Latin Loanwords (Irfan Shahîd) .................................................................................................... 6–8

Leveling (Reem Bassiouney) .......................................................................................................... 8–13

Lexical Variation: Modern Standard Arabic (Zeinab Ibrahim) ..................................................... 13–21

Lexicography: Bilingual Dictionaries (Jan Hoogland) ................................................................... 21–30

Lexicography: Classical Arabic (Tilman Seidensticker) ................................................................. 30–37

Lexicography: Monolingual Dictionaries (Ahmed Taher Hassanein) ............................................ 37–45

Lexicon: Matrix and Etymon Model (Georges Bohas and Mihai Dat) .......................................... 45–52

Libya (Christophe Pereira) ............................................................................................................ 52–58

Lingua Franca (Catherine Miller) .................................................................................................. 58–64

Linguistics and Arabic (Bernard Comrie) ...................................................................................... 64–71

Lisàn (Ahmad Taher Hassanein) ................................................................................................... 71–74

Literacy (Mohamed Maamouri) .................................................................................................... 74–80

Locatives (Mushira Eid) ................................................................................................................ 80–88

Luÿa (Tamás Iványi) ..................................................................................................................... 88–95

M

Mà∂ì and Mu∂àri≠ (Michael G. Carter) ......................................................................................... 96–100

Maf≠ùl (Zeinab Ahmed Taha) ........................................................................................................ 100–106

Maf≠ùl fìhi (Kees Versteegh) .......................................................................................................... 106–110

Maÿribì (Adam Gacek) ................................................................................................................. 110–113

Ma™mùl (Miklós Maróth) ............................................................................................................. 113–116

Majàz (Udo Simon) ....................................................................................................................... 116–123

Majhùra/Mahmùsa (Janusz Danecki) ............................................................................................ 123–125

Malagasy (Narivelo Rajaonarimanana) ......................................................................................... 125–128

Malayalam (R.E. Asher and M.N. Karassery) ............................................................................... 128–135

Mali (Dinie Bouwman) .................................................................................................................. 135–141

Malta (Joseph M. Brincat) ............................................................................................................ 141–145

Maltese (Manwel Mifsud) ............................................................................................................. 146–159

Ma≠nà (Djamel Eddine Kouloughli) ............................................................................................... 159–164

Maßdar (Everhard Ditters) ............................................................................................................ 164–169

Mauritania (Catherine Taine-Cheikh) ........................................................................................... 169–176

Maw∂ù≠ (Miklós Maróth) ............................................................................................................. 176–178

Meccan Arabic (Mahasen Hasan Abu-Mansour) .......................................................................... 179–187

Mechanisms of Linguistic Change (Reinhard Stempel) .................................................................. 187–192

Media (Ragia M. Effat) ................................................................................................................. 192–199

Media Arabic (Ragia M. Effat and Kees Versteegh) ...................................................................... 199–204

Metathesis (Elizabeth Hume) ........................................................................................................ 204–207

Meter (Dmitry Frolov) .................................................................................................................. 207–215

Middle Arabic (Jérôme Lentin) ..................................................................................................... 215–224

Middle Verbs (Zouhair Maalej) .................................................................................................... 224–227

Mimation (Michael P. Streck) ....................................................................................................... 227–228

Minimalism (Joost Kremers) ......................................................................................................... 228–233

Modal Verbs (Daniela Rodica Firanescu) ...................................................................................... 233–238

Modern Standard Arabic (Ernest N. McCarus) ............................................................................. 238–262

lemma list – volume three 7

Mood (Standard Arabic) (Robert Fradkin) .................................................................................... 269–273

Moroccan Arabic (Dominique Caubet) ......................................................................................... 273–287

Morocco (Jorge Aguadé) ............................................................................................................... 287–297

Morphology (John J. McCarthy) ................................................................................................... 297–307

Mu™aqqaq (Adam Gacek) ............................................................................................................. 307–311

Multilingualism (Abdelali Bentahila and Eirlys E. Davies) ............................................................ 311–320

Muštarak (Lidia Bettini) ................................................................................................................ 320–323

Mutaràdif (Lidia Bettini) ............................................................................................................... 323–325

N

Najdi Arabic (Bruce Ingham) ........................................................................................................ 326–334

Nasalization (Muhammad Hasan Bakalla) .................................................................................... 334–336

Nasta≠lìq (Adam Gacek) ................................................................................................................ 336–339

Nasx (Adam Gacek) ...................................................................................................................... 339–343

Nationalism and Language (Elie Kallas) ........................................................................................ 343–353

Nawàsix (Nadia Anghelescu) ........................................................................................................ 353–354

Negation (Jamal Ouhalla) ............................................................................................................. 355–360

Negev Arabic (Roni Henkin) ......................................................................................................... 360–369

Neo-Aramaic (Werner Arnold) ...................................................................................................... 370–373

Nigeria (≠AbdulFattah Olayiwola) ................................................................................................. 373–377

Nisba (Jean N. Druel and René-Vincent du Grandlaunay) ............................................................ 377–381

Nominal Clauses (Frederick Hoyt) ................................................................................................ 381–388

Nominalization (Mustafa Mughazy) ............................................................................................. 388–394

North America (R. Kirk Belnap) ................................................................................................... 394–400

Northwest Arabian Arabic (Heikki Palva) .................................................................................... 400–408

Northwest Semitic Languages (Rebecca Hasselbach and John Huehnergard) ............................... 408–422

Noun (Lutz Edzard) ...................................................................................................................... 422–428

Noun Phrase (Frederick Hoyt) ...................................................................................................... 428–434

Nubian (Angelika Jakobi) ............................................................................................................. 435–439

Number (Robert R. Ratcliffe) ....................................................................................................... 439–447

Numerals (Catherine Taine-Cheikh) .............................................................................................. 447–453

Nunation (Franz-Christoph Muth) ................................................................................................ 453–454

O

Object, Absolute (Moheiddin Ali Homeidi) .................................................................................. 455–461

Obligatory Contour Principle (Samuel Rosenthall) ....................................................................... 461–464

Old Arabic (Epigraphic) (Michael C.A. Macdonald) ..................................................................... 464–477

Omani Arabic (Clive Holes) .......................................................................................................... 478–491

Optimality Theory (Lutz Edzard) .................................................................................................. 491–499

Orality (Elizabeth M. Bergman) .................................................................................................... 499–501

Ottoman Empire (Gottfried Hagen) .............................................................................................. 501–505

P

Pakistan (Tariq Rahman) .............................................................................................................. 506–512

Palaeography (Petra M. Sijpesteijn) ............................................................................................... 513–524

Palatalization (Chakir Zeroual) ..................................................................................................... 524–526

Palestinian Arabic (Kimary N. Shahin) .......................................................................................... 526–538

Paronomasia (Avihai Shivtiel) ....................................................................................................... 538–541

Participle (Jonathan Owens and Marat Yavrumyan) ..................................................................... 541–546

Parts of Speech (Michael G. Carter) .............................................................................................. 546–552

Passive (Vít Bubeník) ..................................................................................................................... 552–558

Passive (Syntax) (Amira Agameya) ................................................................................................ 558–564

Pausal Forms (Robert D. Hoberman) ............................................................................................ 564–570

8 lemma list – volume three

Performatives (Mustafa Mughazy) ................................................................................................ 570–573

Persian (John R. Perry) .................................................................................................................. 573–580

Persian Loanwords (Asya Asbaghi) ............................................................................................... 580–584

Personal Pronoun (Arabic Dialects) (Ángeles Vicente) ................................................................... 584–588

Personal Pronoun (Standard Arabic) (David L. Appleyard) ........................................................... 588–593

Phonetics (Salman H. Al-Ani) ....................................................................................................... 593–603

Phonological Merger (Enam Al-Wer) ............................................................................................ 603–605

Phonological Split (Enam Al-Wer) ................................................................................................ 605–607

Phonology (Ellen Broselow) .......................................................................................................... 607–615

Phonology: Metrical (Bruno Paoli) ................................................................................................ 615–623

Phonotactics (Stefan A. Frisch) ...................................................................................................... 624–628

Phraseology (Avihai Shivtiel) ......................................................................................................... 628–634

Pidgin Arabic: Bongor Arabic (Xavier Luffi n) ............................................................................... 634–639

Pidginization (Mauro Tosco) ......................................................................................................... 639–644

Poetic Koine (Kees Versteegh) ....................................................................................................... 644–647

Poetic License (Geert Jan van Gelder) ........................................................................................... 647–652

Polarity (Frederick M. Hoyt) ......................................................................................................... 652–658

Politeness (Avihai Shivtiel) ............................................................................................................ 658–663

Political Discourse and Language (Nathalie Mazraani) ................................................................. 663–671

Possession (Samia Naïm) ............................................................................................................... 671–676

Pragmatics (Mustafa Mughazy) ..................................................................................................... 676–683

Predicate (Frederick M. Hoyt) ....................................................................................................... 683–689

Pre-Islamic Arabic (Muhammad Al-Sharkawi) .............................................................................. 689–699

Prepositions (Stephan Procházka) .................................................................................................. 699–703

Presentatives (Geoffrey Khan) ....................................................................................................... 703–705

Pro-Drop (Mushira Eid) ................................................................................................................ 705–713

Pronominalization (Ahmed-Sokarno Abdel-Hafi z) ........................................................................ 713–717

Proper Names (Franz-Christoph Muth) ........................................................................................ 717–724

Prosody (Thami Benkirane) ........................................................................................................... 724–728

Prothetic Vowel (Munther A. Younes) .......................................................................................... 728–730

Proverb (Avihai Shivtiel) ............................................................................................................... 730–736

Pseudodual (Kerstin Eksell) ........................................................................................................... 736–739

Pseudoverb (Bernard Comrie) ....................................................................................................... 739–740

Punctuation (Siamak Rezaei) ......................................................................................................... 740–742

lemma list – volume three 9

VOLUME FOUR

Q – Y

Articles Page numbers

Q

Qàf (Lutz Edzard) ......................................................................................................................... 1–3

Qirà±àt (Mustafa Shah) .................................................................................................................. 4–11

Qiyàs (Miklós Maróth) ................................................................................................................. 11–14

Quantifi er (Peter Hallman) ............................................................................................................ 14–20

Qur±àn (Muhammad Abdel Haleem) ............................................................................................. 21–31

R

Rajaz (Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila) .................................................................................................... 32–37

Reanalysis (Mohssen Esseesy) ....................................................................................................... 37–43

Reciprocals (Joost Kremers) .......................................................................................................... 43–45

Redundancy (Ali Farghaly) ............................................................................................................ 45–50

Reduplication (Dina El Zarka) ...................................................................................................... 50–53

Refl exives (Joost Kremers) ............................................................................................................. 53–57

Register (Reem Bassiouney) ........................................................................................................... 57–60

Relative Clause (Mustafa Mughazy) ............................................................................................. 60–70

Relative Pronoun (Arabic Dialects) (Ángeles Vicente) ................................................................... 70–72

Religion and Language (Stefan Reichmuth) ................................................................................... 72–80

Resumption (Joseph Aoun) ........................................................................................................... 80–85

Rhyme (Soheir G. Mahfouz) ......................................................................................................... 86–92

Root (Petr Zemánek) ..................................................................................................................... 93–98

Ruq≠a (Adam Gacek) ..................................................................................................................... 98–100

S

Sabab (Michael G. Carter) ............................................................................................................ 101–102

Saj≠ (Gert Borg) ............................................................................................................................. 103–106

Ían≠ànì Arabic (Janet Watson) ....................................................................................................... 106–115

Sandhi (Robert D. Hoberman) ...................................................................................................... 115–118

Íarf (Joyce Åkesson) ...................................................................................................................... 118–122

Saudi Arabia (Bruce Ingham) ........................................................................................................ 123–130

Script and Art (Adam Gacek) ........................................................................................................ 130–138

Second Language Acquisition (Mohammad T. Alhawary) ............................................................ 138–146

Second Language Teaching (Helle Lykke Nielsen) ........................................................................ 146–156

Secret Languages (Abderrahim Youssi) ......................................................................................... 156–160

Semantic Bleaching (Mohssen Esseesy) .......................................................................................... 160–164

Semantic Extension (Mohssen Esseesy) ......................................................................................... 164–169

Semitic Languages (Rainer Voigt) ................................................................................................. 170–179

Senegal (Fiona McLaughlin) .......................................................................................................... 179–185

Sentence (Moha Ennaji) ................................................................................................................ 185–191

Sentence Coordination (Heidi Lorimor) ........................................................................................ 191–195

Serial Verbs (Kees Versteegh) ........................................................................................................ 195–199

Ši≠r (Kamal Abu Deeb) .................................................................................................................. 199–214

Sicily (Alex Metcalfe) .................................................................................................................... 215–219

Íifa (Kees Versteegh) ..................................................................................................................... 219–222

Sign Languages (Bernadet Hendriks and Ulrike Zeshan) ............................................................... 222–235

Íila (Kees Versteegh) ..................................................................................................................... 235–237

Sinai Arabic (Rudolf de Jong) ....................................................................................................... 237–251

10 lemma list – volume four

Slang (John Eisele) ......................................................................................................................... 251–259

Slavonic Languages (Václav Blažek) .............................................................................................. 259–267

Slips of the Tongue (Sabah M.Z. Safi ) ........................................................................................... 267–272

Somali (Andrzej Zaborski) ............................................................................................................ 272–275

Somalia (Mohamed Haji Mukhtar) ............................................................................................... 275–278

Songhay (Sergio Baldi) .................................................................................................................. 279–282

Sound Symbolism (Kees Versteegh) ............................................................................................... 282–290

South Africa (Iris Hoedemaekers and Kees Versteegh) .................................................................. 290–295

South Arabian Loanwords (Martin R. Zammitt) ......................................................................... 295–297

South Arabian, Modern (Antoine Lonnet) .................................................................................... 297–300

South Semitic Languages (Anna Gr. Belova) ................................................................................. 300–315

Specifi city (Frederick M. Hoyt) ..................................................................................................... 315–320

Speech Accommodation (Sonia Shiri) ............................................................................................ 320–328

Speech Acts (Daniela Rodica Firanescu) ........................................................................................ 328–334

Speech Errors (Stefan A. Frisch) .................................................................................................... 334–338

Stem (Adamantios I. Gafos) .......................................................................................................... 338–344

Stress (René Kager) ....................................................................................................................... 344–353

Subject (Amira Agameya) .............................................................................................................. 354–359

Subordination (Mark S. LeTourneau) ........................................................................................... 360–367

Substrate (Wouter Kusters) ........................................................................................................... 367–375

Sudan (Al-Amin Abu-Manga) ....................................................................................................... 375–381

Swahili (Sergio Baldi) .................................................................................................................... 381–387

Syllable Structure (Maher Jesry) .................................................................................................... 387–389

Syncope (David Teeple) ................................................................................................................. 389–391

Syntax (Elabbas Benmamoun) ....................................................................................................... 391–402

Syria (Peter Behnstedt) .................................................................................................................. 402–409

T

Ta≠addin (Zeinab Taha) ................................................................................................................ 410–416

Taboo (Avihai Shivtiel) ................................................................................................................. 416–421

Tafxìm (Muhammad Hasan Bakalla) ............................................................................................ 421–424

Tajik (John R. Perry) ..................................................................................................................... 424–425

Tajwìd (Kristina Nelson) ............................................................................................................... 425–428

Ta≠lìq (Valeriy Rybalkin) ............................................................................................................... 428–430

Taltala (Jacques Grand’Henry) ...................................................................................................... 430–431

Tamakkun (Janusz Danecki) ......................................................................................................... 431–433

Tamil (Torsten Tschacher) ............................................................................................................ 433–436

Tamyìz (Ramzi Baalbaki) .............................................................................................................. 436–437

Tanàzu≠ (Wafaa Batran Wahba) .................................................................................................... 437–442

Tanwìn (Georgine Ayoub) ............................................................................................................. 442–446

Taqdìr (Kees Versteegh) ................................................................................................................ 446–449

Tatar (Suzanne Wertheim) ............................................................................................................ 450–451

Telugu (V. Swarajya Lakshmi) ...................................................................................................... 452–454

Tense (Uri Horesh) ........................................................................................................................ 454–458

Terminology (Xavier Lelubre and Joseph Dichy) .......................................................................... 458–466

Terms of Address (Dilworth B. Parkinson) ................................................................................... 466–471

Textlinguistics (Said Faiq) ............................................................................................................. 471–476

Thai (Anthony Diller and Wilaiwan Khanittanan) ........................................................................ 476–477

Thamudic (Ernst Axel Knauf) ....................................................................................................... 477–483

Theme/Rheme (Nadia Anghelescu) ................................................................................................ 484–487

Theta Roles (Mark S. LeTourneau) ............................................................................................... 487–494

Topic and Comment (James Dickins) ............................................................................................ 494–501

Topicalization (Sven-Olov Dahlgren) ............................................................................................ 501–508

lemma list – volume four 11

Toponyms (Stefan Wild) ............................................................................................................... 508–515

Transcription (Philipp Reichmuth) ................................................................................................ 515–520

Transformational Grammar (Ferid Chekili) .................................................................................. 520–528

Transitivity (James Dickins and Janet C.E. Watson) ..................................................................... 528–535

Transitivity: Object (Usama Soltan) .............................................................................................. 535–542

Translation Literature (Uwe Vagelpohl) ........................................................................................ 542–548

Tripoli Arabic (Christophe Pereira) ............................................................................................... 548–556

Truncation (Lutz Edzard) .............................................................................................................. 557–559

Âuluμ (Adam Gacek) ..................................................................................................................... 560–562

Tunis Arabic (Maik Gibson) ......................................................................................................... 563–571

Tunisia (Taïeb Baccouche) ............................................................................................................ 571–577

Turkey (Joan Smith Kocamahhul) ................................................................................................. 577–583

Turkish (Mark Kirchner) ............................................................................................................... 583–589

Turkish Loanwords (Stephan Procházka) ...................................................................................... 589–594

U

Urdu/Hindustani (Alain Désoulières) ............................................................................................. 595–603

Uyghur (Hans Nugteren) ............................................................................................................... 603–608

Uzbek (Hans Nugteren) ................................................................................................................. 608–612

Uzbekistan Arabic (Gerit Zimmermann) ....................................................................................... 612–623

V

Valency (Zouhair Maalej) ............................................................................................................. 624–627

Variation (Enam Al-Wer) .............................................................................................................. 627–636

Velarization (Stuart Davis) ............................................................................................................ 636–638

Verb (Pierre Larcher) ..................................................................................................................... 638–645

Verb Phrase (Frederick M. Hoyt) .................................................................................................. 646–652

Verbal Clause (Frederick M. Hoyt) ............................................................................................... 653–659

Verbal Noun (Judith Rosenhouse) ................................................................................................ 659–665

Voice (Phonetics) (Chakir Zeroual) ............................................................................................... 665–669

Vowel Backing (Melissa Barkat) ................................................................................................... 669–674

Vowel Elision (Thami Benkirane) .................................................................................................. 674–676

Vowel Harmony (Philip J. Monahan) ........................................................................................... 676–677

Vowel Raising (Melissa Barkat) .................................................................................................... 678–682

Vowel Reduction (Thami Benkirane) ............................................................................................ 682–683

W

Wa∂≠ al-Luÿa (Bernard Weiss) ....................................................................................................... 684–687

Wàdì £a∂ramawt Arabic (Abdullah Hassan Al-Saqqaf) ............................................................... 687–699

Weak Verbs (Rainer Voigt) ........................................................................................................... 699–708

West Sudanic Arabic (Jonathan Owens and Jidda Hassan) ........................................................... 708–718

WH-Movement (Lina Choueiri) .................................................................................................... 718–722

Wolof (Fallou Ngom) .................................................................................................................... 723–725

Word Order (Sven-Olov Dahlgren) ............................................................................................... 725–736

X

Xabar (Yishai Peled) ..................................................................................................................... 737–740

X-Bar Syntax (Mark S. LeTourneau) ............................................................................................ 741–749

Y

Yemen (Martine Vanhove) ............................................................................................................ 750–758

Yoruba (Isaac A. Ogunbiyi) .......................................................................................................... 758–763

Youth Speech (Ahmad Taher Hassanein) ...................................................................................... 764–767

12 lemma list – volume four