1NC Mokhemar-Quan vs. Depriest-Xiao

8/9/2019 1NC Mokhemar-Quan vs. Depriest-Xiao

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1NC Drexciyans


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TA. Interpretation:

Exploration is systematic discovery of all aspects of theocean

National Academies 9 National Academies National Academy ofSciences, National Academy of Engineering,Institute of Medicine, and NationalResearch Council 2009 cean E!"loration #ighlights of National AcademiesRe"orts htt"$%%dels&nas&edu%resources%static'assets%os(%miscellaneous%e!"loration)*nal&"df+hat Is cean E!"loration As de*ned (y the -resident.s -anel on ceanE!"loration /National ceanic and Atmos"heric Administration, 2000, oceane!"loration is disco1ery through disci"lined, di1erse o(ser1ations and recordings of*ndings& It includes rigorous, systematic o(ser1ations and documentation of(iological, chemical, "hysical, geological, and archeological as"ects of the ocean i nthe three dimensions of s"ace and in time&

B.iolation: The a! is not literal exploration of the "ceanC. #tandards

imits$ limits 3ey to an e4ual de(ate, 5ithout them 5e can.t "re"are or research forde(ate, ma3ing it "retty much im"ossi(le to 5in on the neg and controls the negresearch (urden

6round$ all non'to"ical ground is neg ground 5e need for lin3s and arguments, theyta3e that from us& 7e1elo"ment is hard to 8udge, (ut su(8ecti1ity is ine1ita(le andit.s (etter to ma3e a determination a(out 5hat the 5ord means than to allo5 anendless "roliferation of As&

D.T is a voter $eca%se it&s necessary for 'ood( )ell*

prepared de$atin'


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C+Advocacy: "cean Exploration sho%ld $e increased via anenco%nter )ith Drexiyans

The A,rmative-s %se of the #/0 limits the ima'inaryisaas2e3 14 /:Race in Science ;iction$ as?e3 is-rofessor and 7irector of @ndergraduate Studies in the School of iterature, Media,and Communication at 6eorgia


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sin' the #/0 as an actor )ill only repeat the anti*$lac3str%ct%re of society7a1id 6yons 78/Correcti1e Bustice, E4ual ""ortunity, and the egacy of Sla1eryand Bim Cro5 , JG oston @ni1ersity a5 Re1ie5 KL'KG0G, KL' KLJ, KLJO'KL9/7ecem(er, 200G /KO ;ootnotes mitted


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The Aff has failed in their goal of providing an accurate and effective genealogy of the

Middle Passage, and modern political antagonisms. The figure of the Black in American

civil society is one of a countless series of stand-ins for the Animal, contingently reduced to

something less than humanity in order to ustify violence. The very idea of the !e"posure togratuitous violence# is the $asic condition of the Animal in modern society and makes the

%orld fundamentally unethical and endless massacres inevita$le

&an$omatsu (associate professor of philosophy at Worchester Polytechnic) ''(Jon, Introduction to Critical Theory and Animal Liberation, pg !"#!$)

This epistemeto borro% &oucaults term, hassubtended and conditioned the %hole of

ci'iliation from its beginning, pro'iding the 'ery basis of positi'e human culture &or

centuries, our sciences and systems of no%ledge ha'e conspired to di'ide sentient life,conscious being#in#the#%orld, into t%o neat, mutually e*clusi'e, and utterly fraudulent

hal'es+the human 'ersus the rest other, %e end up disa'o%ing our o%n humanity (itself, afterall, a form of animality) embracing a machine ci'iliation based in death#fetishism -o% is it possible

.eich %ondered, that /man0 does not see the damages (psychic illnesses, biopathies, sadism, and %ars)to his health, culture, and mind that 1$ are caused by this biologic renunciation2 It is striing that .eich,

Adorno, and -orheimer, all of %hom %ere per# sonally forced to flee 3ermany by -itler, had no 4ualms

about comparing the human treatment of animals to the treatment of Je%s and other enemies of the

156Third .eich under fascism After the %ar, Adorno famously %rote that Ausch%it begins

%here'er someone loos at a slaughterhouse and thins7 they8re only animals , a once#obscure 4uote that recently has been gi'en ne% 9life by animal rights acti'ists and sympathetic scholars

In fact, pointed com# parisons of our treatment of other animals to the :ais8 treatment of the Je%s andothers in the -olocaust are peppered throughout Adorno8s %or, some# times sho%ing up in the most

une*pected places (including a study of ;eetho'en8s music) As ect, degraded, and hence %orthy of

e*termination The animal, thus, rests at the intersection of race and caste systems And no%here isthe lin bet%een the human and nonhuman caste systems clearer than in fascist ideology, for no otherdiscourse so completely authories absolute 'iolence against the %ea, In our o%n contemporary society

too, Johnson emphasies, %e find daily life and meaning based on elaborate rituals in# tended to eep us

from acno%ledging the 'iolence %e do to subordinate classes of beings, abo'e all the animals ?onumerous in fact are the parallels+semiotic, ideological, psychological, historical, cultural, technical,


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and so forth+bet%een the :ais8 e*termination of the Je%s and .oma and the routinied mass murder of

nonhuman beings, that Charles Pattersons recent boo on the sub>ect, ternal Trehlina7 Eur Treatment of

Animals and the -olocaust, despite its strengths, only manages to scratch the surface of a topic %hose

true dimensions ha'e yet to be fathomed In the ideological mechanisms used to legitimate illing, in thebad faith of the human beings %ho collude %ith the illing through indifference or ignorance of the

facts, abo'e all in the technologies of organied mur# der+practices of confinement and control, modes

of legitimation and decep# tion, methods of elimination (gassing, shooting, clubbing, burning, 'i'isect#

ing, and so on)+the mass illing of animals today cannot but recall the :ai li4uidation of uropeanJe%ry and .oma The late Jac4ues Derrida obser'ed that there are also animal genocides he %rote %ith

uncharacteristic moral sobriety7 /T0he annihilation of certain species is indeed in progress, but it is

occurring through the organiation and e*ploitation of an artificial, infernal, 'irtually in# terminable

sur'i'al, in conditions that pre'ious generations %ould ha'e >udged monstrous, outside of e'ery supposednorm of a life proper to animals that are thus e*terminated by means of their continued e*istence or e'en

o'erpopulation As if, for e*ample, instead of thro%ing people into o'ens or gas chambers (lets say

:ais) doctors and geneticists had decided to organie the o'erproduction and o'ergeneration of Je%s,

gypsies, and homose*uals by means of artificial in# semination, so that, being more numerous and betterfed, they could be destined in al%ays increasing numbers for the same hell, that of the imposition of

genetic e*perimentation or e*termination by gas or fire What %ould it mean for us to come to

terms %ith the no%ledge that ci'iliation, our %hole mode of de'elopment and culture, has

been premised and built upon e*termination+on a history e*perienced as terror %ithout end(to borro% a phrase from Adorno)2To d%ell %ith such a thought %ould be to thro% into

almost unbearable relief the distance bet%een our narrati'es of inherent human dignityand grace and moral superiority, on one side, and the most elemental facts of our actual

social e*istence,on the other We congratulate oursel'es for our social prog# ress+fordemocratic go'ernance and state#protected ci'il and human rights (ho%e'er notional or incompletely

defended)+yet continue to ensla'e and ill millions of sensiti'e creatures%ho in manybiological, hence emotional and cogniti'e, particulars resemble us To truly meditate on such a

contradiction is to comprehend our self#understanding to be not merely fla%ed, but to be al# most

comically delusional Immanuel =ant dreamed of a moral order in %hich %e %ould all participate as

e4uals in a ingdom of ends ;ut it is time to as %hether morality as such is e'en possible

under conditions of uni'ersal bad faith and hidden slaughter, in the same %ay that %e might

as %hether acts of pri'ate morality under :ational ?ocialism %ere not compromised or diminished bythe larger conte*t in %hich they occurred When atrocity becomes the 'ery basis of society,does society not forfeit its right to call itself moral2 In F the nineteenth century, the animal%elfare ad'ocate d%ardecting a stranger of their o%n species in an ad>acent tan or cage to

painful electrical shocs2 And %hat does it tell us about the 'aunted moral superiority of hu# manind

that %hile the rat, the octopus, the money %ill forgo food to a'oid harming another, the humanresearcher %ill persist in tormenting his capti'e, until he or she collapses in con'ulsions and dies2 Do

such tests, designed to detect the presence of empathy in other species, only demonstrate the paucity of

empathy in our o%n2 Abo'e all, it is the e*istential 4uestion that haunts7 Who, or rather %hat,are %e2

(efuse the choice of the affirmative ) *nly an a$solute refusal to move the lines of violence

can prevent the li+uidation of life


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Pugliese (an Associate Professor of Cultural ?tudies at


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effecti'ely displaces the hierarchy by disclosing the conceptual aporias that dri'e it The challenge is

to proceed to inhabit the hiatus, to run the ris of li'ing the Kemptiness of an atopical

locus that is neither animal nor human This non#foundational locus is the space thatAgamben designates as Kthe open, mared by the Kreciprocal suspension of the t%o

terms /humananimal0, something for %hich %e perhaps ha'e no name and %hich is

neither animal nor /hu0man /and that0 settles in bet%een nature and humanity Critically,the reciprocal suspension articulates Kthe play bet%een the t%o terms, their immediate constellation in anon#coincidence1$ In naming their constellation in a non#coincidence, Agamben enunciates the

possibility of a Le'inasian ethics that refuses the anthropocentric assimilation of the Etheranimalnature

into the imperialism of the ?amehuman The urgent necessity of instigating the mo'e to render

inoperati'e this anthropocentric regime is not incidental to the 'iolent biopolitical operations of the stateEn the contrary, state 'iolence is 'iru# lently animated by the logic of the biopolitical caesura and its

Kanthropological machine O %hich Kproduce/s0 the human through the suspension and capture of the

inhuman15 The anthropocentrism that dri'es this biopolitical regime ensures that%hate'er is designated as non#human#animal life continues to be branded not only as

e*pendable and as legitimately ensla'eable but as the 4uintessential Kunsa'able figure of

life1@ The aporetic force that dri'es this regime is e*posed %ith per'erse irony in one of the entries ofthe al#Rahtani interrogation log, %hich documents an interrogator reading to the detainee in the course of

his torture session t%o 4uotes from the boo What


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radical e1il necessarily fails& A grandiose narrati1e scaled do5n to the life of anindi1idual 4uic3ly (ecomes "ro(lematic 5hen inPated to the si?e of a society orci1ili?ation, ho5e1er, it (ecomes a thing of truly a5esome "o5er, ta3ing on thea""earance of a Dsecond nature&D n the indi1idual le1el, the dee" irrationality andim"ractical nature of radical e1ils egoism come to the fore almost immediately,5hereas on a cultural le1el this sort of s"ecies'narrati1e has (een a(le to "ersist and

de1elo" in a 5ay that o(scures and lea1es latent these issues& As 6oe((els remar3ed,the (igger the lie, the more it 5ill (e (elie1ed /a matter he 3ne5 something a(out& ycom"aring #egels conce"tion of radical e1il to humanist anthro"ocen' trism I ha1e triedto sho5 the 5ay in 5hich 1iolent irrationality is im"licit in the grandiose narrati1e andthe logic of ontological e!clusion of +estern an' thro"ocentrism& ut I 5ant to "ush this

claim further stillQto suggest that humanist anthro"ocentrismis not sim"lyanalogous to #egels conce"tion of radical e1il, it is e1il&


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Sla1es 5ere treated li3e animals, (oth on their "assage to theAmericas and during the full course of their enforced 1isit& #er Ddreadedcom' "arisonD 5ith regard to human sla1es and animals is most eecti1e 5hen shecontrasts the shi""ing of li1estoc3 and that of sla1es& i1estoc3Qsteers, cattle, "igs,and so onQis shi""ed great distances from auction, to feeding yards, to anotherauction, and *nally to the slaughterhouse&


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interests/i&e&, (ringing in li1e rather than dead sla1es (eing the only mitigatingconcern&


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Case Ans)ersConsiderin' the ocean as its ">N space improves thehistorio'raphy of slavery and anti*slaveryMcDaniel 11

+& Cale( Mc7aniel is an Assistant -rofessor of #istory at Rice @ni1ersity& #e recei1edhis -h7 from Bohns #o"3ins @ni1ersity in 200O and is currently com"leting a (oo3manuscri"t on 6arrisonian a(olitionism and the Atlantic 5orld& Atlantic Studies$6lo(al Currents Tolume J, Issue 2, 20KK S"ecial Issue$ A(olitionist -laces Salt5ateranti'sla1ery$ American a(olitionists on the Atlantic cean in the Age of SteamSalt5ater anti'sla1ery$ American a(olitionists on the Atlantic cean in the Age ofSteam Tie5 full te!t7o5nload full te!t ;ull access 7I$K0&K0J0%KGJJJK0&20KK&O2LG9 +& Cale( Mc7anielU "ages KGK'KOL

:Salt5ater anti'sla1ery,= or, more s"eci*cally, the ocean crossings of nineteenth'century American a(olitionists, has often (een "laced on the margins of scholarshi"oriented "rimarily to5ards the history that ha""ened on land& +hat ha""ens, I ha1e

as3ed in this essay, 5hen 5e mo1e a(olitionists at sea from the margins to thecenter of analysis My ans5er has (een that settin' aside ass%mptions a$o%tthe ocean&s mar'inality helps $rin' to the fore other often mar'inali2edaspects of a$olitionist activism and experience, es"ecially 5hat might (ecalled the em"lacement of anti'sla1ery "olitics and indi1idual a(olitionist self'fashioning& #istorians of a(olitionism ha1e long (een attuned to the relationshi"(et5een anti'sla1ery acti1ism and geogra"hy, (roadly de*ned& As historians ha1eturned to focus on transatlantic a(olitionism, they ha1e "aid increasing attention toho5 a(olitionists used locations (eyond the (oundaries of the nation to :"lace=their mo1ement 5ithin hemis"heric, international, and glo(al conte!ts&


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5as not em"ty s"ace or sim"ly a s"ace (inding o""osite shores and nation statestogether& ;or a(olitionists, as for other seafarers, human e!"erience and historicalaction continued in the "assages (et5een "orts& Conse4uently, as historians ofAmerican a(olitionism continue to loo3 (eyond the (oundaries of the nation tounderstand the history of sla1ery and anti'sla1ery, they may nd that theoceans themselves( and not ;%st the lands $eyond them( are prota$le

places to visit&

/oc%ssin' on the sea as a ETA+"< trades o! )ithATE


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attention to 4uestions of empire( exchan'e( translation( andcosmopolitanism'critical frames not uni4ue to the sea&

1NC Mokhemar-Quan vs. Depriest-Xiao

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