18th
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Transcript of 18th
- 1. Colonialism&the Second Hundred Years War
2. But now, for something completely different . . . .
- Anglo-Dutch warfare in the late 1600s
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- Fought for trading advantage
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- Dutch hated British Navigation Acts
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- Most significant outcome of these wars was the Dutchs loss of the port city of New Amsterdam to Brits.
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- Renamed New York
3. First, the big picture
- The Big Picture:
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- Colonies had, by the 17th century, been incorporated into the economies of Western European countries. Mercantilism had come to mean the domination of trade.
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- Thus colonialism and the overseas trade became inextricably bound up with issues of continental power and advantage that had been characteristic of the dynastic-state system since its beginning.
4. Second Hundred Years War
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- No one of these wars was a duel between France and England, but in each of them one or more of the other European powers were engaged.
- The Big Pic:
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- Between 1689 and 1815--series of wars fought on an increasingly global scale to determine power relations on the continent. Wars are known collectively as the Second Hundred Years' War.
5. The Big Picture: War objectives
- England considered the objective of these wars to be the
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- defense of Protestantism and English liberties through. . .
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- the containment of French continental ambitions, the balance of power, and global trade dominance.
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- For you juniors and seniors: do these objectives sound familiar?Do they harken back to the 2 nd half of the 20 thc?
6. Frances war objectives
- France's objectives were
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- also global trade dominance,
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- continental power
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- to expand its borders into the Low Countries and along the Rhine.
7. Early Colonialism and Empires
- Superior technology, not culture is key to Europes power
- Spain, France and Great Britain dominate the mercantile trade of the 18 thc.
- Colonial struggles are linked to balance of power on continent: England and France
8. Second Hundred Years War 1687-1815
- Causes: balance of power; commercial and colonial competition
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- Nine Years War 1687-1695(League of Augsburg) (parallel colonial war in N. America between France and England (King Williams War)
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- Ends when belligerents become exhausted/stalemate
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- Treaty (Peace) of Ryswick 1697thwarts Frances attempted expansion into Germany
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9. More of the Wars
- War of the Spanish Succession
- Hapsburg and Bourbon houses claim throne of Spain. England sides w/Austrian Hapsburgs
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- France exhausted, sues for peace
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- in the American colonies (Queen Anne's War)
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- Treaty of Utrecht
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- There followed thirty years of "peaceThese 18 thc. wars are fought largely by professional armies and navies, civilian populations were rarely drawn deeply into the conflicts .
10. Back at it . . . BEST. WAR NAME. EVER!
- War of Jenkinss Ear 1739
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- Anglo-Spanish War
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- Where: West Indies
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- What: Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 lead to conflict btwn Spanish and British colonial interests. Brits tried to smuggle more goods into SP. trading posts than allowed.
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- Who Won? Unclear
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- Result: opened up warfare on continent and in colonies
11. War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748)
- Austrian Charles VI dies (1740) Pragmatic Sanctionensures heir takes throne
- Maria Theresa take throne
- Frederick IIseized Austrian province of Silesia
- Prussia, France, Spain and Bavaria v. Austria, Great Britain and Netherlands
- England drawn in to preserve balance of power between Austria and France.
- Of course, there was an attendant colonial war too: France v. GB. In N. America and India too.
- Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: not really a peace, but a truce
12. The Diplomatic Revolution (1756)
- Uneasy peace
- Simultaneous shift in alliances: Prussian now an ally of Great Britain. Defensive position
- Before Gr. Brit and Austria were allies
- This development makes possible an alliance between France and Austria
13. Damn Prussians:The Seven Years War [or the First World War (?)]
- Has both continental and colonial conflicts (from 1756-1763)
- Frederick the Great invades Saxony (Austrian ally). Maria Therese of Austria would love Silesia back too.
- Frederick the Great (II) with British financial aid versus Austria, France, Sweden, and Russia
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- Russia signs peace w/ Fred. One less enemy
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- Peace of Hubertusburg: Nothing really changes. Silesia still Prussian. Prussia a GREAT POWER!
14. Meanwhile in the colonies
- William Pitt the Elder: fight the war in the colonies, not on the continent
- Pitt's goal in North America: take out the French in St. Lawrence and Mississippi Valley
- Orchestrates, as Sec of State the dominance of GB
- N. America and India
- Treaty of Paris (1763): Great Britain a world power; GB acquires French Canada and land btw Appalachian Mtns and the Mississippi River. Spain still in Latin America; Fr. gives Spain New Orleans and LA territory West of Ms. R.
15. Results of the Seven Years War
- England and France left heavily in debt, attempts to get out of debt lead to two revolutions
- France needs top to bottom restructuring : That top parts gonna be really painful, if ya get my drift!
- England: Gotta get the money from somewhere. But where?Hmmm.colonies? All that new land means new frontier which needs protecting, too, which costs money.No more salutary neglect.
16. American Revolution
- American Revolution (1775-1783)
- French and Dutch back colonists to lessen British power
- British in heavy debt from previous wars
17. Still to come
- French Revolution (1789-1797): French farther in debt from American Revolution
- Napoleonic Wars (1797-1815)