1861-1865

- - population - 22 millionpopulation - 22 million- 90% of independent goods, esp. - 90% of independent goods, esp.

munitionsmunitions- efficient railroad system- efficient railroad system- controlled the navy, which could be - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade southern ports used to blockade southern ports

and shut and shut down the southern down the southern economyeconomy

- but would have to fight an offensive war - but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar (long supply lines, unfamiliar

territory...)territory...)- capable military leaders, included - capable military leaders, included

Ulysses S. Ulysses S. GrantGrant

Disadvantages for the NorthDisadvantages for the North

Part of your homework assignment Part of your homework assignment was to list the advantages and was to list the advantages and disadvantages of both the North and disadvantages of both the North and the South. With your neighbor, the South. With your neighbor, brainstorm as many Northern brainstorm as many Northern disadvantages as you can.disadvantages as you can.

Confederates had excellent generals too -Confederates had excellent generals too -Robert E. Lee and Thomas JacksonRobert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson

Defending is always easier than attacking - Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)psychological advantages)

Farmers fight better than factory workersFarmers fight better than factory workers Profitable economy based on cotton exportsProfitable economy based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9

million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import independent goods; veryhad to import independent goods; very

little munitions productionlittle munitions production

The South was looking for an advantage, The South was looking for an advantage, namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events and did not want to was wary of events and did not want to become involved:become involved: GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict

was escalating; they had also found other was escalating; they had also found other sources (Madras, India)sources (Madras, India)

most British workers who lost their jobs most British workers who lost their jobs in cotton factories had been able to find in cotton factories had been able to find work in the new munitions factories that work in the new munitions factories that were mostly supplying the North were mostly supplying the North

most British citizens resented slaverymost British citizens resented slavery British crop failures had led to increased British crop failures had led to increased

grain trade w/ the Northgrain trade w/ the North

It freed the It freed the slaves only in slaves only in states that states that have seceded have seceded from the from the Union.Union.

It did not free It did not free slaves in slaves in border states.border states.

Think, Write, Pair-ShareThink, Write, Pair-Share

The Emancipation Proclamation was The Emancipation Proclamation was formally issued in January 1863. formally issued in January 1863. From what you have read in chapter From what you have read in chapter 15, explain why the proclamation did 15, explain why the proclamation did NOT free slaves in the Border States?NOT free slaves in the Border States?

Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territorythe North on its own territory

July 1-3, 1863 - July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURGBATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa., Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firmConfed. bombardment; Union held firm on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed

them down (= "them down (= "Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge")") Lee was defeated and retreated to VirginiaLee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the It was the last time the South invaded the

North.North.

that from these honored dead we that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.perish from the earth.

Abe LincolnAbe Lincoln

The Monitor

Improved WeaponryImproved Weaponry Outdated military strategy Outdated military strategy

based on the traditional use based on the traditional use of smoothbore muskets.of smoothbore muskets. Inaccurate– would lead to a Inaccurate– would lead to a

frontal assault, with hand-frontal assault, with hand-to-hand combat using to-hand combat using bayonets.bayonets.

Range: less than 1 mile.Range: less than 1 mile. Could fire: 3 shots/minuteCould fire: 3 shots/minute Remained popular until Remained popular until

end of war. (most battles end of war. (most battles fought at close-range)fought at close-range)

New and deadlier rifled guns New and deadlier rifled guns and cannons developed. and cannons developed. Could reach further with Could reach further with

increased accuracy and increased accuracy and impact.impact.

Therefore, frontal assaults Therefore, frontal assaults became suicidal (massive became suicidal (massive casualties) as rifle casualties) as rifle accuracy increased.accuracy increased.

July 4, 1863 - another Union July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - victory - VICKSBURGVICKSBURG

won by U.S. Grant, cut won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi Union control of Mississippi RiverRiver

Grant was then given Grant was then given control of all Union armies control of all Union armies began a " began a "scorched earthscorched earth" " policy to defeat the Southpolicy to defeat the South

General Sheridan General Sheridan decimated Va.'s decimated Va.'s ShenandoahShenandoah Valley Valley

General General ShermanSherman given given task of taking Atlanta; his task of taking Atlanta; his ""March through GeorgiaMarch through Georgia"" saw total destruction from saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah Atlanta to Savannah

After the After the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation blacks Proclamation blacks began to join the began to join the Union ArmyUnion Army

Initially they were only Initially they were only used for manual laborused for manual labor

Eventually, Blacks saw Eventually, Blacks saw live combatlive combat

5454thth regiment out of regiment out of MassachusettsMassachusetts

William Carney

April 3, 1865 - Grant April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's final blow to Lee's armyarmy

Lee surrenders on Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSECOURTHOUSE

All Confed. troops All Confed. troops forced to take an forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.oath of loyalty to U.S.

otherwise, terms of otherwise, terms of surrender were surrender were lenient lenient

Lincoln didn't want a Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and humiliated South and further conflictfurther conflict

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL EFFECTS OF CIVIL WARWAR

creation of a single unified countrycreation of a single unified country abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery increased power to fed. government – increased power to fed. government –

killed the issue of states rights killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationU.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalisma stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to w. lands increasingly opened to

settlementsettlement South was economically and physically South was economically and physically

devastated, w/ the plantation system devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus crippled...thus Reconstruction Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...of the North remained...