1861-1865

Causes?

- - population - 22 millionpopulation - 22 million- 90% of industrial goods, esp. munitions- 90% of industrial goods, esp. munitions

- efficient railroad system (5x more)- efficient railroad system (5x more)- controlled the navy, which could be - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade Southern ports used to blockade Southern ports - capable military leaders, - capable military leaders,

*Ulysses S. Grant*Ulysses S. Grant* * William ShermanWilliam Sherman* George Custer* George Custer*Winfield Scott*Winfield Scott

General Ulysses S. Grant: Ohio

General William T. Sherman: Ohio

General George Custer: Ohio/Michigan

Disadvantages of the Disadvantages of the UnionUnion

Not familiar with areaNot familiar with area Offensive attacksOffensive attacks Others?Others?

Excellent generals Excellent generals -Robert E. Lee -Robert E. Lee Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonThomas “Stonewall” Jackson George PickettGeorge Pickett Nathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford Forrest

Defense rather than offense Defense rather than offense familiar w/climate and territoryfamiliar w/climate and territory Farmers fight better than factory Farmers fight better than factory

workersworkers

General Robert E. Lee: Virginia

General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: Virginia (WV)

General George Pickett: Virginia

General Nathan Bedford Forrest: Tennessee

Disadvantages of the Disadvantages of the ConfederacyConfederacy

Smaller population: 9 million Smaller population: 9 million (includes 3.5 million slaves)(includes 3.5 million slaves)

Have to import all industrial goodsHave to import all industrial goods Including ammunitionIncluding ammunition

Others?Others?

Firing on Fort SumterFiring on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861: Charleston, South April 12, 1861: Charleston, South

Carolina Carolina 4:30 AM4:30 AM

Confederate generals began firing upon Confederate generals began firing upon Fort SumterFort Sumter

occupied by Union troopsoccupied by Union troops SC demanded that Union abandon its SC demanded that Union abandon its

occupation of fortoccupation of fort Bombardment lasted until the Union forces Bombardment lasted until the Union forces

surrendered the fort at 2:30 PM, April 14.surrendered the fort at 2:30 PM, April 14.

Video

Response to Fort SumterResponse to Fort Sumter Beginning of the Civil WarBeginning of the Civil War

President Lincoln issues Proclamation President Lincoln issues Proclamation calling for the raising of an armycalling for the raising of an army

Further secession: Virginia, Arkansas, Further secession: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North CarolinaTennessee, & North Carolina

President Lincoln issues a Proclamation President Lincoln issues a Proclamation of Blockade against Southern portsof Blockade against Southern ports

First Bull RunFirst Bull Run July 21, 1861 July 21, 1861 Union Army defeated at Bull RunUnion Army defeated at Bull Run

25 miles southwest of Washington25 miles southwest of Washington General Thomas Jackson earns General Thomas Jackson earns

nickname “Stonewall”nickname “Stonewall” Able to resist Union troop attacksAble to resist Union troop attacks

Lincoln realizes the war will be longLincoln realizes the war will be long

Monitor and MerrimacMonitor and Merrimac Confederate ship: MerrimacConfederate ship: Merrimac

Sinks 2 wooden Union ships then takes Sinks 2 wooden Union ships then takes on the Union’s Ironcladon the Union’s Ironclad

Union ship: MonitorUnion ship: Monitor

Naval warfare changed foreverNaval warfare changed forever Wooden ships are obsoleteWooden ships are obsolete

ShilohShiloh April 6/7, 1862April 6/7, 1862 Confederate surprise attack on Confederate surprise attack on

General Grant’s troopsGeneral Grant’s troops Grant and his men are not preparedGrant and his men are not prepared 13,000 Union troops killed and wounded13,000 Union troops killed and wounded 10,000 Confederate men killed and 10,000 Confederate men killed and

woundedwounded

Fall of New OrleansFall of New Orleans

April 24, 1862April 24, 1862 17 Union ships move up the Mississippi 17 Union ships move up the Mississippi

River and take New OrleansRiver and take New Orleans South’s greatest seaportSouth’s greatest seaport

Impact?Impact?

Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull Run

August 29/30, 1862: northern August 29/30, 1862: northern VirginiaVirginia

75,000 Union soldiers are defeated 75,000 Union soldiers are defeated by 55,000 Confederate soldiers by 55,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of Stonewall under the command of Stonewall JacksonJackson Union army retreats to WashingtonUnion army retreats to Washington

AntietamAntietam September 17, 1862: MarylandSeptember 17, 1862: Maryland Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Robert E. Lee and the Confederate

Army is stopped by the Union ArmyArmy is stopped by the Union Army Union army is numerically superiorUnion army is numerically superior By nightfall, 26,000 men are dead, By nightfall, 26,000 men are dead,

wounded, or missingwounded, or missing Lee withdraws to VirginiaLee withdraws to Virginia

Bloodiest day in U.S. military historyBloodiest day in U.S. military history

Confederate Dead at Confederate Dead at AntietamAntietam

Lincoln Visits AntietamLincoln Visits Antietam

FredericksburgFredericksburg December 13, 1862: Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862: Fredericksburg,

VAVA Severe loss for the UnionSevere loss for the Union

12,653 Union soldiers killed after 14 12,653 Union soldiers killed after 14 frontal assaults on entrenched frontal assaults on entrenched Confederate soldiers Confederate soldiers

Confederate losses: 5,309Confederate losses: 5,309

““We might as well have tried to take We might as well have tried to take hell.”hell.”

January 1, 1863January 1, 1863 Only freed Only freed

slaves living in slaves living in states that had states that had seceded from seceded from the Unionthe Union Confederate Confederate

States of States of AmericaAmerica

Did not free Did not free slaves in border slaves in border statesstates

Union DraftUnion Draft

March 3, 1863March 3, 1863 Congress enact a draftCongress enact a draft Male citizens 20-45 required to enlistMale citizens 20-45 required to enlist

Or pay $300 for a substitute Or pay $300 for a substitute ““The blood of a poor man is as precious The blood of a poor man is as precious

as that of the wealthy.”as that of the wealthy.”

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville May 1-4, 1863: Chancellorsville, VAMay 1-4, 1863: Chancellorsville, VA Union army (130,000 soldiers)defeated by Lee’s Union army (130,000 soldiers)defeated by Lee’s

army (60,000 soldiers)army (60,000 soldiers) Brilliant and daring tactics used by LeeBrilliant and daring tactics used by Lee

Split army into several sections Split army into several sections

General Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded General Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded by friendly fire, arm was amputatedby friendly fire, arm was amputated Died 8 days later due to complications and pneumonia Died 8 days later due to complications and pneumonia Severe setback to ConfederacySevere setback to Confederacy Lee felt like he had lost his right armLee felt like he had lost his right arm

Union losses: 17,197Union losses: 17,197 Confederate losses: 13,303Confederate losses: 13,303

Gettysburg- Turning PointGettysburg- Turning Point July 1-3, 1863: Gettysburg, PAJuly 1-3, 1863: Gettysburg, PA July 1July 1stst: early Union success followed by Confederates : early Union success followed by Confederates

pushing back and exploiting weak section of Union Armypushing back and exploiting weak section of Union Army July 2July 2ndnd: Confederates capture small areas but are not : Confederates capture small areas but are not

able to completely dilodge Union defendersable to completely dilodge Union defenders July 3July 3rdrd: Union regains lost ground, heavy artillery : Union regains lost ground, heavy artillery

bombardment against Leebombardment against Lee Pickett’s Charge: Confederate troops mowed down by Union while Pickett’s Charge: Confederate troops mowed down by Union while

marching across fieldmarching across field Lee retreats back to Virginia Lee retreats back to Virginia

Largest battle in the history of the Western HemisphereLargest battle in the history of the Western Hemisphere Over 100,000 casualties in only 3 days: Over 100,000 casualties in only 3 days:

Approximately 51,000 from both sides killed, wounded, or missingApproximately 51,000 from both sides killed, wounded, or missing Last time the South invaded the North Last time the South invaded the North

VicksburgVicksburg July 4, 1863: July 4, 1863: Last area of Confederate strong hold Last area of Confederate strong hold

of the Mississippi Riverof the Mississippi River Surrender to General GrantSurrender to General Grant

Union now in complete control of the Union now in complete control of the MississippiMississippi

Confederacy is split into twoConfederacy is split into two

that from these honored dead we that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.perish from the earth.

Abraham Abraham LincolnLincoln

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address November 19, 1863: November 19, 1863:

2 minute speech given by Abraham 2 minute speech given by Abraham LincolnLincoln

Dedicates the battlefield as a National Dedicates the battlefield as a National CemetaryCemetary

Reiterated the reasons for this terrible Reiterated the reasons for this terrible warwar

Human equality: bring true equality to all Human equality: bring true equality to all Struggle for the preservation of the UnionStruggle for the preservation of the Union

Cold HarborCold Harbor

June 3, 1864: Cold Harbor, VirginiaJune 3, 1864: Cold Harbor, Virginia Costly mistake by GrantCostly mistake by Grant

7,000 Union casualties in 20 minutes7,000 Union casualties in 20 minutes Attacked well fortified rebel soldiersAttacked well fortified rebel soldiers

Sherman takes AtlantaSherman takes Atlanta

May 4, 1864-November 15, 1864May 4, 1864-November 15, 1864 Sherman and his soldiers (100,000) leave Sherman and his soldiers (100,000) leave

the west and make their way to Atlantathe west and make their way to Atlanta Goal: Capture Atlanta Goal: Capture Atlanta

July 20July 20thth: reach Atlanta: reach Atlanta September 2September 2ndnd: Capture Atlanta : Capture Atlanta

““Atlanta is ours, and fairly won.”- Atlanta is ours, and fairly won.”- telegraph to Lincolntelegraph to Lincoln

Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea After destroying Atlanta’s warehouses, After destroying Atlanta’s warehouses,

railroads, etc., Sherman wants to march to railroads, etc., Sherman wants to march to the seathe sea Destroy everything in his path on his way to Destroy everything in his path on his way to

SavannahSavannah Idea approved by LincolnIdea approved by Lincoln

““I can make Georgia howl!”-ShermanI can make Georgia howl!”-Sherman December 21, 1864: Sherman reaches December 21, 1864: Sherman reaches

Savannah Savannah 300 miles of destruction, 60 miles wide300 miles of destruction, 60 miles wide Offers Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present Offers Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present

through telegraphthrough telegraph

Text of TelegraphText of TelegraphTo his Excellency, President Lincoln, I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. W. T. Sherman Maj-Genl

After the After the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation blacks Proclamation blacks began to join the began to join the Union ArmyUnion Army

Initially they were Initially they were only used for manual only used for manual laborlabor

Eventually, Blacks Eventually, Blacks saw live combatsaw live combat

5454thth regiment out of regiment out of MassachusettsMassachusetts

William Carney

April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's armyfinal blow to Lee's army

Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSEAPPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.loyalty to U.S.

otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and

further conflictfurther conflict issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed.

gov't had asserted its statusgov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSPOLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSWithout Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes Without Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North:occurred that benefited the North:1) 1) Homestead ActHomestead Act passed by Congress in 1862 - passed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged W. expansion w/o slaveryencouraged W. expansion w/o slavery

- 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.5 yrs.2) 2) Union-Pacific RailwayUnion-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States.potential, focused on the Northern States.3) 3) TariffsTariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry were put in place to protect Northern industry

4) single federal currency 4) single federal currency established - same value in all established - same value in all states - known as states - known as ""GreenbacksGreenbacks" "

5) to cover war debts, Union 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued gov't issued war bondswar bonds and and introduced introduced income taxincome tax

6) in a further illustration of 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Union war effort (suspended Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus))- free press/ speech also - free press/ speech also interruptedinterrupted

7) 7) 1864 Election1864 Election - only in Union - only in Union- pitted Republican Lincoln - pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General against Democrat General McClellan McClellan Lincoln won Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)wanted an end)

Lincoln’s ReelectionLincoln’s Reelection

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Lincoln wins 55 percent of the popular Lincoln wins 55 percent of the popular

vote and 213/233 electoral college votes vote and 213/233 electoral college votes

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAREFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified countrycreation of a single unified country abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the increased power to fed. gov't – killed the

issue of states rights issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationU.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalisma stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to w. lands increasingly opened to

settlementsettlement South was economically and physically South was economically and physically

devastated, w/ the plantation system devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus crippled...thus Reconstruction Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...of the North remained...

Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment

January 31, 1865January 31, 1865 US Congress approves thirteenth US Congress approves thirteenth

amendment amendment Abolishes slaveryAbolishes slavery

Amendment submitted to the states for Amendment submitted to the states for ratificationratification

Before Before AfterAfter