14 0900 Deschamps En
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Transcript of 14 0900 Deschamps En
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 11
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1andand
Capture Fundamentals Capture Fundamentals
Dr Pierre DechampsDG Research
European Commission – DG ResearchEnergy Production and Distribution Unit
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 22
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
CO2 and Climate Change
• There is evidence that there is a link between the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere and the measured temperature rises
• Anthropogenic CO2 is probably responsible for more than 60% of this globally (80% in the EU)
• Energy conversion and utilisation generates most of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 33
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
What do most scientists agree upon?
• The average temperature of the Earth has been increasing more than natural climatic cycles would explain.
• This episode of “global warming” is due to human activity.
• It began with the industrial revolution, two centuries ago, and accelerated over the last 50 years.
• Fossil fuel burning is mostly responsible, because it releases gases (particularly carbon dioxide) that trap infrared radiation.
• This “greenhouse effect” creates a whole system disturbance, which is called climate change.
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 44
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 55
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 66
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1X
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 77
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Power GenerationCharacterized by only a few large stationary sources
of CO2
Hence an easy target
BUT
Low CO2 concentrations (a few %)
Long-lived investments
In a competitive market environment
Contributes only 30% of total emissions – the major problem is transport
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 88
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
A Vision
One can envisage a whole new scenario where fossil fuels would be converted on a large scale into electricity, hydrogen, or other energy vectors that could be used in transport.
This would allow to address more than 2/3 of total emissions instead of 1/3.
This would really be the emergence of a new industrial sector.
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 99
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Capture technologies
pre-combustion
post-combustion
oxyfuel, chemical looping, etc
There are also early opportunities
high CO2 concentration
CO2 from natural gas
mostly outside of the power generation
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1010
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1pre-combustion
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1111
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
post-combustion
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1212
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Storage technologies
geological routes
depleted oil/gas fields
aquifers
ECBM
ocean
sinks
There are also early opportunities
EOR / EGR
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1313
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Storage technologies
Major challenges :
public acceptance
long term liability
safety at all time-scales (up to > 10000 yrs)
(i.e. < 1% per 100 years)
legal / regulatory situation
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1414
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Is it really going to happen ?Fossil fuels are there and will be used
especially coal – more abundant than oil andgas, plus non-conventional oil and gas
(King Edward I banned the use of coal in 1306 because of its obnoxious smoke – it didn’t work)
And what happens if we don’t react ?Ocean acidificationSea level riseClimate change
health impacteconomic impact…
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1515
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1616
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1717
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1818
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?From an oil perspective
Let’s assume 20 € /ton of CO2 = 70 €/ton of Carbon
Oil these days at 50 USD/bbl, i.e. 40 €/bbl= 250 € / tonContains typically ¾ of carbon per weightTherefore additional cost of 50 € / ton of oil
Less than 20%
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1919
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?From a petrol perspective
Let’s assume 20 € /ton of CO2 = 70 €/ton of Carbon
Petrol at 1 € / liter= 1200 € / tonContains ¾ of Carbon per weightTherefore additional cost of 50 € /ton
Less than 5%
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2020
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?From an electricity generation perspective
1 ton of coal = 30000 MJ= 8000 kWh = 3000 kWh electricity at 40% efficiencyAdditional cost = 70 €= 0.02 € per kWh= 50% from the COE point of view= less than 20% from the household point of view
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2121
Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1
Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?Previous numbers indicate that society could afford it if need
be.What progress can we achieve ?Against these numbers – were is the technology in comparison
to RES ?Other interesting numbers of those for the global economy in
terms of the cost of compliance : Commission cost studies indicate a 0.5 – 1.5 % GDP penalty over the next 20 years for the path towards the 2°C / 550 ppmv target
It means the EU would reach the same level of affluence in 2025 with a delay of approx. 6 months
Compliance costs will decrease if CO2 CCS is included
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2222
Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture
Nature of the Problem
Very often gas separation
Post-combustion3-10% from oxygen depleted air
Pre-combustionfrom mixtures with CO, H2 and H2O
OxyfuelO2 separation from the air (21%)
From the air ?375 ppmv
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2323
Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture
Thermodynamics
The entropy of mixing * T ref= loss of exergy= minimum reversible work for separation= isothermal compression work from partial
pressures to total pressure
= - n R T Σ (ni / n) ln (ni / n)
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2424
Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture
Thermodynamics
- n R T Σ (ni / n) ln (ni / n)
Oxygen separation from the air:
= 288 * 8.31 * (0.21 * ln (0.21) + 0.79 * ln (0.79)) / 0.21
= 5800 kJ/Kmol O2= 180 kJ/kg O2= 0.05 kWh per kg O2
Cryogenic separation : 0.25 – 0.30 kWhe per kg O2 at 95% purity
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2525
Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture
Thermodynamics
- n R T Σ (ni / n) ln (ni / n)
CO2 separation from a mixture, at mole concentration x
= 288 * 8.31 * (x * ln (x) + (1-x) * ln (1-x)) / x
kJ/Kmol kJ/kg kWh/kg €/tonAt 375 ppmv : 21000 490 0.135 4At 3% : 10800 244 0.067 2.0At 10% : 5800 177 0.050 1.47Assuming 1 kWh at 0.03€(comparison : MEA at 4-5 MJ/kg)
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2626
Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture
Capture - Ways
CryogenicMembranesPSATSAChemical looping…
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2727
Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture
Capture - Critical Issues
From the point of view of the products
impurities in the CO2, oxygen purity, CO2 left in the fuel or flue gas
From the design point of view
thermodynamic integration with the power cycle, and the related reliability aspects
capture ready plants : an RTD topic, and maybe financial incentives for emerging economies ?
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2828
Thanks for your attention
Enjoy the Conference
And now into the real scienceLegal notice
Neither the European Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.