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RE-THINKING ROMANIZATION OF ARABIC-ISLAMIC SCRIPTKazeem Adekunle Adegoke, 8ashir Abdulraheem

ABSTRACT

Abstract

The needed vital instrument to achieve this venture requires the inventionof transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letterswhich were successfully done in Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts.Thus, the paper attempts to examine the Romanization of Arabic-IslamicScripts in the twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the occidentalworld. It is a case study research examining the historical evolution oftransliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters inwhich the distinction and lack of uniformity of Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts are fully explored. The paper would finally take us throughthe fundamental role played by the CJK! Arabic Romanization System(CARS) in the recent innovation in the Romanization of Arabic-IslamicScripts in the twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the western-oriented institution of learning. The purpose is to see what element ofinnovative development ushered in the recent Arabic-Islamic scholarship inthe methods of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters.

Abstrak

Instrumen vital yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai usaha ini memerlukanpenemuan transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf-hurufnon-Arab yang berhasil dilakukan dalam Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam.Dengan demikian, makalah ini mencoba untuk mengkaji Romanisasi SkripArab-Islam dalam disiplin ganda Studi Arab dan Islam di dunia barat. Iniadalah penelitian studi kasus yang meneliti evolusi historis transliterasidan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf-huruf non-Arab di manaperbedaan dan kurangnya keseragaman Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islamsepenuhnya dieksplorasi. Makalah ini akhirnya membawa kita melaluiperan mendasar yang dimainkan oleh CJKI Arabic Romanization System(CARS) dalam inovasi baru-baru ini dalam Romanisasi skrip Arab-Islamdalam disiplin ganda bahasa Arab dan studi Islam di institusi pembelajaranyang berorientasi barat. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat elemen

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ABOUT THEAUTHORS

KazeemAdekunleAdegokeUniversity ofLagosNigeria

SeniorLecturer, Departmentof Arts andSocial Sciences

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pembangunan inovatif yang mengantar kajian Arab-Islam beru-beru inidalam metode transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf non-Arab.

How to Cite: Abdulraheem, B. Adegoke, K.A. (2017). Re-ThinkingRo a . a 'on of Arabic-Islamic Script. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in

sli Society, 4(1), 22-31. doi:10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549.

Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doLorg/10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549

KEYWORDS

romanlzatlon: re-thlnklnq: transliteration: transcripticn: Arabic-Islamic: romantsasl:meninjau ulanq: transliterasl: transkripsl: Arab-Islami

REFERENCES

AI Faruqi, L R. (1995). Toward Islamic English. Riyadh; InternationalIslamic Publishing House.

Badmos, K.S. (2007). 'Arabic: An Indispensable Cornerstone of IslamicStudies.'AI-Lisan Journal of the Nigeria Association of Teachers of Arabic inColleges of Education and Allied Institutions (NATACEDAI), 2(3), pp. 15-23.

Habash, N., Soudi, A., &Buckwalter, T. (2007).On Arabic Transliteration.Retrieved on 2/08/2016 fromnizarhabash.com/publications/chapter2Bishabash_et_al-2007-web.pdf.

Halpern, J. (2007) CJKI Arabic Romanization System. Retrieved on23/08/2016 fromwww.cjk.org/cjk/arabic/cars/cars_paper.pdf.

Haroon, M. G. (2003). A discourse on the effects of orientalism on theMuslims and Islamic learning. Journal of the Nigerian Association ofTeachers of Arabic and Islamic Studies (NATAIS). 6(3), pp. 32-45.

Jaleel, N. & Larkey, L.S. (2003) Statistical Translation for English-ArabicCross Language Informational Retrieval. Retrieved on 06/08/2016 fromhttp:// cii r .cs.umass. edu/pu bfiles/ir-293. pdf.

Mike, L. (2012). Transliteration of Arabic Script in Machine Readable TravelDocuments. Retrieved on 23/08/2016 from www.icao.int/Security/mrtd/.

Musa, L A. (1998). A Critical Study of the Application of the Rules of'Ilmal-Tajwld and 'IIm al-Qira'at in Nigeria. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universityof Jos, Nigeria.

Ogunlade, 0.0. & Ahmed, A.M. (2011).Higher Education and CurriculumInnovation in Nigeria. In: Durosaro, D.O. & Adegoke, A.A.(Eds). HigherEducation and Globalisation. Oyo; Stirling-Horden Publishers Ltd.

Oladosu, A.G.A.S (1985). 'Education Crises in Nigeria: the Perspective ofArabic Education.' Journal of the Nigerian Association of Teachers of Arabicand Islamic Studies (NATAIS). Vol. 2,pp. 1-13 ..

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BashirAbdulraheemUniversity ofLagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos,Nigeria

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARTICLESAttitutes of Australian Muslims and Australian WiderCommunity Towards Muslim Institutions

Ibrahima DialloAn Investigation of Teacher-Student Relationship inIslamic History of Education

Muhammad ZulqarnainRe-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script

Kazeem Adekunle Adegoke, Bashir AbdulraheemThe Influence of Parents' Parenting and EmotionalQuotient on Students' Social Skills

Siti MasyithohThe Influence of E-Learning Model Web EnhancedCourse to Conceptual Understanding and SelfRegulated Learning in Mathematics for ElementarySchool Students

Fatkhul Arifin, Tatang HermanThe Effect of Creative Teaching Technique toCreative Problem-Solving Ability in Students

Nuraida NStudents Metacognitive Level on Solving ChemistryProblems

Burhanudin Milama, Ade Ira Nurjanah, Dila FairusiSalafiyah Curriculum at Islamic Boarding School inthe Globalization Era

Hasbi IndraIndonesian Madrasah in the Era of Globalization

Dedy Supriatna, Sita RatnaningsihThe Relationship Between Students' Text GenreAwareness and Critical Thinking Disposition withTheir Reading Comprehension

Hayin Azizah, Fahriany F

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TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society. 4(1). 2017. 22-31

RE-THINKING ROMANIZATION OF ARABIC-ISLAMIC SCRIPTBashir Abdulraheem, Kazeem Adekunle Adegoke

University of Lagos. Akoka-Yaba, Lagos. NigeriaE-mail: alfaqasim12@Yahoo.com

Received: 15th March 2017; Revised: 25th April 2017; Accepted: 28th June 2017

Abstract

The needed vital instrument to achieve this venture requires the invention of transliteration andtranscription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters which were successfully done in Romanization ofArabic-Islamic Scripts. Thus. the paper attempts to examine the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts inthe twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the occidental world. It is a case study researchexamining the historical evolution of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabicletters in which the distinction and lack of uniformity of Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts are fullyexplored. The paper would finally take us through the fundamental role played by the CJKI ArabicRomanization System (CARS) in the recent innovation in the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts inthe twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the western-oriented institution of learning. Thepurpose is to see what element of innovative development ushered in the recent Arabic-Islamic scholarshipin the methods of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters.

Keywords: romanization; re-thinking; transliteration; transcription: Arabic-Islamic

Abstrak

Instrumen vital yang dibutubken untuk mencapai usaha ini memerlukan penemuan ttenslitetssi dantrenskripsi humf Arab menjadi humf-huruf non-Arab yang berhasil dilakukan dalam Romanisasi ShipArab-Islam. Dengan demikisn, makalah ini mencoba unruk mengkaji Romanisasi Ship Arab-Islam dalamdisiplin ganda Studi Arab dan Islam di dunia barat. Ini adalah pene1irian studi kasus yang mene1ici evolusihistoris trensliterssi dan transkripsi humf Arab menjadi humf-humf non-Arab di mana perbedaan dankurangnya keseragaman Romanisasi Ship Arab-Islam sepenuhnya dieksplorasi. Makalah ini akhirnyamembawa kica me1alui peran mendasar yang dimainkan oleh CJK! Arabic Romanization System (CARS)dalam itiovesi beru-batu ini dalam Romanisasi skrip Arab-Islam dalam disiplin ganda bahasa Arab danstudi Islam di institusi pembe1ajaran yang betotietussi barat. Tujuannya adalah untuk meliiut e1emenpembangunan inovatif yang mengantar kajian Arab-Islam betu-betu ini dalam mecode trenslitetesi dantranskripsi humf Arab menjadi humf non-Arab.

Kata kunci: romanisasi; meninjau ulang; transliterasi; transkripsi; Arab-Islami

How to Cite: Abdulraheem, B. Adegoke, K.A. (2017). Re-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-IslamicScript.TARBIYA:Journal of Education in Muslim Society,4(1), 22-31. doi:10.15408Itjems.v4i1.5549.

PermalinklDOI: http://dx.doi.orgIl0.15408Irjems.v4i1.5549

Copyright @ CG-BY-sA, TARBIYA: ]oumal of Education in Muslim Society.

P-ISSN: 2356-1416. E-ISSN: 2442-9848

..L"-'~;':';"""'~ of Education in Muslim Society. 4(1). 2017

In odtxtioa

=: 0 are rwo1r':j::-:::50:::::;.:i;:~- _ ~ ic characters in

. hr differenceing defined by the

Buckwalter (2007)transliteration as a

orthography using carefullyr; ographical symbols in one-to-e term transcription denotes an

p }' that characterizes the phonology ororpho-phonology of a language.

Similarly. Halpern (2009) defines bothtransliteration and transcription in the followingways; transliteration refers to representing thesource script (graphemes, not phonemes) withcharacters of another script, as in~ I mhmdlwhile transcription is a method of representingthe source script in the target script in a mannerthat reflects pronunciation. So, the previousArabic word will be transcriptionally reflected asIMuhammad/. A meticulous examination of theabove-cited definitions brings out a cleardistinction between these two terms.Nevertheless, the two terms have beenerroneously assumed to be synonymous as notedby Jaleel & Larkey (2003) through the followingassertion.

Much confusion surrounds these terms, (i.e,transliteration and transcription) with the formeroften being misleadingly used in the sense of thelatter even in academic papers.

It should be noted that the wordRomanization applies to both transliteration andtranscription. According to Halpern (2009)"Rornanization" is using the letters of Latinalphabet to represent a language written in anon-Roman script such as Japanese, China orArabic.

Method

This was a qualitative study with the casestudy approach. The unit analysis in this studywas C]KI Arabic Romanization System (CARS)utilized in Arabic-Islamic scripts. It examined thehistorical evolution of transliteration andtranscription of Arabic letters into non-Arabicletters in which the distinction and lack ofuniformity of Romanization of Arabic-IslamicScripts are fully explored. We examined theRomanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts in thetwin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies inthe occidental world. We also collected somestudies about this topic to compare thedistinction of the CARS from another system ofRomanization. To more deeply understand andthen find the sources containing informationabout the issue of this article, we attempted torelate a research result with the other researchresults.

Findings and Discussion

Discussion

The Evolution of Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script

The campaign for Romanization of Arabicscripts began in 1922 in the form of movementas published in one of Beirut newspapers calledLa Syrie. This movement was spearheaded byLouis Massignon, a French Orientalist whoadvocated the changing of Arabic script to Latinscript. Massignon brought his concern before theArabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928,but his proposal was repudiated because themembers of Academy viewed it as a plot fromthe Western world to take over the Arab world.Sa'id Afghani, a member of the Academy,declared that the movement was a Zionist planto dominate Lebanon.

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TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society. 4(1). ~17

The con attempt for Romanization ofwas witnessed in Egypt. The

e behind this was an attempt to restorecure which was eroded away by

ion, To realize this objective. some1:..g1D1::ta.rl.S championed a cause of nationalizationor . ic language in which formal Arabic andcolloquial Arabic would be combined with onelanguage. and Latin alphabet would be used.Besides. the idea of using Hieroglyphics insteadof using Latin alphabet was also suggested.Eventually. using of Latin alphabet was preferredbecause of the following reasons forwarded by ascholar. Salama Musa that;

a. Using Latin alphabet would allow Egyptto have a closer relationship with theWest;

b. Latin alphabet was key to the success ofEgypt as it would encourage moreadvances in science and technology and;

c. Using of Latin alphabet would solve theproblems inherent with Arabic. such as alack of written vowels and difficulry inwriting foreign words.

However. Salama Musa was not alone inthis movement as his idea was supported by twoEgyptian intellectuals. Ahmad Lutfi As-Sayidand Muhammad Azim. This movementcontinued until 1944 when Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi,the chairman of the Writing and GrammarCommittee for the Arabic Language Academy inCairo decided to implement the Romanizationof Arabic script in a way that would allow wordsand spellings to remain somewhat familiar toEgyptian people. Unfortunately. this effort wasaborted because Egyptian people felt a Strongcultural tie to the Arabic alphabet particularlythe older generation.

Distinctions between Transcription andTransliteration in Arabic-IslamicRomanization

The concise distinction betweentranscription and transliteration is that theformer renders what is heard while the latterrenders what is seen. That is. transcriptionproduces the sound of the words according tothe orthography rules of the target language. Fora non-native speaker. transliteration wouldhinder accurate pronunciation of Arabic wordsbecause it deals with graphemes. not phonemes.Also. many rules that guide reading of Arabic areusually ignored. For instance. writing of vowels.non-assimilation of the definite article (al-)particularly the one that is connected with 'sun'letters. Sukiu», inabiliry to differentiate betweenordinary Alif and Alif Maqsz.lrah and othercontexts where Hunzsl: is placed either on thetop of Alif, Wa' and Ya'. A few examples willsuffice in buttressing the claim made above.

The Arabic word c.,..u'1.S is simplytransliterated as {ktb} but the same word, whentranscribed, will be rendered as {kiitibun}. Thereason for this is that in transliteration vowels areusually omitted (Mike, 2012).

Secondly. the Arabic word ..).ill in itstransliteration form appears as "eltu" but in itstranscription form it is read as "an-ndr." Theindication here is that the definite article "al'might be pronounced by somebody who is notgood at reading of Arabic script and who relieson transliteration hence the correctpronunciation can be realized throughtranscription due to the fact that transliterationrenders what it sees while transcription renderswhat it hears.

Factors Responsible for Lack of Uniformityin the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script

Apparently, Romanization of Arabic scriptexists in various forms as found in different

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TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, ~1), 2017

books. Different authors adopt different formatsfor either transliteration or transcription.However, the great challenge with Romanizationof Arabic script is lack of uniformiry in theformat among the various existing bodies thatspecialize in the Romanization schemes becausecharacter differences usually pose challenges inthe process of transcription particularly fromArabic to English. Jaleel & Larkey (2003) opinethat the factors that are responsible for thisinclude the following.

a. Irregulariry of English spelling;b. The dispariry in phonetic inventories of

both Arabic and English;c. Lack of representation for short vowels in

Arabic orthography.

The following are some of the worldrenowned organizations that specialize 10

transcription scheme according to Mike (2012).This is presented in the table 1.

Table 1. Organisations specialized intranscription scheme

Name Acronym Year of Est.

variant formats of Romanization as used by someof these organizations.

Table 2. UNICODE Representation of Arabic-Islamic Characters in Latin Alphabet

Unic Ar Nameode ab

Let

DJ IS UN AL ElN 0 GE A-

GN LC

0621 ~0622 'a A A A

06270628 y

0629 s

062 c:A062 ~B062 sC062 CD062E t

062F J

0630 j

0631 J Ra'

hamzahAlifwirh 'aMaddahAboveAlif A,aBa' B, b B, B, b B, b B, b

bt h.t h.t a, atTa' h.t

MarbutahTa' T, t T, T, t T, t I,!

t

I, Th, Th, Th! rh rh illG, J,j J, j .Q1g ill1;1, t1, 1,1 1:1,b J:I, bh£L Kh Kh Kh11D, D, d D, d D, dd.Q. Dh, Dh, !2h.g dh dh dh

Tha' r.iJTm G,g

Kha' lj, b

Dal D,d

Dhal D, d

0632 j Zayn

0633 tJ" SIn

0634 u: Shin

0635 tJ'" Sad

0636 u-'> Oa9

0637 J. Ta'0638 .J; .u0639 t063 tA0641 <...i

0642 J

0643 dl

'AynGhayn

Faf

Qaf

Kaf

R, r R, R, rr

Z, z Z, Z, zz

S, s S, S, ss

S, s S, Sh,s sh

S, s S, S, ~~

0,9 0, 0,99

• • T, tZ,?- Z, Z; zz

R, r R, r

Z,z Z,z

S, s S, s

Sh, Sh,sh shS, ~ S,~

0,9 0,9

o., G,g

F, f F,f

Q,q Q,q

K, k K,k

Gh, Gh, ~gh gh shF,f F,f F,f

Q, q Q, q ~, k

K, k K, k K, k

Deutsche Morgen DMG 1936landische GesellschaftThe Encyclopedia of El 1960Islam, New editionInternational Standards ISO 1961OrganisationBritish Standards BSI 1968InstituteUnited Nations Group UNGEG 1972of Experts on NGeographical NamesDeutches Institut rur DIN 1982NormungQalam 1985American Library ALA-LC 1997Association - Libraryof Congress

Apparently, the existence of these variousbodies IS an indication that there IS thepossibiliry of different formats of Romanizationof Arabic scripts. The following table 2 shows

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Unic AIode ab

Le

ame

TARBIYA: Joumal of Education in Muslim Society, 4(1), 2017

DI IS UN AL Elo GE A-

GN LC

0644

0645 .Hm

0646

0647 Ha'

064 J a'

0649 (.5 Ya'

064 (.5

A064B064C064D064E -064F

A1ifMaqsurahPathatanDamrnatanKasraran

FathahDarnrnahKasrahShaddah

06500651

0652 Sukun

1,I 1, L,I L,I L,II

M, M M, M, M,m m m m

m, n ,n N, n N, n

nH, h H, H, h H, h H, h

hW, WW, W, W,w w w w

wY, Y Y, Y, y Y, y Y, y

yA,a Y,

yAn a'

Y,y Y,y A,a

A an An

Un 1I U lIn Un

In In

A aU 1I

AU

a1I

AU

IDOLI -

hiethelette

IDOLI

hiethelette

DOLI

hietheletre

JDOLI

hiethelette

The UNICODE column indicates that allthese Latin symbols as appear in the table aboveare characters represented Arabic-Islamic scriptsin computer encoding scheme and is equivalentto the ISO/rEC standard. The UNICODEcharacter indices are usually given as four digithexadecimal number (hexadecimal is base 16,and uses the numerals 0-9 and letters A-F torepresent the 16 possible numbers), (Mike,2012:11).

Recent Innovation in Arabic-IslamicRomanization

The purpose of innovation is to update anexisting program which might form a part of thecurriculum. Innovation, particularly In the

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educational sector is usually inspired by theneeds to improve methods of teaching for greaterand efficient output. Ogunlade and Abmed(2011) regard innovation as; "changes created inthe society by SCience, technology, politics,education and a host of others". Science andtechnology are crucial forces that driveinnovation in every sphere of human endeavor tothe extent that any program that fails to complywill become obsolete.

Arabic Romanization has beenrevolutionized by the impact of informationtechnology. The driving-force in this regard isthe need to make the reading of Arabic scriptsthrough Romanization easier than what it is usedto be. To achieve this, certain phonemic symbolshave been discovered, for the first time,indicating word stress and vowel neutralization.The innovation was made possible by theemergence of C]KI Arabic Learner's Dictionarywhich has various unique features that cannot befound elsewhere. The significance of C]KIArabic Learner's Dictionary is that it helps "thelinguists in analyzing the phonological structureof Modern Standard Arabic." The act of usingC]KI Arabic Learner's Dictionary In ArabicRomanization IS known as C]KI ArabicRomanization System (CARS). It IS aninnovation that makes its debuts under theauspices of the C]K Dictionary Institute (C]KI)

Halpern (2007) argues that Romanizationof Arabic scripts could pose a serious challengefor somebody who relies on a reading of Arabicscripts through Romanization because there aresome letters that are written but notpronounced. To buttress his argument he givesfive examples which include the following;

a. AlifAl-Wa~1 (Assimilated Alif) IS notusually pronounced even if the word isvocalized as in ~i (.)4

b. J (Letter Lam) in assimilated articles asinJi.uare not pronounced.

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 4(1), 2017

c. The - long vowels which are usuallysuch as uf ('Ana) and 134

Standard CARS which are: 1) anindication of case endings (declension);2) indication of velarized lal(velarization): 3) an indication of syllableboundaries (syllabification).

c. CARS is a set of substitute symbolswhich eases the input, search andmanipulate the symbols used in Standardand Extended CARS. It is a proxy innature (Halpern, 2007: 3).

Here, the attention will be restricted toStandard CARS because it is the most importantof them all. The distinctive feature of StandardCARS' characters is their existence in lowercaseletters of the Latin alphabet as opposed to somesystems that use capital letters. Besides, theStandard CARS also uses certain auxiliarysymbols and diacritics which are innovativewhich unambiguously aids the correctpronunciation of word stress and neutralization.The following table shows Standard CARSsymbols.

Table 3. Standard CARS Symbols

Sy Unic Symbol Proxym ode Name Symbobol I

U+O Macro W304 n

Description

The macron, as ind I ii(aa iiuu), indicates a longVowel, as in '::'.)L..Safartu. A double vowelcan be used as a proxysymbol, as in Saafalrtu.The acute accent, as in cl{ u, (aI if u/) represents astressed syllable, as inUr'An~ • A slash can beused as aproxy, as in 'Aln..!!.The macron plus acuteaccent, as in ii ' t' if (aaliil uu/), indicates a longstressed vowel, asinw/~I'As$(lrriiju. Adouble vowel plus slashcan used as a proxy, as in'aSSarraalfu.The macron below, as ini! i. l!Q ci. ere. (a_ i_ u_ b_d_)etc.), representsneutralizarion: either along vowel that

o ble consonant, as in ~ (Hubb).

-W~l that indicates plural in verbs~ ,1# (Jama'u, Kacabii) are

: not pronounced.

-=:"ese above-cited samples might be veryarahizuous in the context of Romanizationbecause any attempt made in pronouncing them

actually bring about wrong pronunciation.He further argues that ability to read Arabicscripts might not necessary interpret the correctpronunciation because word stress and vowelneutralization play a significant role in thecorrect pronunciation of Arabic words.Discovery of certain phonemic symbols thathelps in overcoming this challenge is thecontribution that CARS wanted to make inRomanization of Arabic-Islamic scripts. Thus"CARS is primarily a phonemic transcriptionsystem whose principal goal is to represent thephonemes of Arabic as they occur in actualpronunciation (Halpern, 2007: 3).

e. .

Categories of CARS and their PhonemicSymbols

CARS IS of three categories namely;Standard CARS, Extended CARS, and ProxyCARS.

a. Standard CARS consists of certainsymbols that perform three functionswhich include the following; 1)Representing Arabic phonemes in anunambiguous way (phonology); 2) Anaccurate indication of word stress(accentuation); 3) Explicit indication ofshortened vowels and single consonants(neutralization) .

b. Extended CARS, on the other hand,adds three useful optional features to

U+O acute301 accent

U+O macro vvl304+ n+U+O acute301 accent

U+O macro x_331 n

below

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TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society. 4(1). ~17

is shortened, as in ul.i;;~,or a double consonantthat isUndoubled, as in~ub(Hub-Y. A vowelplus macro can be usedas a proxy, as in aIna_.The underdor-rnodifiescertain consonants rorepresentothers, especially theemphatics: i.e., u4,s),<A.ifJ,l.(J),1\;)and c(b).Capitals can be used as aproxy. as in S, D,T, Z,H.

U+2 Under The undertie-indicares03F tie liaison between words

resulting from theomission of 'Alif Al-WasJ(1in word initialposition, as in ~I ",ifi~siilj. A tilde can beused as a Proxy, as inti:-sstu«:

U+O one The eight half ring2BE represents the Hamzahin

all its written forms ( • 1.5(I I j ) Thu(/ acerepresentedby a, 'iand u, as in.l;il'akhadha(alkhadha).

E U+O Epsilo E The Greek letter Epsilon025 n represents the letter

eAyn(t), as ~ satid. Acapital Ecan be used as aproxy, as insaEiid.

U+O Breve The breve disjoins the2D8 letters t, s, d andk from a

following hro show thatthey are distinct letterswhen not separated by avowel; that is, r"h, soh,d-handk -hrepresent<.{ ~ '41.nd-<S; as opposedrorh, sh, dh andkh, whichrepresent~a', oein,-HhaJ, andCkha ', Acircumflex can be used asproxy, as ineAJlS"hdAhkAh.

Under Capsdot

Source: Adapted from CJKI Arabic-Islamic RomanizationSystem «Halpern, 2007, 4)

The CARS system maintains theconventional way of writing vowels. However,long vowels are differentiated from short vowelsby placing macron on short vowels rather thandoubling the consonant letter the only contextwhere consonant letter is doubled to represent

long vowel is when it is used as proxy.Remarkably. neutralization and word stress arethe major innovation introduced by CARSsystem to vowels. Neutralization of vowel isindicated by placing macron underneath vowelas in UyL){ 'Aly~ban) which is translated ascJapan' while the word stress is indicated byplacing acute accent on the vowel to show thestressed vowel as in .;:..JS' (Kataba).

Table 4: CARS System for Short Vowel

CARS Proxy DescriptionA a short/a/I I short litU u short/utA a/ stressed short/a!r i/ stressed shore/ifD u/ stressed short/ut

Table 5. CARS System for Long Vowel

CARS Proxy Description

AI

aa long fa!11 long /ifuu long fu!aa! stressed long taliil stressed long lituu! stressed long/u/

Source: Adapted from CJKI Arabic-Islamic RomanizationSystem «Halpern, 2007:4))

The major innovation of CARS is in thearea of consonant despite the fact that theconventional consonants are maintained exceptfew of them which includes the following;

a. Consonant Assimilation: Definite article'Al' as in JI whether it either appears asmoon or sun letter is transcribed as 'Al' insome Romanization systems, but CARSshows a difference when article 'Al' precedessun letter by doubling the particular sunletter in question in order to indicate theassimilated pronunciation explicitly as in~)lf 'Arrajlu'.

b. Hamzah: CARS adopts a new way ofwriting Hamzah differently from theconventional way which is represented bythe apostrophe in some Romanizationsystems. But in case of CARS, the right half

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TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society. ~1). 2017

ring is used to represent Hamzah which ismaintained no matter its position in a wordto remind the reader that it is a consonantthat must not be omitted. Hence,llJand(their variantszrj , I' ,f) are represented by 'a,

'iand' u, as in .iif'akbadha. Interestingly,Halpern, (2007) opines that using ofapostrophe to representing Hamzah isinadequate because Hamzah is oftenomitted, more so it is not prominentenough particularly when it is found withinthe word and above all it can be mistakenlytaken for eayn.

c. Eayn: the outstanding innovation of CARSis the use of Latin symbol of epsilon 'f:' torepresent 't' which has no equivalent inLatin alphabet. This has resulted in the useof apostrophe or letter 'C' in superscriptform to denote it in some Romanizationsystems. Indeed it is a breakthrough because't' is most difficult Arabic letter topronounce in the system of Romanization.Perhaps, this problem could be ascribed tolack of its equivalence in the Latin alphabet.Halpern, (2007) remarks that 'Eayn' is themost difficult letter to pronounce for non-Arabs and it is most commonly used letterin Arabic.

d. Diagraph Disjunction: A digraph is asequence of two letters used to transcribe asingle phoneme, such as sh for LA kh for'c, dh for -and th for ":'(Halpern, 2007:7).The problem arises when there is need totranscribe words such as .w, -t..s; ~hichtheir normal transcription is the same thingas "sh" , "kh" and "rh" respectively. Theinnovation introduced by CARS in thisregard is known as digraph disjunction by

using a breve symbol C )to indicate disjoinletters rather than join letters as in thefollowing; tvh, s "h, dVhandk vh.

e. This is a feature that learners of Englishlanguage are very familiar with.Undoubtedly every language has wordstress. However, application of word stressin Arabic is not familiarized with among thelearners of Arabic because there is noorthographic sign for it either in Arabic ortranscription. In this regard, it is anothermajor innovation of CARS system byintroducing acute accent symbol as in ~kaciba where acute accent is placed on thevowel la!. Halpern, (2009) observes that:

Arabic stress rules are of great academic andtheoretical interest and have practicalapplications In pedagogy, speechtechnology, and lexicography. However,almost all grammar books give stress rulesthat are inadequate or incomplete, givingthe erroneous impression that stress can beeasily predicted (Halpern, 2009:7)

f. Neutralization: Transcription of the longvowel that precedes definite article of bothmoon and sun letters or long vowel thatappears as final letter as in ut and I~ whenpronounced in such a way they are written,it will produce wrong pronunciation. Thisoccurs as a result of symbol that indicatesthat this long vowel should be shortened ifcorrect pronunciation has to be realized.Similarly, the double consonants that

appear as final letter as in ~lso lacksymbol to show that it has to be single whenpronounced. Interestingly, one of majorinnovations of CARS is the introduction ofvowel or consonant neutralization byplacing macron below the vowel or theconsonant so as to indicate their correctpronunciation. For example, the words utand/~ can be transcribed as anaandh·dhabut because the long vowel has to beshortened according to the rule of correctpronunciation, their transcription would

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then be realized as 'an~andh·dh~. Likewisethe word ~nstead of transcribing it asbubb it would rather be transcribed as bubo

Table 6. eutralized Vowels

CARS Proxy DescriptionA a_ Neutralized lalI l Neutralized Ii/1! u_ Neutralized lul

Sour= Adapted from CJKI Arabic-IslamicRomanizarion System «Halpern. 2007:9)

g. Liaison: Hsmzeli Al- Wa$l of definite articleas in Ji is not often pronounced if ispreceded by another letter as In~J~~nd~~T 0 indicate that the letterIS not pronounced CARS introducesundertie symbol as In a~b indicatingassimilation between words in liaison thatoccurs when the second word begins with an'Alif Al- Wa$l. Hence, the propertranscription of these two words is; ELssayrrahand fi Ibayt.

By and large, CARS system has made afantastic contribution to the Romanization ofArabic letters. But in spite of this, the non-nativespeakers of Arabic who rely on Romanization inreading Arabic scripts will still have challengewith accurate pronunciation of Arabic.

Limitation of Arabic-Islamic Romanization

No matter the effort geared towardsrevolutionizing the act of Romanization, somescholars still express dissatisfaction with readingof Arabic scripts through Romanization. Haroon(2003) sees it as an anti-Arabic language in onehand and Islam in another. Furthermore, thescholars contend that without having knowledgeof Arabic it IS practically impossible topronounce Arabic words accurately. (Oladosu,1985, Musa, 1998, and Badmos, 2007)

Al-Faruqi(l995) lamented on the negativeeffects that transliteration has on the Arabic

names particularly where the name includes adivine attribute, or one of the names of ProphetMuharnrnad (S.A.W) were written. Theincorrect spelling is not only irritating; it can bedownright blasphemous (Faruqi, 1995:8). Hefurther observes that Muslims are particularlyprone to having their beautiful Islamic namesmutilated, because of the general ignorance ofArabic or the difficulties of transliteration. EveryMuslim who needs to have his nametransliterated into the Latin alphabet must haveseen his name spelled in a large variety of ways.Most of these ways mutilate the Muslim's namebeyond recognition.

One thing that cannot be denied of in theprocess of transliteration is the problemsassociated with transliteration itself. Obviously,there is the possibility of realizing one singleArabic word in different transliterations becausethere are different authors, writers and publisherswho adopt different methods of transliteration.For instance, the Library of Congress, theAmerican Oriental Society, the Middle EastStudies Association, and other major universities,each had adopted its own universally acceptablemethod of transliteration. However, al Faruqi(1995) opined that none of the method adoptedby each organization is error-free.

None succeeded; and none proved itsviability without question since each had set itsown rules, some of which were quite arbitrary.All were incomplete and inadequate for theEnglish speaking Muslims (al Faruqi, 1995: 10).

Conclusions

From the preceding, it is understood thatthe technicality of Arabic-Islamic Romanizationis cumbersome and ability to transliterate andtranscribe accurately largely depends on theworking knowledge of Arabic. This is anindication that learning Arabic and IslamicStudies to read Arabic scripts is without

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society. '!<1). 2017

alternative rather than being well-grounded inthe Arabic language which is the traditional andprofessional tongue of the twin discipline. Inrealization of this important fact. severalinstructional learning materials and gadgets areeasily available and accessible in some academicinstitutions of learning where both twindiscipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies are run.

Based on this reasons. the studyrecommends that: Literacy in reading andwriting Arabic scripts should be highlyencouraged for the learners of Arabic and IslamicStudies in the western-oriented institutions oflearning because they can neither perfectlytransliterate nor transcribe Arabic words intonon-Arabic words without working knowledgeof Arabic.m Arabic and Islamic Studies teachersand learners should be courteous of whole-heartedly relying on transliterated andtranscribed materials of Arabic scripts.

References

AI Faruqi, I. R. (1995). Toward Islamic English.Riyadh; International Islamic PublishingHouse.

Badmos, K.S. (2007). 'Arabic: An IndispensableCornerstone of Islamic Studies. 'Al-LisanJournal of the Nigeria Association ofTeachers of Arabic in Colleges ofEducation and Allied Institutions(NATACEDAI), 2(3), pp. 15-23.

Habash, N., Soudi, A, &Buckwalter, T.(2007).On Arabic Transliteration.Retrieved on 2/08/2016 fromnizarhabash.com/publications/chapter2Bishabash_ ecal- 2007 -web.pdf.

Halpern, ]. (2007) CJKI Arabic RomanizationSystem. Retrieved on 23/08/2016fTomwww.cjk.orglcjklarabiclcarslcars_paper.pdf.

Haroon, M. G. (2003). A discourse on theeffects of orientalism on the Muslims andIslamic learning. Journal of the NigerianAssociation of Teachers of Arabic andIslamic Studies (NATAIS). 6(3), pp. 32-45.

Jaleel. N. & Larkey, L.S. (2003) StatisticalTranslation for English-Arabic CrossLanguage Informational Retrieval.Retrieved on 06/08/2016 fromhttp:// ciir.cs.umass.edul pubfiles/ir-293.pdf.

Mike, L. (2012). Transliteration of Arabic Scriptin Machine Readable Travel Documents.Retrieved on 23/08/2016 fromwww.icao.int/Security/rnrtd/.

Musa, I. A (1998). A Critical Study of theApplication of the Rules of'Ilm al-Tajwidand 'Ilm al-Qira' at in Nigeria.Unpublished PhD thesis, University ofJos, Nigeria.

Ogunlade, 0.0. & Ahrned, AM. (2011).HigherEducation and Curriculum Innovation inNigeria. In: Durosaro, 0.0. & Adegoke,A.A(Eds). Higher Education andGlobalisation. Oyo; Stirling-HordenPublishers Ltd.

Oladosu, AG.A.S (1985). 'Education Crises inNigeria: the Perspective of ArabicEducation.' Journal of the NigerianAssociation of Teachers of Arabic andIslamic Studies (NATAIS). Vol. 2,pp. 1-13..

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