1010thth American History American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of Unit IV- A Champion of

DemocracyDemocracy

Chapter 14 – Section 4Chapter 14 – Section 4

The HomefrontThe Homefront

The Home FrontThe Home FrontThe Main Idea

While millions of military men and women were serving in World War II, Americans on the home front were making contributions

of their own.

Reading Focus

• What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at home experience?

• How did the U.S. government seek to win American support for the war?

• What was Japanese internment?

• How did World War II help expand the role of the government in the lives of the American people?

Sacrifice and Struggle for Sacrifice and Struggle for Americans at HomeAmericans at Home

Americans bought billions of dollars worth of war bonds.

Over half of the population did their civic duty and bought war bonds.

ConservingFood

and otherGoods

Americans planted victory gardens.

The United States began rationing food items such as coffee, butter, sugar, and meat.

Metal, glass, rubber, and gasoline were scarce goods.

Americans held scrap drives to collect waste materials that might be used in the war effort.

Investing in

Victory

Families dealt with the absence of loved ones by displaying a flag with a blue star.

Americans read news accounts of the war with great interest (Ernie Pyle – newspaper journalist).

Paying thePersonal

Price

War BondsWar Bonds War Bonds provided a crucial source of War Bonds provided a crucial source of

revenue for the war effort. By revenue for the war effort. By sponsoring public stunts such as sponsoring public stunts such as celebrity auctions, the federal celebrity auctions, the federal government used War Bonds to sell the government used War Bonds to sell the war to the American public instead of war to the American public instead of relying on American involvement in the relying on American involvement in the war to sell bonds. war to sell bonds.

U.S. government to market Series E U.S. government to market Series E bonds as "war bonds", "war loans", bonds as "war bonds", "war loans", "victory bonds", and by other names "victory bonds", and by other names meant to appeal to a sense of meant to appeal to a sense of patriotism. patriotism.

By the time war-bond sales ended in By the time war-bond sales ended in 1946, 85 million Americans had 1946, 85 million Americans had purchased more than $185 billion worth purchased more than $185 billion worth of the securities, often through of the securities, often through automatic deductions from their automatic deductions from their paychecks paychecks

Victory Victory GardensGardens

Victory gardens, also called war Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for gardens or food gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit defense, were vegetable, fruit and herb gardens planted at and herb gardens planted at private residences in the United private residences in the United States, Canada, and United States, Canada, and United Kingdom during World War I and Kingdom during World War I and World War II to reduce the World War II to reduce the pressure on the public food pressure on the public food supply brought on by the war supply brought on by the war effort. effort.

In addition to indirectly aiding In addition to indirectly aiding the war effort these gardens the war effort these gardens were also considered a civil were also considered a civil "morale booster" — in that "morale booster" — in that gardeners could feel empowered gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown.rewarded by the produce grown.

Scrap DrivesScrap Drives Recent historical studies indicate that the scrap Recent historical studies indicate that the scrap

drives were more important as morale boosters drives were more important as morale boosters than in providing essential products for the war than in providing essential products for the war effort. effort.

But, the general public did get caught up in the But, the general public did get caught up in the patriotic enthusiasm -- some saved tin foil from patriotic enthusiasm -- some saved tin foil from gum wrappers, making a tin foil ball until it gum wrappers, making a tin foil ball until it reached a size large enough to be accepted by the reached a size large enough to be accepted by the collection site. collection site.

Scrap paper was more easily collected and was Scrap paper was more easily collected and was used to package armaments. used to package armaments.

Grease was saved and recycled to make Grease was saved and recycled to make ammunition. ammunition.

Salvaged kitchen fat was used to produce glycerin, Salvaged kitchen fat was used to produce glycerin, an ingredient in drugs and explosives. an ingredient in drugs and explosives.

Although the rubber recycling industry did Although the rubber recycling industry did produce a fair amount of material throughout the produce a fair amount of material throughout the war, the rubber scrap drive didn't significantly war, the rubber scrap drive didn't significantly boost its output. The real solution to the rubber boost its output. The real solution to the rubber shortage was development of synthetic rubber and shortage was development of synthetic rubber and conservation.conservation.

Gas rationing was primarily meant to save tires, Gas rationing was primarily meant to save tires, not gas. not gas.

Recycling of steel and iron unquestionably helped. Recycling of steel and iron unquestionably helped. One campaign netted five million tons of steel in One campaign netted five million tons of steel in just three weeks, and scrap-metal drives continued just three weeks, and scrap-metal drives continued for most of the war. But could go too farfor most of the war. But could go too far..

RationingRationing Civilian consumption increased 22% during the war.Civilian consumption increased 22% during the war. Production stopped on many civilian items, such as automobiles, Production stopped on many civilian items, such as automobiles,

new houses, and new appliances. new houses, and new appliances. Many commodities, such as meat, sugar, butter, coffee, gasoline, Many commodities, such as meat, sugar, butter, coffee, gasoline,

tires, shoes and clothing were rationed. tires, shoes and clothing were rationed. Local schools set up stations where people could get their ration Local schools set up stations where people could get their ration

coupons (with teachers handling the paperwork.) coupons (with teachers handling the paperwork.) Each person (regardless of age) received the same food and Each person (regardless of age) received the same food and

clothing coupons. clothing coupons. To purchase an item three things were needed: To purchase an item three things were needed:

the storekeeper had to have the item in the first placethe storekeeper had to have the item in the first place the purchaser had to have the cash, and had to have the couponsthe purchaser had to have the cash, and had to have the coupons

Most automobile drivers received coupons for 3 gallons a weekMost automobile drivers received coupons for 3 gallons a week There was plenty of gasoline; the rationing was an efficient way to There was plenty of gasoline; the rationing was an efficient way to

ration automobile tiresration automobile tires Bread, milk and beer were not rationed. Bread, milk and beer were not rationed. People eating in restaurants had to pay with cash and ration People eating in restaurants had to pay with cash and ration

coupons. coupons. Rationing was generally supported by the civilian population, Rationing was generally supported by the civilian population,

although there was some black market activity, that is, purchase although there was some black market activity, that is, purchase of an item without the coupons. of an item without the coupons.

The government hunted down and prosecuted black marketeers. The government hunted down and prosecuted black marketeers. There was much "gray market" activity--that is family and neighbors There was much "gray market" activity--that is family and neighbors

selling or trading ration coupons; that was technically illegal but rarely selling or trading ration coupons; that was technically illegal but rarely prosecuted. prosecuted.

By the end of 1942, half of U.S automobiles were issued an 'A' sticker which allowed 4 gallons of fuel per week.  That sticker was issued to owners whose use of their cars was nonessential.  Hand the pump jockey your Mileage Ration Book coupons and cash, and she (yes, female service station attendants because the guys were over there) could sell you three or four gallons a week, no more.  For nearly a year, A-stickered cars were not to be driven for pleasure at all. 

The green 'B' sticker was for driving deemed essential to the war effort; industrial war workers, for example, could purchase eight gallons a week.  Red 'C' stickers indicated physicians, ministers, mail carriers and railroad workers.  'T' was for truckers, and the rare 'X' sticker went to members of Congress and other VIPs.  Truckers supplying the population with supplies had a T sticker for unlimited amounts of fuel. 

The national maximum Victory Speed was 35 miles an hour, and driving clubs or carpools were encouraged.  The main idea was to conserve rubber, not gasoline.  The interior side of the sticker issued for the car's windshield instructed the driver on this point.  Every citizen, military or civilian, was to do their part.  Even in the popular Warner Brothers cartoons, Daffy Duck exhorts the audience to Keep it under 40!  Bugs Bunny's plunging airplane halts just before impact, out of gas as a consequence of the `A' sticker on its windshield.

Gas RationingGas Rationing

Cinema Stars Aid America's War Bond Drive (01:22)Cinema Stars Aid America's War Bond Drive (01:22)

Service Star BannerService Star Banner

Display of the Service Star Display of the Service Star Banner first came about during Banner first came about during World War I. During WWI and World War I. During WWI and WWII most flags were hand made WWII most flags were hand made by mothers across the nation. by mothers across the nation. One of the most famous flags was One of the most famous flags was that of the five Sullivan brothers that of the five Sullivan brothers who all perished on the who all perished on the U.S.S. U.S.S. Juneau.Juneau.

Each blue star on the flag Each blue star on the flag represents a service member in represents a service member in active duty. A gold star is active duty. A gold star is displayed if a service member is displayed if a service member is killed in action or dies in service. killed in action or dies in service. If several stars are displayed in If several stars are displayed in one family the gold star takes the one family the gold star takes the honor of being placed at the top.honor of being placed at the top.

Sacrifice and Struggle at Sacrifice and Struggle at HomeHome

What sacrifices and struggles did What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at home experience?Americans at home experience?

Identify-Identify- What kinds of materials What kinds of materials were collected in scrap drives?were collected in scrap drives?

SummarizeSummarize – How did rationing work? – How did rationing work? PredictPredict – If Americans had not – If Americans had not

purchased war bonds, how might the purchased war bonds, how might the U.S. have financed the war effort?U.S. have financed the war effort?

American Support for the American Support for the WarWar

Roosevelt called on the nation to protect the “four freedoms” – freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

The Office of War Information spread propaganda, or information and ideas designed to promote a cause. Examples included posters encouraging people to join the armed forces or to save gasoline. The OWI also warned the public about the dangers they faced.

Hollywood made a series of patriotic films that featured soldiers and workers on the home front.

Sometimes the drive to influence public attitudes led to conflict. For example, the Barnette ruling argued that Americans could not be forced to salute the flag.

Office of War InformationOffice of War Information

The Office of War Information The Office of War Information (OWI) was created in 1942 and (OWI) was created in 1942 and served as an important U.S. served as an important U.S. government propaganda agency government propaganda agency during World War II.during World War II.

The OWI was established by The OWI was established by Executive Order 9182 on June 13, Executive Order 9182 on June 13, 1942.1942.

sought to review and approve the sought to review and approve the design and content of government design and content of government posters. To inspire fear and show posters. To inspire fear and show harmful outcomes of improper actions harmful outcomes of improper actions and attitudes.and attitudes.

directly produced radio series.directly produced radio series. produced a series of 267 newsreels in produced a series of 267 newsreels in

16 mm film.16 mm film. established the Voice of America in established the Voice of America in

1942.1942. contained two photographic units whose contained two photographic units whose

photographers documented the photographers documented the country's mobilization during the early country's mobilization during the early years of the war, concentrating on such years of the war, concentrating on such topics as aircraft factories and women topics as aircraft factories and women in the workforce. in the workforce.

WWII Propaganda FilmsWWII Propaganda Films

Safeguarding Military Information Safeguarding Military Information (1941) 10:42(1941) 10:42 http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=zU8hXowpS7sv=zU8hXowpS7s Private SNAFU Private SNAFU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FmhPY-YEAAv=_FmhPY-YEAA – Spies – Spies

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2dW5JM8qpY&feature=related – Homefrontv=D2dW5JM8qpY&feature=related – Homefront

West Virginia State Board West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnetteof Education v. Barnette,,

(1943) was a decision by the Supreme Court of the (1943) was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that the Free Speech Clause United States that held that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the United States of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protected students from being forced Constitution protected students from being forced to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance in school.Allegiance in school.

It was a significant court victory won by Jehovah's It was a significant court victory won by Jehovah's Witnesses, whose religion forbade them from Witnesses, whose religion forbade them from saluting or pledging to political institutions or saluting or pledging to political institutions or symbols. However, the Court did not address the symbols. However, the Court did not address the effect the compelled salutation and recital ruling effect the compelled salutation and recital ruling had upon their particular religious beliefs, but had upon their particular religious beliefs, but instead ruled that the state did not have the power instead ruled that the state did not have the power to compel speech in that manner for anyone.to compel speech in that manner for anyone.

FDR Four FreedomsFDR Four Freedoms

FreedomsFreedoms are goals famously articulated by are goals famously articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the State of the Union Address he delivered to the the State of the Union Address he delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941. 77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941.

In an address also known as the In an address also known as the Four Freedoms Four Freedoms speechspeech, Roosevelt enumerated four points as , Roosevelt enumerated four points as fundamental freedoms humans fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in "everywhere in the world"the world" ought to enjoy: ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of every person to worship God in his own way Freedom of every person to worship God in his own way Freedom from want Freedom from want Freedom from fear Freedom from fear

Winning American Support for Winning American Support for the Warthe War

How did the U.S. government seek to How did the U.S. government seek to win American support for the war?win American support for the war?

Identify-Identify- What were Roosevelt’s What were Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms”?“Four Freedoms”?

EvaluateEvaluate – Do you think that the – Do you think that the government needed to create an government needed to create an agency to build support for the war agency to build support for the war effort? Explain your answer.effort? Explain your answer.

Winning American Support for Winning American Support for the Warthe War

Summarize- Summarize- What part did the What part did the Hollywood film industry play in the Hollywood film industry play in the war effort?war effort?

EvaluateEvaluate – Why did the Jehovah’s – Why did the Jehovah’s Witnesses challenge a law requiring Witnesses challenge a law requiring students to salute the American flag?students to salute the American flag?

Japanese American Japanese American InternmentInternment

Executive Order 9066Executive Order 9066 After Pearl Harbor, military After Pearl Harbor, military

officials began to investigate the officials began to investigate the Japanese American community Japanese American community for signs of spying or other illegal for signs of spying or other illegal activity.activity.

It was recommended that all It was recommended that all people of Japanese background people of Japanese background be removed from the West Coast.be removed from the West Coast.

Order 9066 established military Order 9066 established military zones and could force people to zones and could force people to leave these zones.leave these zones.

Japanese Americans in California, Japanese Americans in California, Washington, Oregon, and Arizona Washington, Oregon, and Arizona were forced into were forced into internmentinternment camps.camps.

Many lost their homes and Many lost their homes and businesses.businesses.

Japanese American LoyaltyJapanese American Loyalty While interned, Japanese While interned, Japanese

Americans were forced to answer Americans were forced to answer questions about their loyalty to questions about their loyalty to the United States.the United States.

German and Italian Americans German and Italian Americans also faced restrictions.also faced restrictions.

Many young people from the Many young people from the camps joined the armed forces to camps joined the armed forces to prove their loyalty.prove their loyalty.

Not all Japanese Americans Not all Japanese Americans accepted their internment accepted their internment peacefully.peacefully.

Some mounted legal challenges Some mounted legal challenges such as such as Korematsu Korematsu v.v. United United States.States.

Nisei: Japanese-Americans During Wartime (01:05)Nisei: Japanese-Americans During Wartime (01:05)

Executive Order 9066: Japanese Internment Camps Executive Order 9066: Japanese Internment Camps

(03:46)(03:46)

Korematsu Korematsu v.v. United States United States (1944)(1944)

The Supreme Court tried to find the right balance between the rights of Japanese Americans and wartime needs.

Fred Korematsu refused the executive order that relocated 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps.

Korematsu was born in Oakland, California, and was an American citizen.

He was arrested and then appealed his case to the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu stating that the relocation order was justified as a temporary wartime measure.

He continued to work for civil rights and had his conviction overturned in 1983.

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

What was Japanese internment?What was Japanese internment? Explain-Explain- What did Executive Order 9066 What did Executive Order 9066

do?do? Make InferencesMake Inferences – Why do you think – Why do you think

some Japanese Americans were interned some Japanese Americans were interned in barren areas, far from their homes?in barren areas, far from their homes?

ElaborateElaborate – Why do you think only – Why do you think only Japanese Americans and not German Japanese Americans and not German Americans, were singled out for Americans, were singled out for internment?internment?

New Roles for Federal New Roles for Federal Government Government

The Office of Price Administration placed limits on the prices businesses could charge for products and materials.

The War Production Board made sure the military got the products and resources it needed.

The WPB placed limits on clothing manufacturers. The WPB placed restrictions on clothing. For

examples, jackets were only allowed to be a certain length.

Government spending during the war rose sharply. Most of the money went to the armed forces.

The government increased income tax rates to help pay for the war. Millions paid income taxes for the very first time.

Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration The functions of the The functions of the

OPA- (established to OPA- (established to prevent wartime prevent wartime inflation) inflation)

stabilize prices (price stabilize prices (price controls) and rents after controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War the outbreak of World War II. II.

place ceilings on all prices place ceilings on all prices except agricultural except agricultural commoditiescommodities

ration scarce supplies of ration scarce supplies of other items, including other items, including tires, automobiles, shoes, tires, automobiles, shoes, nylon, sugar, gasoline, nylon, sugar, gasoline, fuel oil, coffee, meats and fuel oil, coffee, meats and processed foods. At the processed foods. At the peak, almost 90% of retail peak, almost 90% of retail food prices were frozen. food prices were frozen.

It could also authorize It could also authorize subsidies for production of subsidies for production of some of those some of those commodities. commodities.

War Production BoardWar Production Board To ensure that the armed To ensure that the armed

forces and war industries forces and war industries received the resources received the resources for their ever-growing for their ever-growing needs.needs.

Decided which Decided which companies would convert companies would convert from peacetime to from peacetime to wartime production and wartime production and allocated raw materials allocated raw materials to key industries.to key industries.

Organized nationwide Organized nationwide drives to collect scrap drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, iron, tin cans, paper, rags, and cooking fat for rags, and cooking fat for recycling into war goods.recycling into war goods.

TaxesTaxes

Beginning in 1940, the government Beginning in 1940, the government extended the income tax to virtually all extended the income tax to virtually all Americans and began collecting the tax via Americans and began collecting the tax via the now-familiar method of continuous the now-familiar method of continuous withholdings from paychecks (rather than withholdings from paychecks (rather than lump-sum payments after the fact). The lump-sum payments after the fact). The number of Americans required to pay number of Americans required to pay federal taxes rose from 4 million in 1939 to federal taxes rose from 4 million in 1939 to 43 million in 1945.43 million in 1945.

All told, taxes provided about $136.8 billion All told, taxes provided about $136.8 billion of the war's total cost of $304 billion of the war's total cost of $304 billion

A New Role for the Federal A New Role for the Federal GovernmentGovernment

How did World War II help expand the How did World War II help expand the role of the government in the lives of role of the government in the lives of the American people?the American people?

Explain –Explain – How did the federal How did the federal government raise money to help pay government raise money to help pay for the war effort?for the war effort?

Make InferencesMake Inferences – What was the – What was the connection between the War Production connection between the War Production Board and the fashion industry?Board and the fashion industry?