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![Page 1: 1 Skin problems Dermatitis Bacterial Viral Fungal Infestations Age specific Burns General principles Pages 753-763.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052609/5a4d1bb87f8b9ab0599cfcef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Skin problems Dermatitis Bacterial Viral Fungal Infestations Age specific Burns
General principles Pages 753-763
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Learning Objectives Identify Signs /Symptoms/Treatment for:
Contact Dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Impetigo Cellulitis Herpes Simplex Varicella Zoster Tinea capitis Ringworm Scabies Head lice Acne Steven-Johnson Syndrome Pediatric burns
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Contact dermatitis Localized irritation caused by
direct, external contact with a foreign substance
2 types Irritant Allergic
Hockenberry p777
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Contact dermatitis Causes
Plants Nickel/other metals Topical
medications Rubber Cosmetics Fabrics Detergents Solvents Fragrances Sun On & on
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Contact dermatitis Symptoms
Pruritis Redness/inflammation Skin tenderness Local swelling Local warmth to exposed area Rash/lesion
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Contact dermatitis Treatment
Wash affected area-lots of water Soap may irritate the skin even more, don’t use it
Avoid scratching Keep fingernails trimmed Medications
Topical Corticosteroids Lotions
Oral Antihistamines Steroids
Skin patch testing Make sure to avoid that thing that gave you the contact dermatitis in the first place
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Contact Dermatitis Prevention
Avoid offending agent Protective clothing Sunscreen
Expectations Usually resolves in 2-3 weeks
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Affects 3-5% of children before the age of 5
Genetic component- 70% have 1st degree relative with some form of AD
50-80% will develop allergic rhinitis or asthma
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Atopic dermatitis Symptoms
Dry, scaly, pruritic lesions Weeping, oozing, crusting
lesions Often erythematous Chronic relapse/remission
pattern Tend to be more susceptible
to viral skin infectionshttp://www.riskindoc.com/dermatitis_eczema.html
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Atopic dermatitis Symptoms
Typically seen on the face, inside the elbows, and behind the knees
Appearance of rash will depend on the amount of scratching
Worse in fall/winter Secondary infection
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Atopic dermatitis Treatment Topical medications Systemic medications Other topicals Other treatments
Sometimes use phototherapy (about 12 y/o and older)
Avoid triggers Tepid water for bathing
Increase humidity in winter months
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Impetigo Common, contagious,
superficial, bacterial infection
Group A β- hemolytic streptococcus Brown crusty blisters
Staphylococcus aureus Clear then cloudy blisters
Hockenberry p767http://www.cgh.com.sg/caring/issue82/Pg_6_7_8.asp
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Impetigo Preschoolers/ school
age Those In Close
Physical Contact Day care
Warm, Moist Climate Poor Hygiene
https://mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM00401
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Impetigo Spread by direct
contact Can be itchy Can occur on any
part of the body Usually hands,
forearms, nose, & mouth
Copyright Mosby 2002
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Impetigo Treatment
Antibiotics Topical, sometimes use systemic if it’s a huge area that is
affected Gentle cleansing of crusted areas
With warm soapy water, but don’t want to break the blisters. It doesn’t speed up healing and opens up the way for infection
Cover infected areas Don’t rupture the blisters
Prevention Good hygiene
Regular hand washing Separate towels/linens Keep fingernails cut short
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Cellulitis Inflammation of the skin
and subcutaneous tissues Associated with pain,
swelling, intense redness Opportunistic
Any area of broken skin Immunocompromised/
diabetics NOT contagious
page 767
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Cellulitis Bacterial infection
Staph Strep Pasteurella multocida
Animal bites Pseudomonas
Puncture of foot through sneakers
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Cellulitis Symptoms
Inflammation with redness Pain Swelling Warm to touch Lymphangitis- streaking Fever, malaise Swollen regional lymph nodes
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Cellulitis Treatment (mild/treated at home)
Antibiotics Oral
Elevation, immobilization Warm, moist compresses Pain relievers Close monitoring
Hospitalization, if necessary
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Herpes Simplex Type I
Usual exposure- preschool years Typically found above the waist, but can be anywhere
Type II Sexually transmitted Typically found below the waist, but can be anywhere
Once exposed always present Outbreaks Very contagious Spread by direct contact No cure
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Herpes Simplex Triggers
Stress Increased exposure to
sun Viral infections Food high in arginine
http://www.minarsdermatology.com/medical/coldsores.asp
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Herpes Simplex Symptoms
Tingling, numbness, burning, itching Small erythematous, tender area
clusters of blisters Blisters begin to dry yellow crusting Possible regional lymphadenopathy Usual coarse 7-10 days
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Herpes Simplex Complications
Possible scarring Blindness (ocular)
If it gets into the eye Depression (type 2 HSV)
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Herpes SimplexTreatment Goal - control outbreaks Medication
Pain relievers Compresses Other Antivirals need to be given in
the first 24 hours after the first lesion
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Varicella zoster
Shingles Same virus that causes
chicken pox Anyone who has had
chicken pox or the vaccine can have varicella zoster
Chickenpox may follow exposure to shingle
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Varicella zoster Causes
Stress Fatigue Weak immune
system Cancer Radiation
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Varicella zoster Symptoms
Pre-eruption Intense, localized pain along a
dermatome Fever/malaise
Lesions occur 1-7 days Progress thru rupture, crusting, and
healing over 2-3 weeks
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Varicella zoster Is unilateral Follows dermatomes
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Varicella zoster Complications
Scarring Secondary infection Hearing\vision loss (facial) Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)
Pain persists after the rash has completely healed, can last a long time (months or years). Rare in children, but it can happen
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Varicella zoster Treatment
Avoid scratching Keep fingernails trimmed Medication
Antivirals In first 24 hours! Can slow down the shingles or
prevent them from popping up in the first place Pain
Cool compresses/ baths Good hygiene
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Dermatophytoses- Tinea(aka.- Ringworm)
Fungal Infection That Lives On, Not In, The Skin, Or Nails
Spread by: Direct contact Indirect contact Contact with soil
rare
www.emedicinehealth.com/slideshow_ringworm_pictures/article_em.htm
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Tinea capitis (head) Symptoms
Begins as small lesion Enlarges, leaving scaly
patch Alopecia Worst case, develops
into kerion Like a boggy gross thing,
immune response to the ringworm
Hair usually grows back kerio
n
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Tinea capitis Treatment
Griseofulvin Topical antifungal Selenium sulfide shampoo Corticosteroids (kerion)
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Tinea corporis (body) Symptoms
Begins as small lesion
Enlarges, leaving scaly patch
Center usually clears leaving the “ring” appearance
Copyright Mosby 2004
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Tinea corporis (body) Treatment
Griseofulvin Topical antifungal
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Tinea cruris (‘jock itch’)
Symptoms Pruritic Medial proximal aspect of thigh/
crural fold (may involve scrotum in males)
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Tinea cruris Treatment
Topical antifungal Compresses/ sitz baths (comfort)
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Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) Symptoms
Pruritis Lesions to plantar surface of foot,
between toes
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Tinea pedis Treatment
Griseofulvin Topical antifungal Severe cases- topical glucocortical
cream Eliminate causes
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http://www.emedicinehealth.com/slideshow_ringworm_pictures/article_em.htm
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Sarcoptes scabei (Scabies)
Skin infestation with microscopic mite
Spread skin to skin Crowded conditions If you got one today it
would take a couple of months before you began to feel the effects
http://www.dermisil.com/products/what/scabies.asp
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Sarcoptes scabei (Scabies)
Female burrows under the skin
Lays 2-3 eggs/day Eggs hatch and in 10
days—adult mites!
http://www.dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/arthropods/img/s/scabies3.jpg
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Sarcoptes scabei (Scabies)
Symptoms Severe pruritis Small, tiny lesions
develop into blisters Usually on hands or
feet
http://www.dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/arthropods/img/s/scabies2.jpg
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Sarcoptes scabei (Scabies)
Treatment ?Whole family?
Yes!! Spread by close, prolonged contact. The mite takes about 45 mins to burrow under your skin
Scabicide - Permethrin (Elimite) Treat personal items
Clothes, bedding, towels, wash in hot water Lotions Topical steroid for itch Antibiotics- secondary infections
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Pediculosis capitus (head lice)
Very common, parasitic infestation
Typically affects ages 3-12
Very contagious, very annoying
http://www.haircareguide.com/lice.htm
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Pediculosis capitus Person to person
contact Object to person
contact Not carried by
animals
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Pediculosis capitus Adult Louse
Small, grayish-tan, wingless insect
Visible Can live up to 3 days away
from a human host Life span of female is 1 month
In this time can lay 100-200 eggs… eww
Use claws to hold to hair shafthttp://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/koch%5Fsama/Nutrition.htm
http://www.msmosquito.com/headlice.html
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Pediculosis capitus Feed on small amounts of blood
from the scalp every 4-6 hours Eggs will hatch 1-2 weeks after
being laid
http://www.msmosquito.com/headlice.html
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Pediculosis capitus Symptoms
May note small, red lesions Persistent pruritis Nits on hair shafts Visible adult lice Regional
lymphadenopathy Secondary infection
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Pediculosis capitus Treatment
Medicated shampoos Mechanical removal of nits Wash all linens Vacuum/ dry clean non-
laundry items Repeat treatment in 7-10
days Treat secondary infection as
needed
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Acne vulgaris (acne)
Most common skin problem of adolescence
50% of adolescent population will experience acne
Not caused/worsened by foods
Has a hereditary factorHockenberry p 849-852
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Acne vulgaris (acne) Causes
Hormones Increased sebum (oil)
gland activity Comedone formation Overgrowth of
Propionibacterium acnes
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Acne vulgaris (acne) Treatment
Wash-don’t scrub Oil-free make-up Keep your hands off!! Lotions/creams Medications
Retinoids Topical Antibacterial Agent Systemic Antibiotics Oral Contraceptives
If using topicals, AVOID SUN, or AT LEAST USE SUN SCREEN
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN)
Severe manifestation of erythema multiforme
Mortality can be as high as 25%-35% (TEN)
emedicine.medscape.com/article/756523-media
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN) Causes
Infections 50% of patients report recent URI
Drug induced Sulfa, Penicillin, cocaine
Malignancy (adults) Idiopathic
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN)
Signs/symptoms Cough Headache Malaise Arthralgia Mucocutaneous
lesions
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN) Treatment
Support symptoms Many times we don’t know what’s caused it
Remove offending agent Treat lesions as burns
May get care from burn units in the hospital Cover denuded skin
Cover with gauze wet with solution Prevent secondary infection
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Pediatric Burns - Causes Extreme heat sources Cold Chemicals Electricity Radiation
Accidental – inadequate supervision, curiosity, inability to escape burning agent
Intentional (Child Abuse)
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Guides to Treatment Extent Depth Severity
Percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) burned
Location Child’s age General health
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Extent - Total Burn Surface Area (TBSA)
Rule of Nines
Lund Browder
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Rule of Nines
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769193-print
http://www.medtrng.net/efmb/tasks/081-833-0070.htm
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Depth and Severity Depth
Superficial (1st degree ) Only epidermis, blisters, gone in days,
not scarring Partial thickness (2nd degree )
sensory is intact, moist skin, scarring is low, but takes longer to heal
Full thickness (3rd and 4th degree) Dermis, epidermis, and subq tissue, if you burn thru
this then it’s not painful because you’ve killed all the nerve cells. Don’t usually heal, may need skin grafts and what not
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Second degree burn
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769193-media
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3rd degree burns
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769193-media
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Burn Unit Referral Criteria1. Partial-thickness burns > 10% TBSA 2. Burns involving face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum, or major
joints 3. 3rd degree burns4. Electrical burns, including lightning injury 5. Chemical burns 6. Inhalation injury 7. Preexisting medical disorders that could complicate
management, prolong recovery, or affect mortality 8. Concomitant trauma (such as fractures) in which the burn injury
poses the greatest risk of morbidity or mortality. 9. Burned children in hospitals without qualified personnel or
equipment for the care of children 10. Special social, emotional, or rehabilitative intervention
requirements
She won’t test us on this but it’s just good to know or whatever…
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Burn Care Superficial burns (sunburn)
Avoid sun, wear protective clothing, sunscreen Minor burns
Apply cold compress Analgesia Cleanse with soap /water – avoid friction Tetanus Antimicrobial ointment Loose clothing
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Care of Moderate and Severe Burns Maintain airway, Oxygen IV access/ fluids Observe closely for s/s shock Pain management Wound care Nutritional support Skin and musculoskeletal care Emotional/psychosocial support
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Parkland FormulaFluids for 24 hours = (4 х kg х % burn)
[2nd & 3rd degree burns added together]
1st 50% given over 8 hoursFollowed by 2nd 50% given over 16 hours
Example 4 X 20kg X 35% = 2800 Give 1400 in 8 hours = 175 ml/hr Remaining 1400 over next 16 hours at 88 ml/hr
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Systemic Responses/Complications
Cardiovascular system Burn shock
From loosing fluids Hemoconcentration/hyperviscosity Treatment - Fluid resuscitation
Watching urine output is key, you know they’re hydrated if their I&O is even
Commonly use Parkland formula Maintain urine output 1-2 ml/kg
Renal System Immature infant renal system Fluid loss reduces renal blood flow
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Metabolism Hypermetabolism
Pulmonary Injury 2ndary to smoke/carbon dioxide, heat Pulmonary edema
Wound Sepsis
GI System Stress ulcer
Responses/Complications
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Burn Wound Management Excision/Debridement Topical antimicrobial agents Temporary skin substitute Synthetic Skin coverings Artificial skin Permanent skin coverings Cultured epithelium
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Complications Long term
Contracture deformities Body image
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Prevention/Parent Education
Never leave child alone Install smoke alarms – check monthly Lower hot water setting to <120 degrees Keep matches, gasoline, candles away
from children Use stove back burners and turn pot
handles
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Prevention/Education Keep hot foods/liquids away from
table edge Keep electrical cords out of reach Practice fire escape Teach - Stop, drop, and roll Place microwave at safe height
(higher than children’s faces but low enough to reach easily)