Chapter 13 – Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development The Nature of the Child.
1 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 10 © 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Transcript of 1 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 10 © 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
Chapter 10
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Did You Know…
The number of father-only families in the US has quadrupled since 1970?
Children in single-parent households do better on achievement tests in countries with supportive family policies?
Children reared by gay or lesbian parents have been found to be as psychologically healthy as children reared by heterosexual parents?
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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There are few significant differences in adjustment between adopted and nonadopted children?
Research supports a cause-and-effect relationship between viewing media violence and aggressive behavior?
Patterns of bullying and victimization may become established as early as kindergarten?
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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The Developing Self
The cognitive growth that takes place during middle childhood enables children to develop more complex concepts of themselves and to gain in emotional understanding.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Neo-Piagetian: Representational Systems
Representational Systems: Broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate different aspects of the self– ‘I am really smart in math, but I’m having
troubles in English.’
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Representational Systems
Example:– “At school I’m feeling pretty smart in certain
subjects, Language Arts and Social Studies.” says 8 year old Lisa. “I got A’s in these subjects on my last report card and was really proud of myself. But I’m feeling really dumb in Math and Science, particularly when I see how well the other kids are doing…I still like myself as a person, because Math and Science are just not that important to me. How I look and how popular I am are more important.”
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Self-Esteem
Erikson’s crisis of industry v. inferiority The virtue of ‘competence’
– Successful resolution of crisis– Seeing the self as able to master skills and
complete tasks
Includes social support from family and friends
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Emotional Growth & Prosocial Behavior
By age 7 or 8, children are aware of feeling shame, guilt and pride.
They are aware of their culture’s rules for expressing emotion.
Emotional self-regulation involves voluntary control over emotions, attention, and behavior.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Emotional Growth & Prosocial Behavior
Children learn what makes them angry, fearful, sad, etc and how other people act towards these emotions. This allows them to learn to behave accordingly.
When parents respond with disapproval or punishment anger and fear may become more intense or children may become anxious over these emotions.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Family Atmosphere
Children exposed to parental discord had high levels ofo Internalizing behaviors: anxiety,
fearfulness and depressiono Externalizing behaviors: aggressiveness,
fighting, disobedience and hostility
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Parenting Issues in Middle Childhood
Coregulation: develops during middle childhood– Parent and child share power– Parent: General supervision– Child: Self-regulation
Discipline– Inductive techniques – point out actions to child– ‘Hitting Jermaine hurts him and makes him feel
bad.’© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Working Mothers
In 2005, 70% of U.S. mothers with children under 18 were in the workforce.
The more satisfied a mother is with her employment, the more effective she is as a parent.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Effects of Working Mothers
Impact of mother’s work depends on: Whether she works part- or full-time Why she is working Partner support SES Type of care before and after school
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Working Mothers
9% of children and 23% of early adolescents are reported to be in self-care, regularly caring for themselves at home without adult supervision.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Poverty and Parenting
Approximately 18 percent of all U.S. children under age 18 live in poverty.
Poor children are more likely to:– Have emotional and behavioral problems– Suffer cognitively and scholastically
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Adjusting to Divorce
Divorce causes stress for all family members. First, there is the stress of conflict. Then, the stress
of one parent departing (usually the father). Adjustment of children depends upon:
– The level of parental conflict before the divorce– Child’s age or maturity
Younger children experience more anxiety but adapt faster
– Gender and temperament Boys have a harder time adjusting
– Psychosocial development before divorce
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Custody and Visitation Issues
In most divorce cases, mother gets custody. Children do better if the parent who does not get custody
remains involved. Many children of divorce state that losing contact with the
father is one of the most painful aspects of divorce Joint custody
� Custody shared by both parents
� Beneficial, if parents can cooperate Joint legal custody
Parents share the rights to make decisions about child’s welfare� Joint physical custody
� Child lives part-time with each parent
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Long-term Effects of Divorce
Most children adjust reasonably well. However, divorce increases risk of:
– Antisocial behavior– Difficulties with authority figures– Dropping out of school– Emotional or psychological problems (anxiety)
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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One-Parent Families
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One-Parent Families
Result from divorce, separation, unwed parenthood, or death.
Single-parent families in the US have more than doubled since 1970.
5% of single-parent families are headed by a father
Single parents often lack resources.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Cohabiting Families
Similar to two-parent, but tend to be more disadvantagedo Less incomeo Less educationo More mental health problems
More likely to break up than married families
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Stepfamilies
Adjustment may be stressful. May include relatives of up to 4 adults Child’s loyalty to an absent parent may
interfere with bonding to stepparent. Findings on the impact of
remarriage on children are mixed.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Gay or Lesbian Families
An estimated 9 million children have at least one homosexual parent.
Research shows NO special concerns in terms of children’s physical, cognitive or emotional development.
Children of homosexuals are no more likely to be homosexual than children of heterosexuals.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Adoptive Families
Adoption is found in all cultures throughout history
60 percent of adoptions are by stepparents or relatives, usually grandparents.
Increase in ‘open adoptions’– Parties share information or have direct contact
U.S. adoptions of foreign-born children quadrupled from 1978 to 2001.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Special Challenges of Adoptive Families
Integrating child into the familyDecisions about contacting biological
parentsForeign adoptions do not appear to
entail any more problems than domestic adoptions
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Sibling Relationships
Roles and relationships are determined by: Spacing Birth order Gender Culture
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Effects of Peer Relationships
Positive– Develop sociability and intimacy skills– Learn leadership and communication skills– Gain a sense of belonging
Negative– Cliques– Reinforce prejudice– Foster anti-social tendencies – pressure to
conform
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Stages of Friendship
Stage Description
Momentary Friendship
Egocentric – ‘She lives on my street’
One-way Assistance
Unilateral – A ‘good friend’ does what you want.
Two-way Reciprocal – Give and take relationship
Intimate Mutual – Friendship has life of own
Interdependent A good friendship takes commitment
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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What Do You Feel Causes Certain Children to be Unpopular?
© 2008 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Reasons Children May be Unpopular
AggressiveHyperactive Inattentive or withdrawn Insensitive to other children’s feelingsDo not adapt well to new situations
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Types of Aggression
Instrumental or Proactive Aggression– View coercion as an effective meansto get their way
Hostile Aggression– Aim is to hurt the victim– Often takes relational (social), rather than overt (physical), form– Aggressors may have ‘hostile attribution bias’
See others as trying to hurt them© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Media and Aggression
6 out of 10 TV shows portray violence.– Usually glamorized, trivialized or glorified
Most studies support a causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior.
Virtual violence (video games) may have a stronger effect than passive media (TV).
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Bullies and Victims
Bullying - Aggression deliberately directed against a particular target
Victims are usually:–Weak–Vulnerable–Defenseless
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Patterns of Bullying
Become established as early as kindergarten
Bullying increases during middle school and then declines
Temporary rise as social networks form– Especially with middle-school boys
Boys tend to use overt aggression Girls tend to use relational aggression
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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How Can We Prevent Bullying?
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Conduct Disruptive Disorders
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)– A pattern of defiance, disobedience, and hostility towards authority figures
lasting at least 6 months and going beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior
– Patterns persist past age 8
Conduct disorder (CD)– A persistent repetitive pattern of aggressive antisocial acts, such as truancy,
setting fires, habitual lying, fighting bullying, theft, vandalism, assaults, alcohol and drug use
– Some 11 to 13 year olds progress from CD to criminal violence and by age 17 are serious offenders
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Anxiety or Mood Disorders
School phobia/social phobiaSeparation anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderObsessive compulsive disorderChildhood depression
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Treatment Techniques
Individual psychotherapyFamily therapyBehavior therapy or modificationArt therapyPlay therapy
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Drug Therapy
AntidepressantsStimulantsTranquilizersAntipsychotic medications
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Stresses of Modern Life
Today’s child is the ‘hurried child’ Exposed to adult problems, like violence
on TV and in real life Children are expected to:
– Succeed in school– Compete in sports– Meet parents’ emotional needs
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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The Resilient Child
Children who maintain composure under challenge or threat
Children who ‘bounce back’ from trauma Protective Factors:
� Good family relationships
� Good cognitive functioning
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Traits of Resilient Children
Personality and Temperament Reduced Risk Factors
– Low parental discord– No criminal father – No foster care
Compensating Experiences– Supportive school environment– Successful experiences in school or social life
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc