Chapter 6 – Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development.
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Transcript of Chapter 6 – Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development.
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Chapter 6 – Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development
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Psychosocial DevelopmentEmotionsInitiative versus guilt
The selfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H50llsHm3khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kScfcXOjdIoGuilt versus shame
MotivationPlay
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Play-Play is the most productive and enjoyable
activity that children undertakePlay is universalForm of play changes with age and culture
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Peers and ParentsPeers:
People of about the same age and social statusProvide practice in emotional regulation,
empathy, and social understandingChildren usually prefer to play with each other
rather than with their parentsTypes of play
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Changing Social CircumstancesTypes of Play (Midred Parten, 1932)- as social
awareness increases, so do types of play. 1.Solitary play:2.Onlooker play:3.Parallel play:4.Associative play:5.Cooperative play:
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Active PlayRough-and-tumble play: Play that
mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm.
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Sociodramatic play: Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.
Sociodramatic Play
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PlayBased on the work of
parent child interaction therapy
Quality play criteria:Parents make no
demandsNoNoNo
Follow lead of childrenEngage under the
direction of children
Take PRIDE in your play!!
P-R-I- D – E-
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Parenting StylesDiana Baumrind (1967, 1971). Parents
differ on four important dimensions:1.Expressions of warmth2.Strategies for discipline3.Communication4.Expectations for maturity
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© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers
Figure 8.4 Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style
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Baumrind’s Patterns of Parenting
Authoritarian parenting
Permissive parenting
Authoritative parenting
Neglectful/uninvolved parenting
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Authoritarian
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Permissive
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Authoritative
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Neglectful
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Children, Parents, and the Media
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The Significance of ContentViolence on TV is often depicted as morally
acceptable.Children who watch televised violence become
more violent themselves.Racial and gender stereotypes are still evident
in children’s programs.Educational television may have positive
effects.Experts recommend that parents limit their
young children’s television viewing and spend more time talking and playing with them.
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Moral DevelopmentDecrease in egocentrism leads to the
development of:EmpathyAntipathyEmpathy ideally leads to prosocial behavior
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Types of Aggression1. Instrumental aggression
2. Reactive aggression
3. Relational aggression
4. Bullying aggression
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Discipline and Children’s Thinking
1. Remember theory of mind.2. Remember emerging self-concept3. Remember fast-mapping. 4. Remember that young children are not logical.
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PunishmentPhysical
DefineWhy it is usedOutcomes
PsychologicalTime OutSensitive DisciplineIneffective discipline
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Becoming Boys and Girls
Sex/Gender/Sexuality- define
Continuums Doing genderAge 2:Age 4:
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Theories of Gender Development
Psychoanalytical TheoryPhallic stage
Oedipus complexSuperegoElectra complex
Identification: An attempt to defend one’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.
BehaviorismGender differences are the product of
ongoing reinforcement and punishment
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Social learning theory: Children notice the ways men and women behave
and internalize the standards they observeCognitive Theory
Gender schema: A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.
Young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female, and then they think and behave accordingly.
Systems theoryGenes and culture, parents and peers, ideas and
customs all interact, affecting each child.
Theories of Gender Development, cont.
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AndrogynyAndrogyny: A balance within one person of
traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.