1. Pronouna. Word used in place of one or

more nouns

b. Function (job) is to replace

b. After Autumn borrowed the book, she lost it.

c. Ask Jordan if he has done his homework.

2. AntecedentWord that a pronoun stands for or refers to

a. Must be a nounb. Ex: Josh, have you turned in

your report?

c. Sometimes the antecedent is not stated.

i. Ex: It was hot outside today.

ii. Ex: It is 1:45.

Circle the pronouns and draw arrows to their antecedents.a. “I want you to study,” Mr. Daley said to the class.

b. The firefighter carefully adjusted her oxygen mask.

c. The children made lunch themselves.

d. Amber and Ashley decided they would get popcorn, but Rachel didn’t want any.

e. Dad said to let him know when Jenna came home.

4. Pronouns must ALWAYS agree with their antecedents in number and gender.a. Agree – to go together

b. Number – singular or plural

c. Gender – masculine, feminine, or neuter

d. Ex: Curtis refuses to eat spinach. She doesn’t like it.

e. Ex: Jessica always does Jessica’s homework after dinner.

5. Personal Pronoun – type of pronoun that refers to:a. The one speaking: first person

b. The one spoken to: second person

c. The one spoken about: third person

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Singular Plural

First Person

Second Person

you, your, yours

Third Person

Personal Pronouns

Pronouns must ALWAYS agree with their antecedents in number and gender.

A. If a person wanted to be a doctor, they must obtain a medical degree.

B. A teacher must help their students.

C. A welder must be careful with their tools.

D. If a farmer is not dedicated to their farm, they will probably lose the farm.

E. Every carpenter is cautious about having a nail lodged in their foot.

F. A writer should proofread _____________ work carefully.G. Writers should proofread ____________ work carefully.

1. Shane’s chapstick is missing.2. Jessica and Megan’s lunch table is a bunch of brigands.

3. This desk is Paige’s.

6. Possessive Pronouns

a. Personal pronouns that show ownership.

b. Never have apostrophes.

c. Circle the fourteen possessive pronouns on your personal pronoun chart.

d. Circle the possessive pronouns.

i. We worked hard on our experiment.

ii. Montana’s sister helped with her research.

iii. I added up and analyzed all my data.

iv. Several of our fellow students congratulated us on the project.

v. Montana was grateful for her sister’s help on the project.

REFLEXIVE/INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

Singular Plural

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

7. Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns

a. Reflexive Pronoun - directs the action of the verb back to the subject

a. Always refers to the sentence subject, therefore its antecedent is always the sentence subject.

b. Ex: Adam enjoyed himself at the party.

c. Ex: The team members prided themselves on their win.

b. Intensive Pronoun – emphasizes a noun or another pronoun in the sentence

a. The sentence will survive if you remove the intensive pronoun.

b. Ex: I myself cooked that delicious dinner.

c. Ex: Did you redecorate the room yourself?

8. Demonstrative Pronoun – points out a specific person, place, thing, or ideaa. this, that, these, thoseb. Which refer to singular nouns?c. Plural nouns?d. Things that are far away?e. Things that are close by?

f. Ex: This is the book I told you about.

g. Ex: Are these the new plants you ordered?

h. Demonstrative pronouns are sometimes used as adjectives. They are then called demonstrative adjectives.i. Ex: Those shoes are very sturdy.

ii. Ex: I love these kittens.

Demonstrative Pronoun or Adjective?1. Those classes visited the botanical

gardens.

2. Everyone enjoyed this week’s trip.

3. Those are particularly lovely

Demonstrative Pronoun or Adjective?4. Have you seen these before?

5. This path leads to the greenhouse.

9. Interrogative Pronoun

Introduces a question

Interrogative Pronouns

what, which, who, whom, whose

NOT interrogative pronouns:when, why, where, how

So, the 5W’s and HAre NOT all interrogative pronouns

c. What is the best pizza to order in town?

d. Who wrote “The Cask of Amontillado?”

e. Who or whom?i. Who is used as a subject; it performs the

action of the verb.

*HINT: Replace “who” with “he/she.”

*Who (he) wrote “The Cask of Amontillado?”

e. Who or whom?ii. Whom is used as an object; it receives the action of the verb. *It can also be the object of a preposition which is always the last word in a prepositional phrase.*HINT: Replace “whom” with “him/her.”*With whom is she attending the dance?

Remember how in seventh grade we learned to NEVER end a

sentence with a preposition? Do you remember why?

It’s because according to its definition, a preposition must always be followed by a noun or pronoun which acts as its object of the preposition?

It’s so you don’t say or write dumb sentences like

these…Who are you going with?Who are you sending that to?Where does she live at?

Use “whom” to rearrange these dumb-dumb sentences into ones that make you sound smarter:

Instead of: Who are you going with?

Try:With whom are you going?

Now you try it.Instead of:

Who are you sending that to?

Try:

iii. Who is hiding behind that curtain?iv. I gave the money to Lee, who took it to the office.v. Whom do you want to win the Presidential election?vi. For whom is that gift?

Who or Whom?

i. ___________will win the game?ii. __________ will bring the dessert?iii. Mr. Margie was a coach _______________ got results.iv. ___________ have you told?

Who or Whom?v. Mr. Zarger is the one _________ I came to see.vi. _________ is your favorite celebrity?vii. __________ did the teacher choose to distribute folders?viii. A good babysitter must be someone ________ likes children.ix. The job is open to anyone _________ can speak Spanish.

10. Indefinite Pronoun

*does not refer to a definite person, place, thing, or idea*frequently is used without antecedents

Singular Plural Singular or Plural1. anybody both all2. anyone few any3. each many most4. either others none5. everybody several some6. everyone7. everything8. neither9. no one10. nobody11. nothing12. one13. somebody14. someone15. something

Indefinite Pronouns

For Example:b. Both of the girls forgot their lines.

C. I would like some of that chow mein

d. Indefinite Pronouns can also be used as adjectives.

i. Ex: Some people were offended by that movie.

e. The problem with indefinite pronouns is that it is difficult to tell whether they are singular or

plural.i. Ex: Everybody has ________________

favorite team.

ii. Ex: Anyone without _____________ money may not go on the trip.

Pronounword that replaces

a noun or another pronoun

Examples: he, she, they, it, we, you, this, that, those, these

Relative Pronountype of pronoun

that introduces a subordinate clause

Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that

Subordinate (Dependent) Clause

*group of words that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

*must be joined with at least one independent clause to make a sentence and express a complete thought

Can begin with relative pronouns, or other words such as “since” or “if.”

Subordinate Clause Examples

a. Since the day we metb. If the dress is too longc. That the teacher recommended

1. We read a book that contained a story about settlers.

2. The settlers, who had written it, described their hardships.

3. The winter, which they knew would be harsh, was fast approaching.