1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
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Transcript of 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
1. Neoplasia: New growth (Neoplasm);
* Oncology: ( Greek - Oncos - Tumor),
* Cancer: Malignant tumour (Crab)
* Tumor: Benign/ Malignant.
Definitions:
2. NEOPLASM: ( Rupert Willis)
“A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with
that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner
even after cessation of the stimuli
which evoked the change”.
Progressive,
Purposeless,
Pathologic,
Proliferation of cells characterized by loss of
control over (Uncontrolled) cell division.
Cell Proliferation -
(Immortality/ Autonomous)
Cell Differentiation -
(Resemblance to the cell of origin)
Relationship between cells & their
surrounding stroma.
4. Neoplasia - Disturbance in:
WHO Estimation – 2000 AD
10 Million new cases of cancer,
6 Million deaths;
1,500 Deaths / day !!
Worldwide :
1. Lungs 1. Lungs -- 24.7%24.7%
2. Breast 2. Breast -- 16%16%
3. Colon & 3. Colon &
Rectum Rectum -- 10.5%10.5%
4. 4. LeukemiasLeukemias &&
LymphomasLymphomas--8.2%8.2%
5. Pancreas 5. Pancreas -- 5.5%5.5%
Cancer Death Rates ( Females ):
CRITERIA USED:
Hybrid of
Histiogenesis,
Embryogenesis,
Biological behavior,
Eponyms,
Gross and microscopic structure &
Site of origin……………………… etc.,
Nomenclature :
All have suffix …. oma
Biological behavior ** Benign** Malignant
Histogenesis Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Germ cell
Classification: Depending on
Benign - Tissue of origin + …oma,
Adipose tissue = Lipoma,
Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma
Smooth muscle cells= Leiomyoma
Bone = Osteoma
Cartilage = Chondroma
Nerve = Schwannoma
Nomenclature ( contd….)
Connective Tissue Tumors:
Malignant - Tissue of origin + Sarcoma
Nomenclature ( contd...)
Connective Tissue Tumors:
Adipose Tissue Liposarcoma
Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyosarcoma
Smooth muscle Leiomyosarcoma
Bone Osteosarcoma
Cartilage Chondrosarcoma
Benign - Papilloma = Squamous,
= Transitional,
- Adenoma = Glands,
Malignant - ……….Carcinoma,
*** Adeno……..
*** Squamous cell ……
*** Transitional cell ……
Benign – Adenoma: benign gland-forming epithelial tumor or tumor derived from
glandular tissue
Glands or ducts - Adenoma,
- Cystadenoma,
- Papillary Cystadenoma;
Adenocarcinoma + Squamous cell Carcinoma=
Adenosquamous carcinoma.
Carcinoma + Sarcoma= Carcinosarcoma.
Combined tumors !
Embryonal tumors:
Origin - Primitive tissue + Blastoma
Retinoblastoma,
Nephroblastoma,
Neuroblastoma,
Hepatoblastoma,
Medulloblastoma,
Nomenclature ( contd…)
Eponyms
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
Wilms tumor
Warthin’s tumor
Grawitz’s tumor
Kruckenberg’s tumor
Nomenclature ( contd…)
Miscellaneous: Teratoma
Tissues of all 3 embryonic layers.
Behavior ranges from benign to aggressive. (Mature/
Immature)
Most common sites: Ovary and Testis.
Nomenclature ( contd…)
Miscellaneous: Developmental anomalies:
Not true tumors, but clinically present as masses.
Hamartoma -(Hamar =Error), proliferation of tissue normally
found at that site.
Ex: Hemangioma.
Choristoma - Heterotopic tissues; collection of tissue not
normally found in that anatomic site.
Ex: Gastric tissue in Meckel’s diverticulum.
Nomenclature ( contd…)
Misnomers:… Lymphoma,
Leukemia,
Hepatoma -(Hepatocellular carcinoma)
Melanoma -(Melanocarcinoma )
Seminoma,
Mesothelioma,
Myeloma,
Glioma,
Meningioma,
Nomenclature ( contd… )
Granuloma, Tuberculoma, …any other ??