1. Desain Penelitian

7/21/2019 1. Desain Penelitian

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WIDYA

RAHMAWATI

What & how shouldwe write a researchmethodology?


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Desain (Rancangan) Penelitian

Desain

Observasional

Survey

Cohort

Case control

Intervensi

RandomizedControl Trial

Community

Based ieldTrial


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Observational Study!Cross Sectional Study (Survey)

"#$%#&'

Onset o study

Time

Sub*ectsselected or the

study

+uestion! ,-hat is ha..ening/0

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes


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Observational Study! Cohort Study 4 Pros.ective

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'

Cohort selected

or study

12.osed or

sub*ects

3ne2.osed orcontrols

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

Onset o study Time

+uestion! ,-hat 5ill ha..en/0


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9enis Penelitian

Tu*uanPenelitian

Des:ri.ti

1:s.lorati

;naliti:

ProsesPeng:a*ian

(5a:tu)

Sesaat (crosssectional)

Pros.e:ti

Retros.e:ti

Penggunaanstatisti:a

Des:ri.ti

abunganantara ?uanti= ?ualitative


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9enis Penelitian(menurut tu*uan .enelitian)

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@

1


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9enis Penelitian(menurut .roses .eng:a*ian)

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CROSS S1CTIO;A#S1S;;T engetahui gambaran#:ara:teristi:#:eadaan suatu

.eristi5a#subye: saat .enelitian dila:sana:an

PROSP1


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9enis Penelitian(menurut *enis data = cara .enya*ian)

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&&

+3;TIT;TIF1+3;AIT;TIF1

>abungan antara +ualitative = +uantitative


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Classiication o Study Design

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&$

Intervention StudyObservational Study

Randomized ControlledTrial (RCT)

CommunityGBasedield Trial

Descri.tive Study ;nalytic Study

Descri.tive Study#Case Study

CrossGsectional Study

Cohort Study(Pros.ective#Retros.ective)

CrossGSectional Study

Case control study


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Dierentiate! Observational and Intervention Studies

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&

&H OBS1RF;TIO ST3D! Researcher has no control over condition (only observe)!

aH Descri.tive! one study grou.8 no ,control0measure anddescribe re?uency

bH $ grou.s or com.arison but grou.s cannot be ,assigned0

>enerate = test hy.othesis about .ossible causes anddeterminants o health#nutritional status

Suggest methods o .revention and treatment

$H IT1RF1TIO ST3D ! Investigator control the intervention! condition can be s.eciied8

study sub*ects randomly assigned to intervention = controlgrou.s

1valuate methods o .revention and treatment ost convincing evidence o causes


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;..roach o the Study

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&"

&H D1SCRIPTIF1 ST3D! Describes re?uency and distribution o health and nutrition

condition in .o.ulation-ho/ -here/ -hen/

$H ;;ATIC;A ST3D! Study determinants8 analyze#elucidate causes8 test o hy.othesis8

analyze relationshi. bet5een health#nutritional status and variables

H IT1RF1TIO ST3D!

Deliberate attem.t to change a disease or health#nutritional statusdeterminant

1valuative8 e2.eriment8 clinical and community trials


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&H Descri.tive#Case Study

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&'

; descri.tion o interesting8 ne5 and uni?ue cases 5hich include inGde.th descri.tion o individualJs condition or res.onse to treatmentH

; descri.tive study should include! -hen8 5here8 5ho Data collection method

indings (analysis .lan) Conclusions

;DF;T;>1S

1asy to 5rite aybe useul to investigators

designing a study to evaluatecauses or e2.lanation o theobservation

DIS;DF;T;>1S

Biases related to selection andcharacteristics observed

Should be vie5ed ashy.othesis generating and notas conclusive8 es.ecially i

only & sam.le


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$H Cohort Study

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Cohort study is deined as a grou. o individuals 5ho areollo5ed together over time8 to see i they develo. thedisordersH It may include t5o or more grou.s 5ho do nothave outcomes but dier according to characteristics oe2.osure that are considered .otential determinants o the

outcomesHCohort study can be either .ros.ective or retros.ective

de.ending on the time se?uencing o develo.ment odisorders 5ith res.ect o the studyH

Pros.ective! the investigators contact the sub*ects ater thee2.osure8 but beore the disorders has develo.ed

Retros.ective! 5hen the investigators studies individuals5ho have already been e2.osed to ris: actors and havealready develo.ed the disease


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$H Cohort Study 4 Pros.ective

"#$%#&'

&%

Cohort selected

or study

12.osed or

sub*ects


-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

Onset o study Time



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$H Cohort Study 4 Retros.ective6

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Records selected

or study

12.osed or

sub*ects


-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

Onset o study Time

6The grou.ing is not based on case#outcome8 but based one2.osure


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$H Cohort Study 4 Pros.ective

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&

;DF;T;>1S Provide strong evidence

or .ossible causes andeects

Biases can be controlled

DIS;DF;T;>1S 12tended time ma:e

studies costly Possible involvement o

e2ternal actors Problem associated 5ith

sub*ects ollo5Gu.8sub*ects attrition and

sub*ects migration Diiculty to ind the best

control 4 matching ageand se2


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H Case Control Study

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; method o e.idemiologic investigation in 5hich grou.o individuals are selected on the basis o 5hether theyhave disorders under studyH Cases are those classiied ashaving the disorders and controls are chosen as a

com.arison grou. 5ithout disorder in the given.o.ulationH

The investigator loo: bac:5ard in time to determine ithe grou.s dier 5ith res.ect to the e2.osure histories or.resence o s.eciic characteristics that may .ut a .ersonat ris: or develo.ing condition o interestH


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"#$%#&'

$$

12.osedCases

Controls

Onset o study Time

3ne2.osed

12.osed

3ne2.osed

+uestion! ,-hat ha..ened/0


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"#$%#&'

$

;DF;T;>1S The ?uic:est and least

e2.ensive studies tounderta:e

Ideal or investigators5ho need to obtain some.reliminary data .rior to5riting a .ro.osal or

more com.lete8e2.ensive and timeGconsuming study

DIS;DF;T;>1S Kave the largest number

o .ossible biases anderrors

De.end com.letely onhighG?uality e2istingrecords

Diiculties in selection o

control grou.s


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"H Cross Sectional Study (Survey)

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One o the most .o.ular study or collecting descri.tive dataHData may intended or generalization to larger .o.ulation ormay be intended as a descri.tion o a .articular grou.H

; survey is com.osed o a series o ?uestions that are .osedto a grou. o sub*ectsH

;DF;T;>1S Best or determining the

status ?uo o a condition +uic: to com.lete and

relatively ine2.ensive

DIS;DF;T;>1S Provide only a sna.Gshot Lin

timeJ o the condition o.rocessmay be

underestimate#overestimate Causal actors may only been

yesterday#long time They already died


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'H 12.erimental Study

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1;T3R1S O IT1RF1TIO ST3D Intervention may be ne5 .reventive or treatment;lso to evaluate e2.osure to a causal agent (usually in animal) Random allocation to LtestJ and LcontrolJ grou.s Com.are outcome in LtestJ and LcontrolJ grou.s 1thical issue

;DF;T;>1S Provide strong evidence or

.ossible causes and eects Biases can be controlled

DIS;DF;T;>1S 12.ensive Aong time .eriod is re?uired


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'H 12.erimental Study 4 Characteristics

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ani.ulation o variablesRandomization

Control grou.s

Blinding

Re.etitionControl or interGsub*ect dierences Komogeneity o sub*ectsstrict inclusion Bloc:ing

atching

age8 se28 socioGeconomic Sub*ect as their o5n control ;nalysis o variances (;OF;)


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'H 12.erimental Study

"#$%#&'

$

Sub*ects meeting

entry criteria

12.erimental

sub*ects

Controls

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

Onset o study Time


Intervention


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'H 12.erimental Study 4 Trial 5ith Crossover

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E

Sub*ects

meetingentry

criteria

12.erimental

sub*ects

Controls

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

Onset ostudy

TimeIntervention

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

-ith outcomes

-ithoutoutcomes

12.erimental

sub*ects

Controls

Crossover

Intervention

-ashout .eriod


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DESAIN EKSPERIMEN

POPULASI

SAMPEL

RANDOMISA

SI

CONTROLGROUP

TREAMENTGROUP

ENDCONDITI

ON

ENDCONDITION

/ /

PARA PIHAK:1. SUBYEK2. PENELITI3. PELAKSANA

4. OBSERVER

1. NO-BLIND2. SINGLE BLIND

3. DOUBLE - BLIND Tatong Kari*anto8 $E&E


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RANCANGAN PENELITIANEKSPERIMENTAL

I. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. Th !" - #h!$ - % #$'()

X O

2. Th !" - *+!', ,+$#$ - ,!#$$#$ D. O1 X O2

3. Th #$&$% *+!', %!,&+#!"

X O1 - O2

Sis5anto8 $EE%


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II. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. P+#$#$ - ,!#$-$#$ /$h %!"$+!0 *+!',

P!,'0 O1 X O2

S')56

O1 O2

2. Th ,!#$$#$ - !"0) %!"$+!0 *+!',

X O1

P!,'0

- O2

R

R

Sis5anto8 $EE%


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3. R&"(!7( S!0!!" 8!'+

G+!',

O1 X O2

O1 O2

X O2

O2

R

Sis5anto8 $EE%


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III. 9UASI EXPERIMENTAL

DESIGN

1. T S+# D#*"

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O O;

2. C!"$+!0 T S+# D#*"


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'H 12.erimental Study 4 Trial 5ith Crossover

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%

;DF;T;>1S Reduce bioGdiversity eects o

each grou.s

DIS;DF;T;>1S In the second .hase! return

eects o irst .hase eed longer .eriodsuitable

only or shorter .eriod o

study8 or only i 3 havediiculty to ind sam.le


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>uiding +uestions or Selecting the Design o 12.erimental Study

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@

Ko5 many inde.endent variables are being tested/Ko5 many levels does each inde.endent variables have8

and are these levels e2.erimental or control condition/

Ko5 many grou.s or sub*ects being tested/

Ko5 5ill sub*ects be selected8 and ho5 5ill they beassigned to grou.s/

Ko5 oten 5ill observations o res.onses be made/

-hat is tem.oral se?uence o interventions and

measurements/


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Po.ulasi dan Sam.el

Po.ulasi! se*umlah besar subye: yang memili:i :ara:teristi: tertentu

Po.ulasi Target (target population)! Po.ulasi yang meru.a:an sasarana:hir .enera.an hasil .enelitianH

Po.ulasi Ter*ang:au (acessible population) atau .o.ulasi sumber(source population)! bagian dari .o.ulasi target yang da.at di*ang:auoleh .enelitiH Dari .o.ulasi ter*ang:au ini di.ilih sam.el8 yang terdiridari subye: yang langsung ditelitiH

Sam.el! bagian dari .o.ulasi ayng di.ilih dengan cara tertentu hinggadiangga. me5a:ili .o.ulasinya


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h i i :l i d : :l i


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Contoh


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T3>;S

Desain .enelitianPo.ulasi

Sam.el


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