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WIDYA
RAHMAWATI
What & how shouldwe write a researchmethodology?
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Desain (Rancangan) Penelitian
Desain
Observasional
Survey
Cohort
Case control
Intervensi
RandomizedControl Trial
Community
Based ieldTrial
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Observational Study!Cross Sectional Study (Survey)
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Onset o study
Time
Sub*ectsselected or the
study
+uestion! ,-hat is ha..ening/0
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
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Observational Study! Cohort Study 4 Pros.ective
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Cohort selected
or study
12.osed or
sub*ects
3ne2.osed orcontrols
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
Onset o study Time
+uestion! ,-hat 5ill ha..en/0
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9enis Penelitian
Tu*uanPenelitian
Des:ri.ti
1:s.lorati
;naliti:
ProsesPeng:a*ian
(5a:tu)
Sesaat (crosssectional)
Pros.e:ti
Retros.e:ti
Penggunaanstatisti:a
Des:ri.ti
abunganantara ?uanti= ?ualitative
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9enis Penelitian(menurut tu*uan .enelitian)
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1
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9enis Penelitian(menurut .roses .eng:a*ian)
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CROSS S1CTIO;A#S1S;;T engetahui gambaran#:ara:teristi:#:eadaan suatu
.eristi5a#subye: saat .enelitian dila:sana:an
PROSP1
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9enis Penelitian(menurut *enis data = cara .enya*ian)
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&&
+3;TIT;TIF1+3;AIT;TIF1
>abungan antara +ualitative = +uantitative
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Classiication o Study Design
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Intervention StudyObservational Study
Randomized ControlledTrial (RCT)
CommunityGBasedield Trial
Descri.tive Study ;nalytic Study
Descri.tive Study#Case Study
CrossGsectional Study
Cohort Study(Pros.ective#Retros.ective)
CrossGSectional Study
Case control study
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Dierentiate! Observational and Intervention Studies
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&H OBS1RF;TIO ST3D! Researcher has no control over condition (only observe)!
aH Descri.tive! one study grou.8 no ,control0measure anddescribe re?uency
bH $ grou.s or com.arison but grou.s cannot be ,assigned0
>enerate = test hy.othesis about .ossible causes anddeterminants o health#nutritional status
Suggest methods o .revention and treatment
$H IT1RF1TIO ST3D ! Investigator control the intervention! condition can be s.eciied8
study sub*ects randomly assigned to intervention = controlgrou.s
1valuate methods o .revention and treatment ost convincing evidence o causes
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;..roach o the Study
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&H D1SCRIPTIF1 ST3D! Describes re?uency and distribution o health and nutrition
condition in .o.ulation-ho/ -here/ -hen/
$H ;;ATIC;A ST3D! Study determinants8 analyze#elucidate causes8 test o hy.othesis8
analyze relationshi. bet5een health#nutritional status and variables
H IT1RF1TIO ST3D!
Deliberate attem.t to change a disease or health#nutritional statusdeterminant
1valuative8 e2.eriment8 clinical and community trials
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&H Descri.tive#Case Study
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; descri.tion o interesting8 ne5 and uni?ue cases 5hich include inGde.th descri.tion o individualJs condition or res.onse to treatmentH
; descri.tive study should include! -hen8 5here8 5ho Data collection method
indings (analysis .lan) Conclusions
;DF;T;>1S
1asy to 5rite aybe useul to investigators
designing a study to evaluatecauses or e2.lanation o theobservation
DIS;DF;T;>1S
Biases related to selection andcharacteristics observed
Should be vie5ed ashy.othesis generating and notas conclusive8 es.ecially i
only & sam.le
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$H Cohort Study
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Cohort study is deined as a grou. o individuals 5ho areollo5ed together over time8 to see i they develo. thedisordersH It may include t5o or more grou.s 5ho do nothave outcomes but dier according to characteristics oe2.osure that are considered .otential determinants o the
outcomesHCohort study can be either .ros.ective or retros.ective
de.ending on the time se?uencing o develo.ment odisorders 5ith res.ect o the studyH
Pros.ective! the investigators contact the sub*ects ater thee2.osure8 but beore the disorders has develo.ed
Retros.ective! 5hen the investigators studies individuals5ho have already been e2.osed to ris: actors and havealready develo.ed the disease
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$H Cohort Study 4 Pros.ective
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Cohort selected
or study
12.osed or
sub*ects
3ne2.osed orcontrols
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
Onset o study Time
+uestion! ,-hat 5ill ha..en/0
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$H Cohort Study 4 Retros.ective6
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Records selected
or study
12.osed or
sub*ects
3ne2.osed orcontrols
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
Onset o study Time
6The grou.ing is not based on case#outcome8 but based one2.osure
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$H Cohort Study 4 Pros.ective
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;DF;T;>1S Provide strong evidence
or .ossible causes andeects
Biases can be controlled
DIS;DF;T;>1S 12tended time ma:e
studies costly Possible involvement o
e2ternal actors Problem associated 5ith
sub*ects ollo5Gu.8sub*ects attrition and
sub*ects migration Diiculty to ind the best
control 4 matching ageand se2
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H Case Control Study
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; method o e.idemiologic investigation in 5hich grou.o individuals are selected on the basis o 5hether theyhave disorders under studyH Cases are those classiied ashaving the disorders and controls are chosen as a
com.arison grou. 5ithout disorder in the given.o.ulationH
The investigator loo: bac:5ard in time to determine ithe grou.s dier 5ith res.ect to the e2.osure histories or.resence o s.eciic characteristics that may .ut a .ersonat ris: or develo.ing condition o interestH
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H Case Control Study
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12.osedCases
Controls
Onset o study Time
3ne2.osed
12.osed
3ne2.osed
+uestion! ,-hat ha..ened/0
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H Case Control Study
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;DF;T;>1S The ?uic:est and least
e2.ensive studies tounderta:e
Ideal or investigators5ho need to obtain some.reliminary data .rior to5riting a .ro.osal or
more com.lete8e2.ensive and timeGconsuming study
DIS;DF;T;>1S Kave the largest number
o .ossible biases anderrors
De.end com.letely onhighG?uality e2istingrecords
Diiculties in selection o
control grou.s
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"H Cross Sectional Study (Survey)
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One o the most .o.ular study or collecting descri.tive dataHData may intended or generalization to larger .o.ulation ormay be intended as a descri.tion o a .articular grou.H
; survey is com.osed o a series o ?uestions that are .osedto a grou. o sub*ectsH
;DF;T;>1S Best or determining the
status ?uo o a condition +uic: to com.lete and
relatively ine2.ensive
DIS;DF;T;>1S Provide only a sna.Gshot Lin
timeJ o the condition o.rocessmay be
underestimate#overestimate Causal actors may only been
yesterday#long time They already died
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'H 12.erimental Study
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1;T3R1S O IT1RF1TIO ST3D Intervention may be ne5 .reventive or treatment;lso to evaluate e2.osure to a causal agent (usually in animal) Random allocation to LtestJ and LcontrolJ grou.s Com.are outcome in LtestJ and LcontrolJ grou.s 1thical issue
;DF;T;>1S Provide strong evidence or
.ossible causes and eects Biases can be controlled
DIS;DF;T;>1S 12.ensive Aong time .eriod is re?uired
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'H 12.erimental Study 4 Characteristics
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ani.ulation o variablesRandomization
Control grou.s
Blinding
Re.etitionControl or interGsub*ect dierences Komogeneity o sub*ectsstrict inclusion Bloc:ing
atching
age8 se28 socioGeconomic Sub*ect as their o5n control ;nalysis o variances (;OF;)
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'H 12.erimental Study
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Sub*ects meeting
entry criteria
12.erimental
sub*ects
Controls
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
Onset o study Time
+uestion! ,-hat 5ill ha..en/0
Intervention
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'H 12.erimental Study 4 Trial 5ith Crossover
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Sub*ects
meetingentry
criteria
12.erimental
sub*ects
Controls
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
Onset ostudy
TimeIntervention
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
-ith outcomes
-ithoutoutcomes
12.erimental
sub*ects
Controls
Crossover
Intervention
-ashout .eriod
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DESAIN EKSPERIMEN
POPULASI
SAMPEL
RANDOMISA
SI
CONTROLGROUP
TREAMENTGROUP
ENDCONDITI
ON
ENDCONDITION
/ /
PARA PIHAK:1. SUBYEK2. PENELITI3. PELAKSANA
4. OBSERVER
1. NO-BLIND2. SINGLE BLIND
3. DOUBLE - BLIND Tatong Kari*anto8 $E&E
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RANCANGAN PENELITIANEKSPERIMENTAL
I. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. Th !" - #h!$ - % #$'()
X O
2. Th !" - *+!', ,+$#$ - ,!#$$#$ D. O1 X O2
3. Th #$&$% *+!', %!,&+#!"
X O1 - O2
Sis5anto8 $EE%
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II. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. P+#$#$ - ,!#$-$#$ /$h %!"$+!0 *+!',
P!,'0 O1 X O2
S')56
O1 O2
2. Th ,!#$$#$ - !"0) %!"$+!0 *+!',
X O1
P!,'0
- O2
R
R
Sis5anto8 $EE%
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3. R&"(!7( S!0!!" 8!'+
G+!',
O1 X O2
O1 O2
X O2
O2
R
Sis5anto8 $EE%
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III. 9UASI EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
1. T S+# D#*"
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O O;
2. C!"$+!0 T S+# D#*"
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'H 12.erimental Study 4 Trial 5ith Crossover
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;DF;T;>1S Reduce bioGdiversity eects o
each grou.s
DIS;DF;T;>1S In the second .hase! return
eects o irst .hase eed longer .eriodsuitable
only or shorter .eriod o
study8 or only i 3 havediiculty to ind sam.le
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>uiding +uestions or Selecting the Design o 12.erimental Study
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Ko5 many inde.endent variables are being tested/Ko5 many levels does each inde.endent variables have8
and are these levels e2.erimental or control condition/
Ko5 many grou.s or sub*ects being tested/
Ko5 5ill sub*ects be selected8 and ho5 5ill they beassigned to grou.s/
Ko5 oten 5ill observations o res.onses be made/
-hat is tem.oral se?uence o interventions and
measurements/
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Po.ulasi dan Sam.el
Po.ulasi! se*umlah besar subye: yang memili:i :ara:teristi: tertentu
Po.ulasi Target (target population)! Po.ulasi yang meru.a:an sasarana:hir .enera.an hasil .enelitianH
Po.ulasi Ter*ang:au (acessible population) atau .o.ulasi sumber(source population)! bagian dari .o.ulasi target yang da.at di*ang:auoleh .enelitiH Dari .o.ulasi ter*ang:au ini di.ilih sam.el8 yang terdiridari subye: yang langsung ditelitiH
Sam.el! bagian dari .o.ulasi ayng di.ilih dengan cara tertentu hinggadiangga. me5a:ili .o.ulasinya
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h i i :l i d : :l i
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Contoh
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T3>;S
Desain .enelitianPo.ulasi
Sam.el
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