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Cell Phone’s Impact and Its Cell Phone’s Impact and Its 4G4GBy By

Dr. William C.Y. LeeDr. William C.Y. Lee

Chairman, Treyspan Inc, Chairman, Treyspan Inc,

Formerly VP and Chief Scientist Formerly VP and Chief Scientist Vodafone AirTouch PLCVodafone AirTouch PLC

Chancellor Tien ForumChancellor Tien Forum

At ITRI- USAAt ITRI- USA

Feb. 8, 2007Feb. 8, 2007

Mobile Communications Had Mobile Communications Had An Uneasy and Shaky PastAn Uneasy and Shaky Past

Caused By CongressCaused By Congress Caused By FCCCaused By FCC Caused By IndustryCaused By Industry

Why Mobile communications Why Mobile communications Research Started in 1964 at Bell Research Started in 1964 at Bell

Labs.Labs.

Congress took away the satellite communications Congress took away the satellite communications Business from AT&TBusiness from AT&T

New research for Mobile telecommunications was New research for Mobile telecommunications was neededneeded

Picture Phone market could not be taken offPicture Phone market could not be taken off IC technology for car phones was possibleIC technology for car phones was possible

The Policy of The USA Congress The Policy of The USA Congress – Afraid of Monopoly – Afraid of Monopoly

1% of AT&T annual revenue to support Bell 1% of AT&T annual revenue to support Bell Labs, created IPR used by the industry without Labs, created IPR used by the industry without paypay

1974: Asked AT&T to open bid its car phone 1974: Asked AT&T to open bid its car phone manufacturing to the industrymanufacturing to the industry

1974 OKI won the bid for the first 200 car 1974 OKI won the bid for the first 200 car phonesphones

1975 OKI, Motorola, E.F.Johnson won the 1975 OKI, Motorola, E.F.Johnson won the 1800 car phones1800 car phones

1981: Judge Harold Green was in charge 1981: Judge Harold Green was in charge divesting AT&Tdivesting AT&T

1983: AT&T’s 22 operating companies became 7 1983: AT&T’s 22 operating companies became 7

baby Bellbaby Bell companies and were divestedcompanies and were divested 1983 Mobile phone business went to Baby Bells 1983 Mobile phone business went to Baby Bells

FCC’s Counteractive Rule-Making on FCC’s Counteractive Rule-Making on Spectrum for Mobile CommunicationsSpectrum for Mobile Communications

Before 1974: Allocated 82 channels, 6 Before 1974: Allocated 82 channels, 6 MHz/ch., in UHF Band to TV Industry. Thus MHz/ch., in UHF Band to TV Industry. Thus 10 GHz band was only possible for mobile 10 GHz band was only possible for mobile communicationcommunication

After 1974: Allocated 70MHzx2 spectrum After 1974: Allocated 70MHzx2 spectrum in 800MHz band. Among them, 40 MHz was in 800MHz band. Among them, 40 MHz was put in use and 30 MHz was reservedput in use and 30 MHz was reserved

1983: Within 40 MHz allocation, 20 MHz 1983: Within 40 MHz allocation, 20 MHz went to telephone companies and 20 MHz went to telephone companies and 20 MHz went to non-telephone companies.went to non-telephone companies.

1983: First USA cellular system operated 1983: First USA cellular system operated in Chicago.in Chicago.

The Factors of Delay The Factors of Delay Deploying Until 1983Deploying Until 1983

Complained by RCC (Radio Complained by RCC (Radio Common Carriers), an industry Common Carriers), an industry group of dispatching and paginggroup of dispatching and paging

Tried to avoid to be divested Tried to avoid to be divested Took time to negotiate among the Took time to negotiate among the

industry. industry. A resale policy was created A resale policy was created

The Key Factor of Making 1G The Key Factor of Making 1G SuccessfulSuccessful

RequirementRequirement QualityQuality No bottleneck as a market productNo bottleneck as a market product Handoff featureHandoff feature High capacityHigh capacity

Successful FactorsSuccessful Factors Took a large scale trial at Chicago in 1977-1978Took a large scale trial at Chicago in 1977-1978 Excellent qualityExcellent quality User Friendly, like landline phonesUser Friendly, like landline phones

DrawbacksDrawbacks Needed rooftop antennasNeeded rooftop antennas Transceivers were in the car trunksTransceivers were in the car trunks

GSM’s StoryGSM’s Story

An European digital mobile system An European digital mobile system developed in 1983 and deployed in 1991developed in 1983 and deployed in 1991

Was threatened by UK’s CT-2 Was threatened by UK’s CT-2 Not designed for a high capacity system at Not designed for a high capacity system at

the timethe time No licensed fee to pay for the No licensed fee to pay for the

manufacturers in European Communitymanufacturers in European Community Accepted by China and fully deployed in Accepted by China and fully deployed in

19951995 Becomes almost a global systemBecomes almost a global system

Fate of NA-TDMAFate of NA-TDMA

• 1987 CTIA formed a sub-committee to 1987 CTIA formed a sub-committee to select a 2G system, a high capacity system select a 2G system, a high capacity system (10x AMPS) for Northern America(10x AMPS) for Northern America

• FDMA was first tentatively chosen FDMA was first tentatively chosen • Decided TDMA because of GSM’s influenceDecided TDMA because of GSM’s influence• A poor designed system for high capacityA poor designed system for high capacity• CDMA’s superiorityCDMA’s superiority• Finally TDMA converted to GSM systems Finally TDMA converted to GSM systems

Why CDMAWhy CDMAMILESTONEMILESTONE

Qualcomm visited Pactel and asked a Qualcomm visited Pactel and asked a study contract for using CDMA in Cellular study contract for using CDMA in Cellular system in Feb. 1989 but lack of a power system in Feb. 1989 but lack of a power control schemecontrol scheme

In April 1989, Qualcomm returned to In April 1989, Qualcomm returned to Pactel with a new created power control Pactel with a new created power control schemescheme

Pactel knew the NA-TDMA would be Pactel knew the NA-TDMA would be failed, challenged Qualcomm to make a failed, challenged Qualcomm to make a demo in six months and funded them demo in six months and funded them one million dollarsone million dollars..

Why CDMA (cont.)Why CDMA (cont.)MILESTONE (cont.)MILESTONE (cont.)

August 1989 Pactel funded another one August 1989 Pactel funded another one millions dollarsmillions dollars

Nov.3, 1989, a demo was taken place in Nov.3, 1989, a demo was taken place in San Diego; two sites and one car phone. San Diego; two sites and one car phone. Pactel provided technical assistance Pactel provided technical assistance and the spectrum for themand the spectrum for them

The 1989 demo was made very The 1989 demo was made very successfully and shocked world successfully and shocked world

Nov.1990 Korea bought CDMA Nov.1990 Korea bought CDMA techniques from Qualcomm through techniques from Qualcomm through Pactel’s introductionPactel’s introduction

WHY CDMA (Cont.)WHY CDMA (Cont.)

REVIEW THE HISTORYREVIEW THE HISTORY• Because of having a new high capacity Because of having a new high capacity

system as quick as possible, only system as quick as possible, only allowed one company to develop the allowed one company to develop the systemsystem

• Pactel asked FCC to approve a request Pactel asked FCC to approve a request to buy Qualcomm but was rejectedto buy Qualcomm but was rejected

• Before CDMA became a standard, Before CDMA became a standard, Qualcomm wrote a CAI (common air Qualcomm wrote a CAI (common air interface). Most big venders bought itinterface). Most big venders bought it

• Pactel deployed CDMA in Jan.1995 in LA Pactel deployed CDMA in Jan.1995 in LA with a poor performance with a poor performance

Why CDMA (Cont. )Why CDMA (Cont. )

REVIEW THE HISTORY ( cont.)REVIEW THE HISTORY ( cont.)• In 1992 Korea named CDMA its In 1992 Korea named CDMA its

national standard systemnational standard system• Jan. 1996 Korean deployed its CDMAJan. 1996 Korean deployed its CDMA• Sept. 1996 Korean reached 1M Sept. 1996 Korean reached 1M

customerscustomers• Korea made CDMA work and saved Korea made CDMA work and saved

CDMACDMA

3G WAS BORN in 19973G WAS BORN in 1997

In 1997 Ericsson and DoCoMo started promote In 1997 Ericsson and DoCoMo started promote 3G3G

In 1998, ITU received 12 Proposed systems. In 1998, ITU received 12 Proposed systems. OHG suggested to reduce to 3OHG suggested to reduce to 3

WCDMA: European version, Adapted CDMA WCDMA: European version, Adapted CDMA with a bandwidth of 5MHz using FDDwith a bandwidth of 5MHz using FDD

CDMA 2000, North America version, used CDMA 2000, North America version, used CDMA with 3x 1.25 MHz bandwidth Using CDMA with 3x 1.25 MHz bandwidth Using FDDFDD

UTRA-TDD/TD-SCDMA: adapted CDMA with UTRA-TDD/TD-SCDMA: adapted CDMA with a bandwidth of 5 MHz or 1.6MHz using TDD a bandwidth of 5 MHz or 1.6MHz using TDD

Three standard groups were formedThree standard groups were formed

3G System3G System REVIEW THE HISTORYREVIEW THE HISTORY

• Too hurry to choose the technologyToo hurry to choose the technology• CDMA is a powerful technology for CDMA is a powerful technology for

voice communications but not for voice communications but not for high speed datahigh speed data

• Standard body could not finish a Standard body could not finish a spec. earlier due to the dispute spec. earlier due to the dispute caused by the protection of each caused by the protection of each company’s own interest company’s own interest

• Multimedia applications demanded by Multimedia applications demanded by the users started from 2002the users started from 2002

• WiMax ‘s OFDM can meet the high WiMax ‘s OFDM can meet the high speed data requirementspeed data requirement

3G’s Current Situation3G’s Current Situation

India decides to go directly to 4GIndia decides to go directly to 4G China are evaluating its TD-SCDMAChina are evaluating its TD-SCDMA In high speed data transmission, CDMA can In high speed data transmission, CDMA can

not compete with OFDMnot compete with OFDM Use of CDMA needs to pay a high IPR feeUse of CDMA needs to pay a high IPR fee TD-SCDMA’s performance is not as good as TD-SCDMA’s performance is not as good as

the other two 3Gs due to its started behindthe other two 3Gs due to its started behind A 4G forum was formed by Samsung in 2003 A 4G forum was formed by Samsung in 2003

B3G (Beyond 3G)B3G (Beyond 3G)

WiFi and WiMAX are the B3G systemsWiFi and WiMAX are the B3G systems Using OFDM technologyUsing OFDM technology Intel announced WiMAX chip will be Intel announced WiMAX chip will be

imbedded in PC in 2007 and in imbedded in PC in 2007 and in handset in 2008handset in 2008

WiBro, Korean version of WiMAX has WiBro, Korean version of WiMAX has been deployed in Koreabeen deployed in Korea

Sprint-Nextel announced to trial Sprint-Nextel announced to trial WiMAX in 2007 and deploy in 2008WiMAX in 2007 and deploy in 2008

WiMAX may be an interim system of a WiMAX may be an interim system of a 4G system4G system

Changing the ParadigmChanging the Paradigm

Technology Centric Technology Centric

OperatorsOperators

A system designA system design

Static applicationsStatic applications

Limited coverageLimited coverage

Protected systemProtected system(walled garden(walled garden))

Service centricService centric

UsersUsers

A common platform A common platform designdesign

Dynamic applicationsDynamic applications

UbiquitousUbiquitous

Open architectureOpen architecture

4G - The Future Technology 4G - The Future Technology

Requirement based on ITURequirement based on ITU 1 Gbps data speed when stationary1 Gbps data speed when stationary 100 Mbps data speed when moving100 Mbps data speed when moving

Search for 4G technologySearch for 4G technology Meeting the requirement with minimum Meeting the requirement with minimum

bandwidth will be the winnerbandwidth will be the winner

User’s ExpectationUser’s Expectation Multimedia applicationMultimedia application Operating with long hoursOperating with long hours Become a personal mobile office if possibleBecome a personal mobile office if possible

ConclusionConclusion Handset’s development went thru an Handset’s development went thru an

uneasy and shaky pastuneasy and shaky past AT&T did not receive any IPR fee by AT&T did not receive any IPR fee by

developing car phones but Motorola developing car phones but Motorola diddid

TDMA was the first digital system. It TDMA was the first digital system. It can not compete with CDMA for voice can not compete with CDMA for voice capacity nor compete with OFDM for capacity nor compete with OFDM for high speed data transmissionhigh speed data transmission

3G may not be a worldwide system. It 3G may not be a worldwide system. It has lost its timing has lost its timing

B3G will be the interim system for 4GB3G will be the interim system for 4G 4G may satisfy the users as a personal 4G may satisfy the users as a personal

mobile officemobile office