06 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
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Module 5 Coverage Dimensioning
Objectives
After this module the participant shall be ableto:-
Calculate link budget for different services
Understand link budgets and parameters
Understand planning margins Calculate planning thresholds
Calculate cell range
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Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
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Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
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Introduction
Target of coverage dimensioning is to give estimate of site
coverage area (site count for given area)
Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs Service type
Target service probability
Initial site configuration
Equipment performance
Propagation environment
Link budget calculations are used for calculation of the sitecoverage area with the given inputs
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Link budget
The target of the link budget calculation is to
estimate the maximum allowed path loss onradio path from transmit antenna to receiveantenna
The minimum Eb/N0(and BER/BLER) requirement isachieved with the maximum allowed path loss andtransmit power both in UL & DL
The maximum path loss can be used tocalculate cell range R
Lpmax_DLLpmax_UL
R
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Link budget types
R99 DCH link budget
Uplink Can be based on many different PS and CS services
Downlink Can be based on many different PS and CS services
HSDPA link budget
Uplink HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the R99 DCH Eb/No (this overhead often appears in the transmittersection of the link budget)
Downlink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
HSUPA link budget
Uplink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No
Downlink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
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Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
R99 link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSDPA link budget HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
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R99 UL Link Budget
The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately
Bit rate depends on service, whichcan vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)
Coverage limiting service can be definedbased on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations
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R99 UL Link Budget
Transmitter - Handset
Transmission power classes Power Class 4 most common at themoment (note 2 dB tolerance)
Power Class 3 most common in newmobiles and data cards (+1/-3dBtolerance)
Antenna TX/RX gain Typically assumed to be 02 dBi
For data card 2 dBi can be assumed
Body Loss
For CS voice service body loss of 3 dBis assumed as the mobile is near head.
EIRP represents the effective isotropicradiated power from the transmitantenna.
LossBody-GainAntennaTransmitPowerTransmitUEEIRPUplink
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R99 UL Link Budget
ReceiverNode B
Node B noise figure Depends on Node B
Depends on Frequency
Thermal Noise
= -108 dBm k = Boltzmanns constant, 1.43 E-23 Ws/K
T = Receiver temperature, 293 K
B = Bandwidth, 3 840 000 Hz
Uplink Load
Definition of UL load can be based ontraffic inputs or estimated
Interference margin
Interference margin is calculated based on
UL load
Interference floor is calculated as follows
Flexi BTS Noise Figure:
< 2.0 dB (Band 2 GHz common)< 2.1 dB (Band 17002100 MHz)
< 2.3 dB (Band 800-960 MHz)
BTkDensityNoiseThermal
ce_margininterferenfigurenoiseBNodenoisehermal_I Tfloorenterferenc
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Interference Margin
Interference margin is calculated from the UL loading () value From set maximum planned load
"sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the network) &in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.
dBLog 110 10IMargin=
1.25
3
20
10
6
25% 50% 75% 99%
IMargin[dB]
Load factor
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Required Eb/N0
When Eb/N0is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (select closestEb/N0value to the prevailing conditions if available)
Service and bearer Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
Radio channel Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)
Multipath, delay spread
Three main groups of channels models that are widely usedto model different propagation environments.
3GPP models, Case 1-5
COST 259 models, Typical urban (TU), Rural area (RA),Hilly terrain (HT)
ITU models, Indoor A/B, Pedestrian A/B, Vehicular A/B
Receiver/connection configuration Handover situation
Fast power control status
Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)
Some corrections have to be done in the link budget in case the conditions do notcorrespond the used Eb/N0 Soft handover gain
Power control gain
Fast fading margin
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R99 UL Link Budget
ReceiverNode B
RX antenna gain Is different for different frequencies
Gain and size varies
Cable loss
In Flexi the remote RF headminimizes the influence of cable
losses MHA can be used to compensate the
cable loss as well as lower the systemnoise figure
If MHA NF is 2 dB then noenhancement on system noise figurewith Flexi
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WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
WidthDownt
CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30 0...8
WCDMA Omni Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
WidthDownt
CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360 --
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
WidthDowntil
CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85/85 0..8/0..
CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65/65 0..8/0..
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
Antenna Type Dimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
Width Downt
CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65 2
CS72761.02 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65 2
CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88 0...8
CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65 0.. .6
CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65 0...8
CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65 0...10
BTS antenna varies between frequenciesand sizes as well as configuration
Smaller antenna beam higher gain Higher size (from 1 to 2 meters) higher
antenna gain within same frequency
Lower frequencylower gain
BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900than in WCDMA2100 if the antenna
physical sizes are kept the same Vertical size limitingVertical beam
width increases when frequencydecreases
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Cable loss
Cable loss is the sum of all signal losses
caused by the antenna line outside thebase station cabinet
Jumper losses
Feeder cable loss
MHA insertion loss in DL when MHA is used
Typical 0.5 dB Feeder losses decrease when frequency is
lower
7/8 loss at 900 MHz is about 3.7 dB/100 m
f f
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Benefit of using MHA
MHA can be used to improve the base station system noise figure in UL
The benefit achieved by using MHA equals to the noise figure improvement The benefit of using MHAdepends on the cable loss, for example
WhenLcable< 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA> Cable loss
WhenLcable> 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA< Cable loss
Calculated with NSN MHA (G = 12 dB, NF = 2 dB) and base station NF = 3 dB
Common assumption is to equal the benefit to the cable loss
Note MHA insertion
loss for DL
MHA Gain
R99 UL Li k B d t
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R99 UL Link Budget
ReceiverNode B
UL fast fade margin
SHO gain (old MDC gain)
Gain against shadowing
F t f di i
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Fast fading margin
Fast fading margin is used as a correction factor for Eb/N0at the cell edge, whenthe used Eb/N0is defined with fast power control
At the cell edge the UE does not have enough power to follow the fast fading dips
In DL fast fading margin is not usually applied due to lower power controldynamic range
Fast fading margin = (average received Eb/N0)without fast PC - (average received Eb/N0)withfast PC
Source: Radio Network Planning & Optimisation for UMTS; J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad; Tab. 4.11
Channel: Pedestrian A; antenna diversity assumed
Speed
2.7 km/h
11 km/h
22 km/h
54 km/h
130 km/h
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S ft H d (MDC) G i UL
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Soft Handover (MDC) Gain UL
SHO gain (Macro Diversity Combining) gives the Eb/N0 improvement in softhandover situation compared to single link connection
At cell edge the SHO gain can be around 1.5 dB,
Simulation results in following figure shows that the gain depends on UE speed aswell as on difference of the signal level of the SHO branches
An average over the cell in UL is commonly 0 dB, this is due to the fact that
Significant amount of diversity already exist
2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake) The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible to see
those gains separately)
Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining (based onframe selection)
Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining
In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of twobranches)
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Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
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Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is roughly
the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can alwaysbe chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against ahard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance.
In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability and thestandard deviation of the signal for the environment.
The gain is also dependent on whether the user is outdoors, where thelikelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channeltends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.
For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value
Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow FadingMargin (See Cell range estimation)
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
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Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2 and 3 dB
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
R99 UL Link Budget
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R99 UL Link Budget
Building penetration loss This parameter is clutter specific, normally
for dense urban areas this value is higherthan in rural area. Recommended valuesfor urban is 16 dB and suburban 12 dB.
Indoor location probability This parameter defines the probability of
connection in indoors, value depending onclutter and area, varies from 8595%
Indoor standard deviation Correspondingly clutter and area
dependent, varies from 5 to 12 dB.
Shadowing margin This is calculated from indoor location
probability and standard deviation. Typicalvalues for slow fading margins for 90-95%coverage probability are:
outdoor: 68 dB (lower for suburban/rural) indoor: 1015 dB (lower for suburban/rural)
These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
R99 UL Link Budget
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R99 UL Link Budget
marginfadeslowBPLgainULSHO-marginfadefastULgainMHA-
losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI
s
Isotropic power required
Required signal power is calculated totake into account the buildingpenetration loss and indoor standarddeviation as well as receiver sensitivityand additional margins.
Allowed propagation loss
requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. losspAllowedpro
Module Contents
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Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
R99 link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately
Bit rate depends on service, whichcan vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)
Coverage limiting service can be definedbased on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink
TransmitterNode B
Max Tx Power (total) Max Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 20 W = 43
dBm and 40 W = 46 dBm. This depends on Node B type
and configuration. This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx power per
radio link.
Max Tx power per radio link Max Tx power per radio link is upper limit for DL power
calculation.
TX power per user Tx power per user is depended on DL load used in link
budget calculation (it is used to define how much power isused per user)
This parameter notifies the average user location such as6 dB which correspond to average user location.
MHA insertion loss In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed. Commonly
0.5 assumed.
Other margins Cable loss, Tx antenna gain noticed as earlier.
EIRP EIRP is calculated as follows
DL Power calculation
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DL Power calculation
The DL power calculation is depended on two different methods Max DL RL power
This is as upper limit which is limitation based on system parameters
DL Tx power per user average distribution and power calculation related to the DL load.
In case of low load then Max DL RL power is limiting
In case of high DL load then the DL tx power per user is limiting
The selection of peak to average power ratio depends on many factors
The lower DL power is selected from Max Tx power per connection and TX power peruser EIRP is calculated as follows:
As an example:
Service Type Speech CS Data PS Data
Downlink bit rate 12.2 64 64 128 384 kbps
Max tx power per connection 34.2 37.2 37.2 40.0 40.0 dBm
Tx power per user (IPL 6 dB) 60% load 34.6 38.6 37.6 40.3 42.0 dBm
EIRP (0.5 cable loss, 18.5 tx antenna gain) 52.2 55.2 55.2 58.0 58.0 dBm
GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink
Max Tx power per radio link
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Max Tx power per radio link
The maximum allowed downlink transmit power for eachconnection is defined by the RNC admission control functionality
Vendor specific
In NSN RAN the maximum DL power depends on Connection bit rate
Service Eb/N0requirement (internal RNC info)
CPICH transmit power and group of other RNC parameters
Actual available DL power per user depends on maximum totalBTS TX power, DL traffic amount and distribution over the cell (Allusers share same amplifier)
Average pathloss
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e age pat oss
Average pathloss
IPLcorris the max to averagepathloss ratio
corredgecell IPLLL _
edgecell
corrL
LIPL_
BS
2R
r
0
1
0
2
1
0 0
22
2
sec3_ )cos(212
1
)2(
)cos(2
2
ddssssR
ddrrrrRRRIPL
n
nn
nR
tcorr
Slope n
Average pathloss IPL correction
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DL peak to average ratio (IPL correction factor) mathematical analysis:
results
Recent simulations confirm that -6.5-6 dB is a valid value with antenna pattern
and >= 5 degree tilt
Propagationslope
IPLcorr_omn
i
IPLcorr_3sec
tIPLcorr_om
ni (dB)IPLcorr_sect(dB)
2 0.5 0.38 -3.0 -4.3
3 0.4 0.27 -4.0 -5.7
3.3 0.38 0.25 -4.2 -6.0
3.5 0.36 0.24 -4.4 -6.3
3.7 0.35 0.23 -4.5 -6.5
4 0.33 0.21 -4.8 -6.8
g p
R99 DL Link Budget
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g
marginceinterferenfigurenoiseHandsetnoisehermal_I Tfloorenterferenc
Receiver - Handset
Handset Noise Figure
Handset NF varies between frequencyand can vary between different models
Interference margin
Interference margin is defined basedon downlink load and interference
Thermal noise As defined in Uplink
Interference floor
Handset Noise Figure
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g
Handset noise figure varies between frequencies as well asbetween models
3GPP Specification defines certain limits for UE performance fordifferent frequencies
For higher frequencies (e.g. 2 GHz) specification defines 9 dB requirementfor UE
For lower frequencies (e.g. 900 MHz) 11 dB requirement is specified
R99 DL Link Budget
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g
Service Eb/No
Related to the selected service in DL
Channel model
BLER targets etc,
Refer to Uplink part
Service Processing gain
Related to the service bit rate
Receiver Sensitivity As defined in UL
GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver I
R99 DL Link Budget
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RX antenna gain
Commonly in data cards some antenna gain isdefined, commonly this is just 2 dBi. Assumptionneeds to be as defined in UL
Body loss Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to consider the
body loss if defined e.g. for voice service in UL
DL Fast fading margin
No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was notedin UL. In DL fast fading margin is not usually
applied due to lower power control dynamicrange.
SHO gain In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticed
compared to the UL.
Gain against shadowing This is harmonized between UL/DL as the
selection of better cell can happen in eitherdirection independently.
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL
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In edge of the cell a 34 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL Eb/N0inSHO situations compared to single link reception
Combination of 23 signals Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain is assumed to be 2.5 dB
In DL there is also some combining gain (about 1.2 dB) as an average over thecell this is due to UE maximal ratio combining
soft and softer handovers included
from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the average
difference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)
40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no soft handover
taking into account the effect multiple transmitters
combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool
in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two branches)
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL
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MS speed 3km/h
MS speed 20km/h
MS speed 50km/h
MS speed 120km/h
Dynamic SimulatorGain in total transmit power of two linksReceiver sensitivity gain + 3 dB
Total DL Tx power of all branches
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 5 10
Difference between the SHO links (dB)
SHOM
DC
gain(dB)
Soft HO
Softer HO
R99 DL Link Budget
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The rest of the calculation are as shownin Uplink link budget
Building penetration loss as defined for UL Location probability and standard
deviation as defined for UL
Isotropic calculation and allowedpropagation loss are calculated almost asearlier with few differences (no MHA gain,DL gains and factors)
These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
marginfadeslowBPLgainDLSHO-marginfadefastDL
losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI
s
requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. losspAllowedpro
Link budget for different frequencies and BTS types
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The main performance differences between BTS types and carrierfrequencies are related to
Noise figure
Transmit power
Feeder loss
Antenna gain
HSDPA SchedulerFlexi
900 MhzFlexi
2100 MHzUltasite
(2100 MHz)
Noise figure 2.3 dB 2 dB 3 dB
Transmit power 40 W 20 W, 40 W 20 W, 40 W
Feeder loss (example) 3.7 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100m
Antenna gain (example, same v. dimension) 14.5 dB 17.5 dB 17.5 dB
Module Contents
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Introduction
Link budget calculation
R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA
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Overall same approach as normal R99uplink link budget except therequirement to include a peak
overhead for the HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependentupon the selected associated DCH(16/64/128/384).
Use the values with soft handover as atthe cell edge connection is commonly inSHO
Without SHO can be used in somespecial case like I-HSPA without Iurinterfaces
Rest of the link budget is the same asfor a conventional Uplink link budget
The soft handover gain has effect on
the cell radius and site coverage
Module Contents
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Introduction
Link budget calculation
R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
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Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budgetCell edge throughput
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The HSDPA power corresponds to the total transmitpower assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH.
Thus in dimensioning the HS-SCCH power have to noticedfrom the total HSDPA power.
C/I requirement computed from SINR rather than Eb/Nolike in R99
R99
HSDPA
HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted celledge throughput
Relationship between SINR and RLC throughput can bevalidated as part of a practical investigation
No fast fade margin because no inner loop power control
HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover
Other differences: UE antenna gain can be assumed to be 2 dBi or 0 dBi
No body loss No soft ho gain
Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB, referring to macro cellenvironment best cell selection
C/I Requirement = Eb/NoProcessing Gain
C/I Requirement = SINRSpreading GainSpreading Gain = 12 dB,
due to the SF16
SINR-throughput mapping
Power available for
HS-PDSCH (excluding
HS-SCCH power and other
services)
Interference margin based
on full power usage
No SHO
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SINR and HSDPA Throughput
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The single-userHSDPAthroughput versus its average
HS-DSCH SINR is plotted. Notice that these results include
the effect of fast fading anddynamic HS-DSCH linkadaptation (and HARQ).
An average HS-DSCH SINR of
23 dB is required to achieve themaximum data rate of 3.6 Mbpswith 5 HS-PDSCH codes
Benefit from using higher codes(10/15) is only experienced forhigher SINR values >10 dB
Averagesingle-userthroug
hput[Mbps]
Average SINR (1 HS-PDSCH) [dB]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-10 -5 50 10 15 20 25 30
0
3.0
3.5
4.0
HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,
1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR
Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h
Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h
Average HS-DSCH SINR [dB]
Common cell
edge condition
Insidemacro
cell
Micro cell,
LOS, low
interference
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget
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Cell radius calculation
The cell radius can be calculated with different cell edge throughputs
Also the PtxMaxHSDPA can vary based on Node B power (e.g. 20W or 40W) Next Figure shows site coverage area (sqkm) with different throughputs and withdifferent HSDPA powers (5, 10 and 15 W)
HS-SCCH LINK BUDGET
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HS-SCCH makes use of power control based uponHS-DPCCH CQI and ACK/NACK
Usual to assume 500 mW of transmit poweralthough a greater power can be assigned for UE atcell edge
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
040
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
680
720
760
800
HS-SCCH Transmit Power (mW)
Occurances
HSDPA Tx Power = 30 dBm
HSDPA Tx Power = 35 dBm
HSDPA Tx Power = 40 dBm
HS-SCCH does not enter soft handover
HSDPA throughput Orthogonality
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Close to the BTS the own cellinterference dominates and
SINR depends only on HSDPApower share of total cell powerand orthogonality
Even in these optimalconditions high throughputrequires high orthogonality
Orthogonality of higher than 0.9can be achieved in isolatedenvironment
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Throughput, kbps
Orthogonality
10% BTS power for HSDPA 50% BTS power for HSDPA
80% BTS power for HSDPA
1
16
tot
PDSCHHS
P
PSFSINR
Example: HSDPA vs. UL return channel link budget
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UE is able to decrease the UL bit rate in case of UL powerlimitation
Return link link budget with 16 kbit/s bit rate
Cell edge throughput is highly dependent on the HSDPA power 4W75 kbit/s, 8 W 200 kbit/s, 12 W330 kbit/s, 16 W430 kbit/s
130.00
135.00
140.00
145.00
150.00
155.00
160.00
165.00
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
HSDPA throughput
Maximump
athloss
PS 16 UL, HSDPA
PS 64 UL, HSDPA
PS 128 UL, HSDPA
PS 384 UL, HSDPA
HSDPA, 4 W
HSDPA, 8 W
HSDPA, 12 W
HSDPA, 16 W
Module Contents
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Introduction
Link budget calculation
R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I)
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Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of twoapproaches can be adopted
target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budgetcompleted from top to bottom to determine themaximum allowed path loss
existing maximum allowed path loss can bespecified and link budget completed from bottom totop to determine the achievable uplink bit rate at celledge
Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that of aR99 DCH
HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/Nofigures rather than SINR figures
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HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (III) Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of a HSDPA
i t d R99 DPCH li k b d t
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associated R99 DPCH link budget.
Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be configured for eithera data card or mobile terminal. Thus the gain can be 2 dBi
HS-DPCCH overhead is slightly different as in DPCH. Next tableshows the overhead values for SHO and non-SHO case:
Interference floor = Thermal noise + Noise Figure + InterferenceMargin - Own Connection Interference
Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100)
The own connection interference factor reduces the uplinkinterference floor by the UEs own contribution to the uplinkinterference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power
This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgets because
the contribution from each UE is relatively small
This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplinkbit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contributionfrom each UE can be more significant
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (IV)
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The receiver sensitivity calculation is the same as that for aR99 DCH link budget
Receiver Sensitivity = Interference floor +Eb/No - Processing Gain
Receiver RF parameters, gains and margins are the same asfor a R99 DCH link budget
same fast fade margin due to same inner loop powercontrol
No differences in calculations
Module Contents
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Introduction
Link budget calculation
R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
CPICH link budgetChannel CPICH
Service Pilot
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CPICH reception is required for cellaccess and synchronisation
The CPICH link budget is similar to thedownlink service link budget
The CPICH transmit power is defined by
RNC parameter
The CPICH link budget is calculatedbased on C/I requirement (Ec/Io) of -15 dB
CPICH reception does not benefit fromsoft handover
Transmitter - Node B
Pilot Tx Power 33.00 dBm
Cable Loss 0.5 dBi
MHA Insertion Loss 0.0 dB
Tx Antenna Gain 18 dB
EIRP 50.5 dBm
Receiver - Handset
Handset Noise Figure 7 dB
Thermal Noise -108 dBm
Downlink Load 80 dB
Interference Margin 6.99 dB
Interference Floor -94.0 dBm
Required Ec/Io -15.0 dB
Receiver Sensitivity -109.0 dBmRx Antenna Gain 0 dB
Body Loss 3 dB
DL Fast Fade Margin 0 dB
SHO gain 0 dB
Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB
Building Penetration Loss 12 dB
Indoor Location Prob. 90 %
Indoor Standard Dev. 10 dB
Shadowing Margin 7.8 dBIsotropic Power Required -88.7 dB
Allowed Prop. Loss 139.2 dB
Example: CPICH vs. HSDPA coverage
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The pilot coverage can be extended with higher power
Less power for HSDPA and higher cell range decrease the celledge throughput
2W pilot142 dB and 550 kbit/s
3W pilot145 dB and 440 kbit/s
4W pilot147 dB and 350 kbit/s
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
HSDPA throughput
Maximumpathloss 2W CPICH
3W CPICH
4W CPICH
HSDPA, 2W CPICH
HSDPA, 3W CPICH
HSDPA, 4W CPICH
Module Contents
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Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Shadowing margin
Building penetration loss
Body loss
Cell coverage area prediction
Planning margins
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Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path lossestimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna
In coverage planning additional planning margins are introducedto take into account
Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radio pathSlow fading
Signal attenuation by building structures for indoor users
Attenuation to the signal caused by phone userBody loss
If not taken into account in link budget
Slow fading margin
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Slow fading is caused by signalshadowing due to obstructions on theradio path
A cell with a range predicted frommaximum pathloss will have aCoverage Probability of about 75 %
Lot of coverage holes due toshadowing
Slow fading margin (SFM) is requiredin order to achieve higher coveragequality, Coverage Probability
Smaller cell, less coverage holes overcell area
Cell range from prediction model
Max pathloss
from link budget
Pathloss
prediction model
Cell Range
Coverage
probability = 75% outdoors
Max pathloss
from link budget
Pathloss
prediction model
Cell Range
Coverage
probability > 75% outdoor
- Slow fading
margin
........max RSFMLRf
Coverage Probability = Area Location Probability over Cell Area
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Location Probability over Cell Area
In dimensioning, theArea Location Probabilityof a single cell isdefined instead of Point Location Probability at Cell Edge.
Area Location Probability over Cell Areameans the probabilitythat the average received field strength is better than the minimumneeded received signal strength (in order to make a successfulphone call) within the cell. The difference between Point & Arealocation probability is illustrated below :
Point Location Probability at Cell Edge
As shown previously the Slow Fading (log normal fading) is
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As shown previously, the Slow Fading (log-normal fading) isnormal distributed with the distrbution function
221
21
2
1
0
2
)(
20
2
2
0
m
x
rr
x
rxerf
rdep
m
Refer to Cellular Radio Performance Engineering, Chapter 2, e.g. 2.9 Page 29
Jakes, W.C.Jr. Microwave Mobile Communications. USA 1974, John Wiley & Sons. 473 p
The probability, Pxothat r exceeds some threshold,xoat a givenpoint inside the cell is called the Point Location Probability. The
point location probability can be written as the upper tail probabilityof the above equation :
2
2
2
)(
22
1)(
mrr
erp
Slow FadingMargin, SFM
From Point Location Probability to Area LocationProbability
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FR
p dAu x
1 2 0
Area Location ProbabilityPoint Location Probabilitiespx0
F erf a e erf a bb
u
a b
b
1
21 1 1
2 12
( )
2
)( 00
Pxa
2
log10
eb
P0 field strength threshold value at cell edge path loss slope
Slow FadingMargin, SFM
StandardDeviation,
Slow Fading Margin
SFM [dB] (xo-Po)
Point Location
Probability,
Pxo
a bArea Location
Probability, Fu
Slow fading margin
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Pxo
-5.00 26.60% -0.4419 1.2964 56.00%
-4.50 28.69% -0.3977 1.2964 58.00%
-4.00 30.85% -0.3536 1.2964 59.99%
-3.50 33.09% -0.3094 1.2964 61.97%
-3.00 35.38% -0.2652 1.2964 63.93%-2.50 37.73% -0.2210 1.2964 65.86%
-2.00 40.13% -0.1768 1.2964 67.76%
-1.50 42.56% -0.1326 1.2964 69.63%
-1.00 45.03% -0.0884 1.2964 71.45%
-0.50 47.51% -0.0442 1.2964 73.23%
0.00 50.00% 0.0000 1.2964 74.96%
0.50 52.49% 0.0442 1.2964 76.63%
1.00 54.97% 0.0884 1.2964 78.25%
1.50 57.44% 0.1326 1.2964 79.81%
2.00 59.87% 0.1768 1.2964 81.30%2.50 62.27% 0.2210 1.2964 82.73%
3.00 64.62% 0.2652 1.2964 84.09%
3.50 66.91% 0.3094 1.2964 85.38%
4.00 69.15% 0.3536 1.2964 86.61%
4.50 71.31% 0.3977 1.2964 87.76%
5.00 73.40% 0.4419 1.2964 88.85%
5.50 75.41% 0.4861 1.2964 89.87%
6.00 77.34% 0.5303 1.2964 90.82%
6.50 79.17% 0.5745 1.2964 91.71%
7.00 80.92% 0.6187 1.2964 92.53%
7.50 82.57% 0.6629 1.2964 93.29%8.00 84.13% 0.7071 1.2964 93.99%
8.50 85.60% 0.7513 1.2964 94.64%
8.80 86.43% 0.7777 1.2964 95.00%
9.50 88.25% 0.8397 1.2964 95.77%
10.00 89.44% 0.8839 1.2964 96.25%
Slow fading margin valuespresented for the different
Point Location andAreaLocation Probability values
Standard Deviation, s= 8dB
SFM = 0
Point Location Probability = 50 %Area Location Probability = 75 %
Building penetration loss
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Pref= 0 dB
Pindoor= -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor= -7 ...-18 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
signal level increases with floor
number :~1,5 dB/floor (for 1st
..10th floor)
Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings areestimated by applying a Building Penetration Loss (BPL) margin
Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due toshadowing by building structures
There are big differences between rooms with window and deep indoor (10..15 dB)
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Module Contents
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Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
Propagation models
Cell range to cell area
Propagation Models
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Empirical
Deterministic
Semi-empirical
Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmittedand receiving antennaand coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc .Those methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accuratedescription of the wave propagation but require a large computation time.
An equation based on extensive empirical measurementsis created.
Those models can be used only in the environments similar to theexamined one. The small changes in the environment characteristiccan cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.
Combination of empirical anddeterministic models(e.g. empiricalCOST Hata can be combined withthe theoretical knife edge model).
Propagation Models used in common planning tools
Okumura-HataSt
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Okumura Hata
The most commonly used statistical model
Walfish-Ikegami Statistical model especially for urban environments
Juul-Nyholm
Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)
Ray-tracing
Deterministic prediction tool for
microcellular environments
tatisticaltobe
tuned!
Deterministic
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Propagation Models
Okumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel
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ectionMorphoCorrFactorCorrection+
log(R))](hlog6.55-[44.9)a(h-)(hlog13.82-(f)logB+A=L BS10MSBS1010
.............R
8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1=)a(h
MHz2000
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Model for urban macrocellular propagationAntenna close to roof-top level
Assumes regular city layout (Manhattan grid)
Total path loss consists of two parts:
hw
b
d
NLOS roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss
mobile environment losses
LOS line-of-sight loss
Propagation Models
COST Walfish-Ikegami model
This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish
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This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model, prepared especially for the typical antennas
placement in 3G (below the roof top). The validity range:
Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz
BS height: 450 m (above roof-top)
MS height: 13 m
Distance: 0.025 km
Path loss with LOS between MS & BS
)(log26)(log206.42 1010 RfLLOS
............. RLOS: Line-off-sight
Propagation Models
Walfish-Ikegami
Line of sight path (LOS)
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Line-of-sight path (LOS) Use free space propagation
Applicable for microwave & satellite links
Non-line-of-sight path (NLOS) Heavy diffraction, refraction situations
Great uncertainties in modeling
COST Walfish-Ikegami model includes model for NLOS prediction
Use ray-tracing models
Needs detailed building databases (vectorial information)
Manhattan grid
model
Propagation Models
Microcell
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Rx
Tx
Tx
Ray tracing Raylaunching
Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithmscomputer power consuming.
Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.
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Coverage Area
Hexagons vs. Cells
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Three hexagons Three cells
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Module 5
Coverage dimensioning
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Summary
Planning margins are required in order to achievetarget Coverage Probability
Pilot power planning thresholds have to be defined fordifferent services and area types
Cell range is calculated with a pathloss prediction
model Link budget calculation involves many estimates and
assumptions Educated guess