07 RU10 Coverage Dimensioning Theory-NSN

RU10 UTRAN Dimensioning TrainingFor internal use
For internal use
planning thresholds
For internal use
Link budget calculation
6 sector enhanced handling
* © Nokia Siemens Networks RU10 UTRAN Dimensioning Training / NPO Capability Development
For internal use
Coverage Dimensioning - Theory
For internal use
The target of the Link Budget calculation:
Estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radio path from transmit antenna to receive antenna for both links in up- and in downlink
Reach the specific radio conditions i.e.:
minimum Eb/N0 (and BER/BLER) requirements location probability settings
Required penetration loss
Lpmax_DL
Lpmax_UL
R
For internal use
- Coverage probability (%)
Pathloss
Link budget is used to determine the max. cell range for each of the bearer services per area type
The first step is to evaluate the initial cell range assuming a coverage limited scenario based upon the maximum permissible system load (UL load given by the user)
The maximum transmit power of MS is known that is used to calculate the maximum allowed pathloss (between MS and BTS) for each service (specified by the user).
By using this "dominant" pathloss the achievable cell range is calculated for each service taking into account the coverage requirements (location probability) for each service
Next the cell ranges for each service are compared with each other and based on user selection the cell range (and corresponding pathloss) for a particular service is selected as being the dominant one (usually the smallest cell range).
For internal use
Input Data
Link Budget Parameters
Maximum Allowable Pathloss
Planning / environment dependent parameters
For internal use
No traffic considered
Rel’99, HSDPA & HSUPA
including CPICH as well
Export to Excel & Utran DimTool
Target cell load and cell range serve as initial starting value in the Utran Dim Tool for further calculations
For internal use
Uplink
Can be based on many different PS and CS services
Downlink
Can be based on many different PS and CS services
HSDPA/Rel’99 link budget
Uplink
HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be PS 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the Rel’99 DCH Eb/No (this overhead frequently appears in the transmitter section of the link budget)
Downlink
HSDPA/HSUPA link budget
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No
Own connection interference is included
Downlink
For internal use
For internal use
General Settings
Supported Release (not shown, new for version v1.1.1), Clutter Type, Channel Model, Bearer type, Operating Band, RF part selection
Transmitting End Settings (NodeB and UE as well)
Feeder, Antenna, CCCH settings
TMA, Load settings
Radio Network Configurations Settings
New for v1.1.x: supported release (not shown yet)
Trzeba by zupdateowa screena bo nie ma ju Data Card tylko UE Power Class
For internal use
For internal use
Selection of different releases (product lines)
RAS06
I-HSPA
Changed for RAS06
New for RU10
Some parameter changes
SHO gain in UL (Rel’99, HSPA)
Some other new aspects not handled in this presentation (they are subject in other LiBu presentations)
Just one common parameter file (e.g. DictionaryWCDMASystemParameters_v2.0.1.xml)
Three new additional Rel’99 graphs
all HSDPA graphs are also available in HSDPA/HSUPA scenario
Dictionary File Editor
New Nodes partly under Operating Bands and HSDPA specific
….
For internal use
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Propagation path loss model
Antenna height
Penetration loss
For internal use
UL: 824 - 849 MHz
DL: 869 - 894 MHz
When selecting an other frequency band: Eb/No, Noise Figure and Propagation Model settings values are changed automatically!
For internal use
Channel model
Represents impulse response of the channel, which is the sum of all received signals with specific delay, propagation direction and speed.
Propagation direction is limited by receive antenna pattern.
For internal use
RF Part: Available Output Powers for RU10 Flexi Product Line
RU10: e.g. High Power RRH 60W for Flexi product line
For internal use
CAT (20W or 40W) 1 and 2 carriers
RRH (RRH-HP or RRH-m) 1 and 2 carriers
RU10 Flexi RF module (8W, 20W, 30 W, 40W or 60W)
Mast Head RF Module (20W or 40W)
Determinates:
In UL direction noise figure of receiving end
UMR7.0, RU10 NB-RS line
1 up to 4 carriers
For internal use
Release 99 - General Settings
RF Part: Available Output Powers for RAS06 and RU10 Flexi Product Line
Hardware Release 1:
(1900 and 2000 MHz)
8 W 39.03 dBm
20 W 43.01 dBm
30 W 44.77 dBm
40 W 46.02 dBm
60 W 47.77 dBm
Single and double modules
Triple and RRH modules
Feeder and Feeder less solution available for RAS06/RU10 Flexi product line
For internal use
UE Power Class 3 (Data Card w/ RXdiv)
UE Power Class 3 (Data Card w/o RXdiv)
UE Power Class 3 (Handset w/o RXdiv)
UE Power Class 4 (Handset w/o RXdiv)
UE type has impact on:
Total UE TX Power
Eb/No Selection (w/ or w/o RxDiversity)
Trzeba by zupdateowa screena bo nie ma ju Data Card tylko UE Power Class !!!!!!!! I zmieni odpowiednio opis (ju zmieniem :D) !!!
For internal use
Supported Bearers (RU10):
CS14.4
PS I/B UL16 DL16
PS I/B UL32 DL32
PS I/B UL32 DL64
PS I/B UL64 DL144
PS I/B UL64 DL256
PS I/B UL128 DL128
PS I/B UL144 DL144
The list of the bearers depend on: Release, UE Type, Channel Model and Operating Band.
If Data Card WITH RxDiversity is selected, only these bearers will be shown for which required EbNo with RX diversity is available
If Data Card WITHOUT RxDiversity is chosen, all the bearers will have Eb/Nos without RX diversity.
Note that some of the bearers might miss the pole capacity or something else from the XML file, which might lead to error.
Some channel models do not contain all information thus the XML editor can be used to check and correct this.
Supported Bearers (RAS06):
CS64
PS I/B UL8 DL8
PS I/B UL16 DL16
PS I/B UL32 DL8
PS I/B UL32 DL32
PS I/B UL32 DL64
PS I/B UL64 DL8
PS I/B UL64 DL256
PS I/B UL128 DL128
PS I/B UL384 DL384
Trzeba by zupdateowa screena bo nie ma ju Data Card tylko UE Power Class oraz odpowniednio zdania gdzie uyte jest „Data Card” !!!!
Sprawd liste bearerów bo w LiBu ja widze np.. Wicej bearerów CS e.g. CS14.4 Str.
For internal use
Worst case assumption
Distributed users inside cell
Path loss calculated for single user at cell edge
Rest of users are distributed equally in the cell
This parameter notifies the average user location such as 6 dB which corresponds to average user location
RNC limitations due to maximal transmit power per connection considered
This topic will be described in details later on in this presentation
This approach is the result of the alignment
Przy okazji w wersji LiBu 3.3 w DL DCH Power Calculation jest bd bo zamist Distributed users inside cell jest Distributed users inside ….. cell
For internal use
For internal use
moment (note ± 2 dB tolerance)
(output power is 21 dBm)
Power Class 3 most common in new
mobiles and data cards (+1/-3dB tolerance)
(output power is 24 dBm)
Total Tx Power
Antenna TX gain
For data card 2 dBi can be assumed
Body Loss
For CS voice service body loss of 3 dB is assumed as the mobile is near head.
EIRP
represents the effective isotropic radiated power from the transmit antenna.
UL
For internal use
TMA
increase UL performance for installations with feeder – reduces UL feeder loses
Thermal Noise
T = Receiver temperature, 293 K
Uplink Load
Definition of UL load can be based on traffic inputs or estimated
Interference margin
Total effective noise + Interference Density
is calculated as follows (former “Interference Floor”)
For internal use
From set maximum planned load
"sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the network) & in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.
1.25
3
20
10
6
25%
50%
75%
99%
For internal use
Channel model
BLER targets etc,
Two parameter files with Eb/Nos are prepared depending on Hardware that is used:
Operating Band
Channel Model
Receiver thermal sensitivity
Represents the receiver sensitivity when the system is loaded i.e. an interference margin has been included
For internal use
UL fast fading margin
For internal use
Uplink (6/13) – Fast Fading Margin
Describes a margin taken into account as a power backup at the transmitting end
This margin reflects the accuracy of the closed loop fast power control algorithm to follow the steep fluctuations of the link loss caused by the fast fading
This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to compensate fast fading
Default values:
0.5 dB for VehA 50 km/h
0 dB for VehA 120 km/h
Mobile transmission
For internal use
Uplink (7/13) – Soft Handover Gain (former MDC Gain)
SHO gain, also called Macro Diversity Combining, gives the Eb/No improvement in soft handover situation compared to a single link connection
In dimensioning SHO Gain is considered at the cell edge
This phenomenon reduces the negative effect of small scale fading
It allows to use lower transmit power or Eb/No requirements
In Link Budget tool this parameter is covering gain of soft and softer handover
Typical value is 1.5 dB at cell edge
Soft HO
Softer HO
SHO MDC gain (dB)
For internal use
Uplink (8/13) – Gain Against Shadowing
At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is roughly the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can always be chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against a hard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance.
In reality the gain against shadowing gain is a function of required coverage probability and the standard deviation of the signal for the environment.
The gain is also dependent on whether the user is outdoors, where the likelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channel tends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.
For indoor users the recommendation is to use a smaller value
Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Shadowing Margin
Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2 and 3 dB
For internal use
Gain and size varies
Depends on:
Operating Band
Feeder loss
In Flexi and Radio Servers the remote RF head minimizes the influence of cable losses
TMA can be used to compensate the cable loss as well as to lower the system noise figure (Friiss Formula) however not in Flexi and Radio Server)
Min Rx Level formula:
For internal use
Release 99 – Receiving End
Uplink (10/13) – RX Antenna
BTS antenna varies between frequencies and sizes as well as configuration
Smaller antenna beam higher gain
Higher size (from 1 to 2 meters) higher antenna gain within same frequency
Lower frequency lower gain
BTS antenna gain is lower in UMTS900 than in UMTS2100 if the antenna physical sizes are kept the same
Vertical size limiting Vertical beam width increases when frequency decreases
For internal use
Uplink (11/13) – Feeder Loss
Feeder loss is the sum of all signal losses caused by the antenna line outside the base station cabinet
Jumper losses
Cable loss
TMA (former MHA) insertion loss in DL when TMA is used
Typical 0.5 dB
7/8” loss at 900 MHz is about 3.7 dB/100 m
TMA
For internal use
Release 99 – Pathloss
this value is higher than in rural area
Indoor location probability
This parameter defines the
probability of connection in indoors, value depending on clutter and area
Indoor standard deviation
Shadowing margin
This is calculated from indoor location probability and standard deviation.
Jak jest liczony Combined Standard Deviation i Shadowing Margin ? Wzory !
Opis Slope i Intercept Point !
For internal use
is calculated to take into account the building penetration loss and combined standard deviation as well as receiver sensitivity and additional margins
is basis for cell range calculation
formula:
For internal use
For internal use
Total Tx Power
Total Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 8W = 39 dBm, 20 W = 43 dBm, 30W = 40.77 dBm, 40 W = 46 dBm, 60W = 47.77 dBm. This depends on NodeB type and configuration.
This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx power per radio link
It depends on operating band and RF Part
Feeder Loss
noticed as earlier
TMA insertion loss
In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed while TMA is mounted.
Commonly 0.5 dB assumed.
For internal use
SL states for Side Lobe – this is an
antenna gain at 30 deg. direction
SL is used for 6 sector calculation (will be further described in details)
Body Loss
default always 0 dB for data, usually 3 dB for voice
CPICH power ratio
Signaling Power Ratio
For internal use
EIRP w/o signaling per user
is depended on DL load used in link budget calculation (it is used to define how much power is used per user)
Depends on settings in general part
Distributed users inside cell – this parameter notifies the average user location such as 6 dB which corresponds to the average user location
All users at cell border – power is equally split among all users which are placed only at cell border
Signalling Power Ratio is power assigned to Common control channels
Max Power per User DL
Different calculation method for RAS06/RU10 and UMR 7.0 Release
For internal use
Downlink (4/19) – EIRP w/o signalling per user (1/3)
In CDMA all active users are served simultaneously by the NodeB total DL Txpower is shared by all active users and by signaling (commonly 20 %).
For DL cell range calculations the max. available traffic power in a cell per active user (for a given bearer type and for a given cell load) needs to be calculated.
Max. available traffic power in a cell depends on
DL Bearer Type
DL Cell Load
For internal use
Total EIRP without Signaling is input for further calculations
Selection of proper Pole Capacity (due to RxDiversity settings) and its adjustment to selected site layout
Calculation of number of active users
Calculation of EIRP without Signaling per active user
Adjusting the EIRP without Signaling per active user to selected user distribution
Cell type
For internal use
Calculations for user power (60% load) and for AMR 12.2:
Total DL power w/o Signaling = Total DL Tx Power – Signaling Power = 43 dBm – 1 dB = 42 dBm
DL Pole Capacity per cell = 447 kbps (from table pole capacity/cell, last slide)
Number of active users = 447 kbps * 0.6 / 12.2 kbps = 22
DL power w/o Signaling per active user [W] = 16 W / 22 = 0.73 W/user = 28.6 dBm/user
take into account peak to average ratio (user location, e.g. 6 dB) 28.6 dBm / user + 6 dB = 34.6 dBm / user
distributed users inside cell
load
For internal use
Downlink (7/19) – Maximum Power per user Calculation (1/2)
The maximum downlink transmit power for each connection is defined by the RNC admission control functionality
Vendor specific (Flexi product line, NodeB RS product line)
In RAN the maximum DL power depends on
Connection bit rate
CPICH transmit power and group of other RNC parameters
Actual available DL power depends on maximum total BTS TX power, DL traffic amount and distribution over the cell (All users share same amplifier)
For calculation following result is taken into account.
For internal use
PtxDLabsMax – Defines the absolute maximum link power for any service.
SRB – Signalling Radio Bearer
PtxDPCHmax [dB] – Determines maximum power that can be assigned to DPCH channel as a reference to Total Tx Power.
CPICHToRefRABOffset [dB] – Defines the maximum link transmission power for a selected reference RAB. If this parameter is set to a too low value, the assigned DL power resources are not fully utilized and system congestion is more likely. In the opposite case the quality of calls in the system can have bad quality due to insufficient power.
RAS06, RU10 Flexi
34.2
37.2
37.2
40.0
40.0
dBm
UMR7.0
For internal use
Handset Noise Figure (modified slightly for v1.1.x)
Handset NF varies between frequency and can vary between different models
Depends on:
Operating Band
UE Type
UE performance for different frequencies
e.g. 2 GHz spec defines 9 dB requirement for UE.
e.g. 900 MHz 11 dB requirement
Interference margin
Interference margin is defined based on downlink load and interference
Thermal noise
For internal use
Interference Margin can be calculated as follows:
1. With the following equations and definitions:
Fortho: loss of orthogonality due to multipath
Fpc: the power control in a network does not
always gives the perfect power due to the fact
that there can be errors in the TPC bits as well
as the algorithm needs some time to follow the
fading profile. This factor should cope with the
influence on interference
Fsho: the n users here in this formula are only
counted once in their main cell, even if they are
in soft handover. Also due to macro diversity
these users need less power than without SHO.
Again in a network there are time aspects and
possible errors for the SHO.
This factor should contain all these static and
dynamic aspects.
In interference margin calculation in DL intra-cell Iic and inter-cell Ioc interference levels are related to the total thermal noise level Nthermal.
The loss of orthogonality on the downlink, due to the propagation environment characteristics, generates intra-cell interference at the receiver of the UE.
formula 1
formula 2
formula 1
For internal use
Downlink (11/19) – Interference Margin (2) related to Thermal Noise
Fpc and Fsho are in this formula to model the real network effects, dynamic effects and imperfections of the RRM algorithms (PC and SHO) on the interference.
As they are impacting the formula always as
Fpc * Fsho, so for the link budget software realization both are included as variable, but only Fsho is used as product of both variables and Fpc is set therefore to 1 (0dB).
Zeta is the received signal power of the other nodeBs Iic to the own nodeB S. It depends on the cell layout, the user place, as well as on the propagation model (slope).
With these 2 formulas above and S/Itotal=> Eb/No the required signal power can be calculated for the link budget.
Also the pole capacity (Cmax) and maximum number of users (Nmax) can be derived out of these equations:
Or vice versa: Out of the pole capacity Zeta and (Fsho*Fpc) can be derived by equation operations!
formula 1
For internal use
Downlink (12/19) – Interference Margin (3) related to Thermal Noise and Cell Load
An input factor for the link budget software is the pole capacity value (which can be derived either by analytical equations or by system level simulations).
With this parameter in the formula Fsho * Fpc or Zeta can be calculated, if the other is known.
A Fsho * Fpc should be set to a feasible value (e.g. 2.2 dB), the interference is than mainly scaled with Zeta.
So Zeta is calculated out of pole capacity, Fsho * Fpc and other input parameters.
With this all input parameters for the interference are given based on the pole capacity.
On the other hand the interference can be estimated as:
Here again is a reference to the pole capacity via the load:
Load = n * Ri / Pole_capacity (n: number of users, Ri: bit rate)
So also in this formula the pole capacity is an input parameter. The formula is valid for higher number of users. For comparison of the “different” approaches see the next slide.
formula 1
formula 2
For internal use
used in the tool
For internal use
Receiver thermal sensitivity
Represents the receiver sensitivity when the system is loaded i.e. an interference margin has been included
For internal use
Downlink (15/19) – Eb/No selection enhancements
Two values for Eb/No are implemented: one with DL 2 Rx Diversity and one without
Selection will be done automatically due to UE type settings
Export to Utran DimTool will be enhanced to pass RX Diversity settings
For internal use
DL Fast fading margin
No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was noted in UL. In DL fast fading margin is not
usually applied due to lower power control dynamic range.
Soft Handover gain
In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticed compared to the UL
Depends on service, not available in HSDPA
Gain against shadowing
This is harmonized between UL/DL as the selection of better cell can happen in either direction independently.
For internal use
Downlink (17/19) – Soft Handover Gain
In edge of the cell a 3 – 4 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL Eb/N0 in SHO situations compared to a single link reception
Combination of 2 – 3 signals
Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain
is assumed to be 2.5 dB
Dynamic Simulator
Soft HO
Softer HO
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
5
10
SHO MDC gain (dB)
For internal use
RX antenna gain
Commonly in data cards some antenna gain can be defined, commonly this is just 2 dBi. Assumption needs to be as defined in UL.
Depends on UE Type
Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to
consider the body loss if defined e.g. for voice service in UL.
Depends on UE Type
Not applicable at UE
Min Rx Level formula:
ukasz M: First sentence is about data cards. What about antenna gain in handsets ?
For internal use
is calculated to take into account the building penetration loss and combined standard deviation as well as receiver sensitivity and additional margins
is basis for cell range calculation
formula:
For internal use
For internal use
HSDPA – Transmitting End
Rel’99 Uplink
Overall same approach as normal Rel’99 uplink link budget except the requirement to include a peak overhead for the HS-DPCCH.
HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependent upon the selected associated DCH (16/64/128/384).
It is assumed in UE Transmit Power
The values with soft handover are used.
For internal use
Requirement to include an overhead for the HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH includes the ACK/NACK and CQI.
Average overhead generated by HS-DPCCH depends upon activity of ACK/NACK and CQI.
Overhead impacts both uplink coverage and uplink capacity
HS-DPCCH overhead can be included in uplink Eb/No in same way as DPCCH overhead.
Link budgets consider peak rather than average overhead.
Easy to model HS-DPCCH overhead in link budget
Difficult to measure in practice
For internal use
HSDPA – Receiving End
Rel’99 Uplink – HS-DPCCH overhead - Theory
The number of simultaneously active HSDPA connections has an impact upon the average HS-DPCCH overhead, i.e. more connections means that each UE sends an ACK/NACK less frequently and the overhead decreases
Link budgets assume worst case peak figures. Capacity calculations can use average figures for a specific number of HSDPA connections.
These results assume 100 % DPDCH activity
Overhead increases for DPDCH activity < 100 % but the total uplink transmit power decreases
For internal use
HSDPA – Receiving End
Rel’99 Uplink – HS-DPCCH overhead - Measurement
UE transmits power and CPICH RSCP can be measured for HSDPA and Rel’99 connections.
Scatter plot is likely to require further averaging.
Difference between the HSDPA and Rel’99 transmit powers provides an indication of the DPCCH overhead.
Theoretical expectation must account for both the introduction of the HS-DPCCH plus any differences in the DPDCH activity.
For internal use
Rel’99 Uplink
is calculated to take into account the building penetration loss and combined standard deviation as well as receiver sensitivity and
additional margins
formula:
For internal use
For internal use
HSDPA – General
Downlink (1/12)
In HSDPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted
Target downlink bit rate at cell border can be specified and link budget will return the maximum allowed path loss
HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted cell edge throughput
Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified (e.g. from Rel’99 scenario) and link budget via graphs can determine the achievable downlink bit rate at cell edge
The total transmit power assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH depends on RNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH traffic load
HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover, which leads to SHO gain of 0 dB.
An overhead for HS-DPCCH channel has to be taken into account in UL when HSDPA is active.
For internal use
HSDPA – General
Downlink (2/12)
Simplified cell edge throughput input for HSDPA (with regard to v0.3.3 version)
No HARQ, no number of codes and no number of transmission selection is required
Direct throughput input at cell border
UE Category max throughput capability limitation
For internal use
Category 1 – 6
Category 7 and 8
For internal use
Data from simulations can have two formats
Throughput vs. CINR for different HARQ (Former Siemens simulations)
Throughput vs. SINR for different amount of codes (Former Nokia simulations)
SINR values are recalculated to CINR values an then put into configuration file
For calculations used values (HARQ = 1 ex-Siemens; 15 codes ex-Nokia)
Simulation results is visualized on following graphs with both BTS lines Eb/Nos vs. throughput
For internal use
Exemplary xml data structure and plots for different BTS types
SINR plot
For internal use
CINR value is mapped to the throughput with simple calculation
No limitation on what to put in the data rate input
The Eb/No is calculated from fixed CINR points
168.3 kbps is lower limit with -11.21 dB and 314 kbps is higher limit with -8.41dB
Then gradient, which is 51.83 kbps/dB
Then calculation of CINR -9.64 dB
And last CINR to Eb/No 2.22 dB
Example: 250 kbps
For internal use
Select range for given throughput (VTHR)
Identify lower (LTHR) and higher (HTHR) boundary for throughput range
Identify lower (LCINR) and higher (HCINR) boundary for CINR range, that corresponds to throughput
Calculate gradient
Recalculate CINR to Eb/No
For internal use
Total Tx Power – NodeB output power
Signaling Power – reserved for CCCH
HSDPA Power per user per TTI –
Power that is reserved for one single user
within TTI for whom the LiBu is calculated
Rel’99 Power – that is the power used by
Rel’99 users if a shared carrier is assumed
Other HSDPA Power per TTI – Power that is reserved for other HSDPA users within one TTI
HS-SCCH and Associated DCH Power
Actual TX Power – this is the sum of all transmitted powers
For internal use
EIRP per data channel is calculated in the following way:
The HSDPA power is varying every TTI.
HSDPA power needs to notice CCCH as well as Rel’99 power.
For internal use
Downlink (10/12) – Interference Margin Calculation
The link budget uses an interference margin which is calculated as ratio of total inference and thermal noise
Influencing parameters:
nothing else than Information Rate
W - chip rate
f - Other-to-own-Cell Interference factor at cell edge
For internal use
HSDPA Link Budget
The simulation was performed for a 3 sector site
Close to the site the interference from the neighboring sectors of the same site have an impact
With increasing distance to the site the interference from other sites increases
The link budget is calculated at the cell edge
Therefore the other to own interference factor at cell edge is assumed to be f = 1,7
Source: PMN0 Air Interface IUS 1.1
Depends on:
Site Layout
For internal use
additional margins
formula:
For internal use
For internal use
HSUPA – General
Uplink (1)
Similarily to HSDPA also in HSUPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted.
Target uplink bit rate at cell border can be specified and link budget will return the maximum allowed path loss.
Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget via graphs can determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell edge.
Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that of a Rel’99 DCH
HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/No figures that are based on SINR figures.
For internal use
Required Eb/(No+Io) Calculation
Own connection interference calculation
For internal use
Simulation contains:
HARQ values
Left hand side throughput vs. Eb/No for both PL
Differences are coming from different simulation setups and assumptions
exNokia Eb/No results correspond well in real RAS06/RU10 system behaviour and system implementation.
exNokia values similarly include 1 dB implementation margin which is used to be more on the safe side as the simulations show always optimal conditions when comparing to real system.
For internal use
Select desired throughput (VTHR)
Identify lower (LTHR) and higher (HTHR) boundary for throughput range
Identify lower (LCIR) and higher (HCIR) boundary for CINR range, that corresponds to throughput
Calculate gradient
Recalculate CINR to Eb/No
For internal use
LV – is HS-DPCCH Overhead for left boundary of considered range
RV – is HS-DPCCH Overhead for right boundary of considered range
LBR – is BitRate for left boundary of considered range
RBR – is BitRate for right boundary of considered range
BR – is currently considered BitRate
2.18
For internal use
Uplink (6) – Own connection interference
The own connection interference factor reduces the uplink interference floor by the UE’s own contribution to the uplink interference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power
This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplink bit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contribution from each UE can be more significant
R = Uplink Bit Rate, W = Chip Rate
For internal use
additional margins
formula:
For internal use
For internal use
HSDPA/HSUPA
Three Options determine the value of SHO factor for HSUPA:
No SHO SHO Gain = 0 dB Iur is not present
I-HSPA Rel’1 SHO Gain = 0.5 dB SHO only in Control Plane
I-HSPA Rel’2 SHO Gain = 1.5 dB SHO fully supported
Two options determine the value of SHO factor for UL DCH:
I-HSPA Rel’1 or Rel’2 SHO Gain = 1.5 dB SHO fully supported
HSUPA
Flexi Line
NB/RS Line
RAS 06
For internal use
I-HSPA
I-HSPA SHO UL Gain Dependency on Release, Iur presence and related UL Bearer
Three Options determine the value of SHO factor for HSUPA:
I-HSPA Rel’1 SHO Gain = 0.5 dB SHO only in Control Plane
I-HSPA Rel’2 SHO Gain = 1.5 dB SHO fully supported
Two options determine the value of SHO factor for UL DCH:
I-HSPA Rel’1 or Rel’2 SHO Gain = 1.5 dB SHO fully supported
Summary SHO:
HSDPA / HSUPA
0 dB
0 dB
1.5 dB
1.5 dB
traditional HSUPA
For internal use
I-HSPA Bearer Types Settings in Link Budget (v1.1.x)
HSDPA/HSUPA: RAS06: I-HSPA Rel’1, no SHO RU10: I-HSPA Rel’2, no SHO
HSDPA/Rel’99: I-HSDPA w/ and w/o SHO in UL
RAS06 and RU10:
I-HSDPA/UL128 kbps w/ and w/o SHO
I-HSDPA/UL384 kbps w/ and w/o SHO
Please note: I-HSPA is just available for RAS06 and RU10 Flexi product line, it is not available for UMR7.0 and RU10 NB-RS product line!!!
HSDPA/HSUPA
For internal use
For internal use
In the past:
Circuit switched voice used to be the only way to provide voice service in cellular networks.
No possibility to achieve good quality over PS channels
Need to have two core networks one for CS an one for PS
Current situation:
HSPA brought possibility of supporting good quality voice
No need to sustain CS core all IP network is sufficient
It is expected that better coverage or capacity with VoIP can be achieved.
VoIP itself is more an application rather than a specific feature in NSN product line.
Nevertheless RU10 adds a number of features (e.g. Streaming QoS for HSPA) which provides significant benefit for this type of application.
New in Link Budget v1.1.x
For internal use
New feature in v1.1.x
The only possible service for voice transmission in I-HSPA (no CS services available)
VoIP service supported both by NodeB-RS and Flexi product lines *)
VoIP is available in two tabs as PS service:
HSDPA/Rel’99 Calculation
Interworking with UTRAN DimTool v6.0.x only (support of VoIP service)
*) NodeB-RS line: 1900 and 2000 MHz: w/ and w/o ROHC
850 and 900 MHz: w/o ROHC only
*) RAS06: 1900 and 2000 MHz: w/ and w/o ROHC
850 and 900 MHz: w/ and w/o ROHC
*) RU10 Flexi line: 1900 and 2000 MHz: w/ and w/o ROHC
850 and 900 MHz: w/ and w/o ROHC
*) UMR7.0: 1900 and 2000 MHz: w/o ROHC only
850 and 900 MHz: w/o ROHC only
New in Link Budget v1.1.x
*) IHSDPA for NodeB-RS is available ?
**) all Frequency Bands support VoIP ?
For internal use
HSDPA/Rel’99:
VoIP with ROHC (UL: 16 kbps/DL: 15 kbps) (over I-HSPA and RU10)
VoIP without ROHC (UL: 64 kbps/DL: 29,4 kbps)
ROHC: robust head compression
Latest info shows that it is scheduled for RU20
ROHC available only via I-HSPA where ROHC is a feature of I-HSPA Adapter
For internal use
HSDPA/HSUPA:
VoIP with ROHC (UL: 15 kbps/DL: 15 kbps) (over I-HSPA and RU10)
VoIP without ROHC (UL: 29,4 kbps/DL: 29,4 kbps)
ROHC: robust head compression
For internal use
HSDPA/Rel’99: VoIP w/ and w/o ROHC
HSDPA/Rel’99 UL
HSDPA / HSUPA
RU10 Flexi
RU10 NB-RS
HSDPA/HSUPA: VoIP w/ and w/o ROHC
HSDPA/HSUPA
For internal use
For internal use
All mobility functions (Cell Selection, Reselection, Handover) are based on CPICH measurements.
CPICH cell range shall be at least as large as smallest cell range of the traffic channels of the bearers that are to be supported.
Cell range of the CPICH shall not be significantly higher than the smallest cell range of the traffic channels of the bearers that are to be supported, because this is waste of power resulting lower capacity
For internal use
Link Budget main parameters
CPICH Total TX Power equals to percentage “CPICH power Ratio” multiplied by NodeB Total TX power
Different Interference Margin calculation comparing to Rel’99
Chip Rate further used for “RX Sensitivity at Antenna Connector” calculation
Ec/(No+Io) instead of Eb/(No+Io) is assumed for calculations
No Fast Fading Margin
No Soft Handover Gain
New screenshot was added with yellow messages in CPICH part
CPICH RSCP was added
For internal use
Interference calculation
Interference margin for CPICH is calculated the same like for HSDPA in DL
MInterference = S0 - Smin
Where:
S0 – receiver sensitivity in the ideal conditions (no intracell and no intercell interference: α = 1 and f = 0)
Smin – minimum receiver sensitivity
Consequence: interference margin for CPICH depends on the power dedicated to this channel
part of the Tx power of the NodeB dedicated to the CPICH
For internal use
Optimization of CPICH Cell Range
CPICH cell range can be adapted (‘optimized’) to either UL or DL cell range of traffic channel of a specific bearer (typically the bearer with the smallest cell range)
Adaptation is done by changing the CPICH power
In parallel the ‘EIRP w/o Signaling per user’ is recalculated for the DL link budget of the bearer
For internal use
For internal use
Overview
Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path loss estimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna.
In the coverage planning additional “planning margins” are introduced to take into account
Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radio path Slow Fading Margin
Signal attenuation by building structures for indoor users
Attenuation to the signal caused by phone user Body loss
If not taken into account in link budget
For internal use
Shadowing Margin and Standard Deviation
Shadowing describes the effect of signal fluctuations caused by wave propagation through morphological obstacles like hills or buildings, etc.
Shadowing Standard Deviation is the deviation with that the path-loss – due to shadowing effects – varies around the calculated mean
Remark: Impact of the fast fading is considered during link level simulations and thus the required margins are included in the Eb/No values
Shadowing Margin = = Slow Fading Margin = = Log Normal Fade Margin
Standard deviation
100% - location
For internal use
Planning margins
Shadowing Margin
Shadowing (Slow Fading) Margin is caused by signal shadowing due to obstructions on the radio path.
A cell with a range predicted from maximum pathloss will have a Coverage Probability of about 75 %
Lot of coverage holes due to shadowing
Slow fading margin (SFM) is required in order to achieve higher coverage quality, Coverage Probability
Smaller cell, less coverage holes over cell area
Cell range from prediction model
Max pathloss from link budget
Pathloss prediction model
Pathloss prediction model
For internal use
Coverage Probability = Area Location Probability over Cell Area
In dimensioning, the Area Location Probability of a single cell is defined instead of Point Location Probability at Cell Edge.
Area Location Probability over Cell Area – means the probability that the average received field strength is better than the minimum needed received signal strength (in order to make a successful phone call) within the cell. The difference between Point & Area location probability is illustrated below:
Location Probability over Cell Area
For internal use
Slow fading margin
Slow fading margin values presented for the different Point Location and Area Location Probability values
Standard Deviation, s = 8dB
For internal use
Planning margins
Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings are estimated by applying a “Penetration Loss” margin
Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due to shadowing by building structures
There are big differences between rooms with window and “deep indoor” (10 ..15 dB)
Pref = 0 dB
-18 ...-30 dB
signal level increases with floor number :~1,5 dB/floor (for 1st ..10th floor)
For internal use
Area Location Probability – Indoors
For indoor location area probability calculation, mean penetration losses have to be added, and increased standard deviation needs to be taken into account as well:
Add mean values,
superimpose standard deviations
For internal use
Indoor standard deviation – tools solution
Now “Combined Indoor Standard Deviation” can be taken for the calculations, which is calculated with following equation
Influence of “Indoor Standard Deviation” can switch on/off
For internal use
Calculation of Shadowing Margin (= log-normal Fade Margin, slow Fading Margin)
Definition: The shadowing margin is the amount by which a received signal level may be reduced up to a specified threshold value (without causing system performance).
area location probability
location probability at cell border (edge)
The dependency between the two probabilities (edge/ and area) is a function of the propagation exponent and the Standard Deviation sigma (Jakes Formula).
Jakes formula
dense urban mean urban suburban open
log-normal Fade Margin = slow fading margin = = shadowing margin
in case that indoor standard deviation shall be also considered
shadowing standard deviation
Area Location Probability = f (Edge Location Probability, Antenna Height NodeB, Standard Deviation sigma)
Edge Location Probability = f (Area Location Probability, Antenna Height NodeB, Standard Deviation sigma)
For internal use
For internal use
Empirical
Deterministic
Semi-empirical
Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmitted and receiving antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc . Those methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accurate description of the wave propagation but require a large computation time.
An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created. Those models can be used only in the environments similar to the examined one. The small changes in the environment characteristic can cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.
Combination of empirical and deterministic models (e.g. empirical COST Hata can be combined with the theoretical knife edge model).
For internal use
Okumura-Hata
Walfish-Ikegami
Juul-Nyholm
Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
different equation for predictions beyond radio
horizon (~20km)
For internal use
Propagation Models
Standard COST231 formula: split according to Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model
In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G & 2G (1800 + 1900 MHz), some additional measurements and adjustments had been carried out in the framework of European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical Research (COST).
For internal use
COST 231 (general formula)
For internal use
Propagation Models
Standard COST231 formula in the order of Intercept Point and Slope
Hm -Base station (node B) antenna height: 30 – 200 m
Hb-mobile station antenna height: 1 – 10 m
Cm-clutter factor
f = 2000 MHz
L(d)[dB] = Intercept_Point + 35,22 * log(d)
Table presents values of Intercept Point, slope for 2000 MHz and clutter type
Rural
Road
Environment
For internal use
Propagation Models
Standard COST231 formula: one slope and derived two slope model (optional)
Modeling of propagation necessary to map max. allowable pathloss to cell range
One slope model
Applicable for cells with antenna height above rooftop level
Default model for Macro cells
Optional two slope model
Applicable for small cells, antenna height approx. at or slightly below mean rooftop level
s0
s0
For internal use
dense urban
rural, road
For internal use
Two slope model derived from Cost 231
For small macro cells - with Node B antenna height around or slightly below mean roof top level – alternatively to the one slope model, a two slope model can be taken into account:
f = 2000 MHz
2 – slope model
1 – slope model
dB
slope2 = 43.17 dB/decade
log d
If the reduced slope of a two slope model shall be used (see previous slides) one has to be sure that the max allowable path-loss as calculated by the tool is below the intercept point, i.e. that the resulting cell range is below 1km.
Please note that the two slope model offers more optimistic figures than the one slope model!
Rural
Road
Road
Rural
Environment
For internal use
Path-loss Formula
s1 = 0 for d < 1km, else:
Values for and LClutter are unchanged w.r.t. one-slope model
Path-loss Formula with calculated values:
f = 2000MHz
UE height = 1,5m
Cell range < 1km ( max. allowable path-loss < Intercept Point) for suburban, rural, road cell ranges are typically > 1km
Identical frequency dependent correction factors for UE antenna height hUE and Clutter Losses for 2000 MHz for 1-slope and 2-slope model
[km])
For internal use
Macro Cell Link Budget Parameters
Propagation Model 850 MHz and 2000 MHz (example for two slope model and cell ranges < 1km)
Path-loss Formula with calculated values
Node B height
DU, U = 30m (for SU, rural, road cell ranges are typically > 1km)
UE height = 1,5m
E.g. f = 2000MHz (s1 = 0)
E.g. f = 850MHz (s1 = 0)
Please note that the area location probability (unlike edge location probability) changes with the new slope value, and thus needs to be adapted to the desired value.
s2 * log (d)
s2 * log (d)
Urban
Environment:
Urban
For internal use
UMTS 2000 MHz
Environment Intercept Point Slope (one slope model) Slope (two slope model)
Dense Urban 140.79 35.22 43.17
Urban 137.79 35.22 43.17
Suburban 125.52 35.22 43.17
Rural 105.27 35.22 43.17
Road 110.27 35.22 43.17
Note: Cost 231 (for antenna height 30 m and mobile height 1.5 m)
Dense Urban 140.04 35.22 42.99
Urban 137.04 35.22 42.99
Suburban 124.93 35.22 42.99
Rural 109.81 35.22 42.99
Road 104.81 35.22 42.99
UMTS 1900 MHz
Dense Urban 129.42 35.22 40.56
Urban 126.42 35.22 40.56
Suburban 116.46 35.22 40.56
Rural 102.90 35.22 40.56
Road 97.90 35.22 40.56
UMTS 900 MHz
Dense Urban 128.77 35.22 40.47
Urban 125.77 35.22 40.47
Suburban 115.98 35.22 40.47
Rural 102.51 35.22 40.47
Road 97.51 35.22 40.47
For internal use
cell area can be calculated.
When calculating cell area, the traditional hexagonal model is taken into account (for antenna types with horizontal beam width < 90 degrees)
Differences on planning margin are reflected to cell size.
2100 MHz
For internal use
Effect of planning margin on coverage area
Planning margin parameter settings have a major effect on the cell area calculations.
For internal use
For internal use
threshold definitions are important phases
of pathloss based 3G planning
Received pilot power = Pilot transmit power – Antenna line losses + Antenna gain
- (Max. pathloss – Planning margins)
For internal use
Pilot power planning threshold
Pilot power planning threshold is the minimum outdoor pilot level which is required in order to achieve the required Coverage Probability.
Pilot power planning threshold is based on link budget calculations and planning margin definitions
Bit rate
Indoor/outdoor coverage
Pilot power planning thresholds have to be defined separately for each service and area type
Select the threshold for limiting service
An example
Different services can have different coverage quality requirements and thus also different planning margins
Indoor (PL = 12 dB, St. Dev. = 10 dB)
90 % area location probability
For internal use
For internal use
Theory & Assumption
Due to the cell layout, the cell range in the main antenna
direction (0°) is higher than the cell range at the sector border (30°)
Additional check is performed – cell range at sector border direction
UL – the 3 dB gain due to 4Rx MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining)
DL – UE at the sector border receives signals from 4 neighbour cells, which can be translated into an additional soft handover gain of 1.23 dB
3 sector network layout
15% higher in main direction
Please note: active set size should be ≥ 4, else pilot pollution to be expected in neighbouring areas caused by strong interferer not being in active set!
For internal use
Additional check is performed – cell range at sector border direction.
User only has to enter correct antenna parameters.
Load adjustment
the DL power is shared between all users in the cell, therefore for the mean load in DL both loads can be “averaged”.
UL load is minimum of main and border direction load.
For internal use
Customer requirements
(~ 50% cell load in UL, LB)
65 degree antenna with 18.5 dBi: K742266
RS880 with 6 RHHs
45 degree antenna with 21.5 dBi: K742219
Comparison
For internal use
CPICH Ec/No
Comparison:
For internal use
Missed Traffic
For internal use
For internal use
For internal use
Macro Cell Link Budget: Cell Area (In-Building and Outdoor) (1/2)
Dependency on sectorisation and antenna width
Example: 3 sectors
Input: Cell range
Hexagonal (rhomboidal) pattern
For internal use
Macro Cell Link Budget: Cell Area (In-Building and Outdoor) (2/2)
Cell Area (Site Area) = f (Cell Range, Cell Type)
Directional (hor. beamwidth < 90°; 3 sectors)
Directional (along road coverage; 2 sectors)
SSC (hor. beamwidth < 90°; 3 sectors)
Coverleaf pattern
6 sectors (hor. beamwidth 45°)
Omnidirectional and SSC (hor. beamwidth > 90°; 3 sectors)
Hexagonal (rhomboidal) shape
For internal use
Macro cell Link Budget: Results: Site-to-Site Distance (In-Building, Outdoor)
Directional (hor. beamwidth > 90°; 3 sectors)
6 sectors (hor. beamwidth 45°)
Omnidirectional
Site-to-Site Distance = 2 * Cell Range * cos(30°)
= 1,7 * Cell Range
Site-to-Site Distance = f(Cell Range, Cell Type)
Directional (hor. beamwidth < 90°; 3 sectors)
Directional (along road coverage; 2 sectors)
SSC (OTSR, hor. beamwidth < 90°; 3 sectors)
Site-to-Site Distance = 1,5 * Cell Range
Cloverleaf pattern
Hexagon pattern
For internal use
Macro Cell Link Budget: Number of Site Required
Total Coverage Area of each Clutter Type
Site Area of each Clutter Type
Number of required Site for each Subarea (Area type, clutter type)
Example of Geographical/Morphological Area Size (land usage, clutter)
Cell load is assumed as fix
For internal use
Io)
/(No
RequiredEb
nRate
Informatio
y
enceDensit
ndInterfer
tiveNoiseA
TotalEffec
r
naConnecto
ityAtAnten
RXSensitiv
Antenna Type
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
n
penetratio
shadowing
body
fastfading
ASH
SHO
ce
Interferen
b
NB
NB
feeder
NB
ant
UE
feeder
UE
ant
UE
UL
L
M
L
M
G
G
M
N
E
NF
Density
Noise
Thermal
Rate
n
Informatio
L
G
L
G
P
L
HS-DPCCH Overhead (dB)
00.511.522.533.54
10
15
20
25
dB
00.511.522.533.54
-10
0
10
20
dBm
00.511.522.533.54
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
00.511.522.533.54
5
10
15
dB
Seconds
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-130-125-120-115-110-105-100-95-90-85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50
Average difference between
Rate
Service
Bearer
Load
Cell
Cell
per
ty
PoleCapaci
tiveUsers
NumberOfAc
Dense Urban
140,79 43,17
Dense Urban
140,79 35,22
(stepped +/- 1dB)
sDCHPower
HSCCHandAs
I
PowerPerTT
OtherHSDPA
ll
PowerPerCe
R
rTTI
rPerUserPe
HSDPAPowe
owerRatio
SignalingP

07 RU10 Coverage Dimensioning Theory-NSN

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Transcript of 07 RU10 Coverage Dimensioning Theory-NSN