02 Principal Reaction BAtuan Beku

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PETROGRAFI

Identifikasi mineral dengan baik, berupa

- Nama mineral

- Tekstur internal kristal (zoning, inklusi, eksolusi)- Tekstur antar kristal mineral (ofitik, interloking,

mozaik, dan lainnya)

- Tekstur diagenesa (alterasi)

Untuk kegunaan lebih lanjut :- Petrogenesa

Cabang ilmu pengetahuan (geologi) yang mempelajari deskripsi

dan klasifikasi batuan dengan studi mikroskop


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MORPHOLOGICAL

PROPERTIES GRAIN SHAPED &

SYMETRY

CLEAVAGE &

FRACTURE

TWINNING

INCLUSIONS,

INTERGROWTHS, ALTERATION

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Mineral Identification


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T h i n s e c t i o n : n o n o p

a q u e m i n e r a l s

P o l i s h s a m p l e : o p a q u e m i n e r a l s


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Williams, Turner, F,J. & Gilbert, C.M., 1954, Petrography : An Introduction to the

Study of Rocks in Thin Sections, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 406 p.

Gill R, 2010, Igneous Rocks and Process : a practical guide, John Willey & Sons, Ltd,

REFERENCES

http://webmineral.com/


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PRINSIP REAKSI

MINERAL

[2 3 4]

Okki Verdiansyah MT.

KULIAH PETROGRAFI STTNASSEMESTER GENAP - 2016


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SUBJECT

1) Rock Forming Mineral

2) Metamorphic mineral index3) Sedimentation and diagenetic


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PETA GEOLOGI REGIONAL INDONESIA 1 : 10.000.000

Tectonic belt from USGS, 2012


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PRINSIP REAKSI

BATUAN BEKU

[2]

Okki Verdiansyah MT

KULIAH PETROGRAFI STTNASSEMESTER GENAP - 2016


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OCEANIC BASALT VOLCANO


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OCEANIC BASALT VOLCANO

SEAMOUNT – INDIAN OCEANIgneous Petrogenesis

1. Mid-ocean ridges

2. Continental rifts

3. Island Arcs

4. Active continental margins

5. Back-arc basins

6. Ocean Islands

7. Intraplate hotspot activity,

carbonatites, or kimberlites


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Adapt ed from Winter (2001)


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the uniform compositions of continental arc magmas aregenerated through interaction between primitive arc

magmas and the continental lithosphere, by processes

including:

• Melting of crustal rocks;

• Assimilation of crustal rocks;

• Storage of magma in lower crustal dike/sill complexes;

• Homogenization to form hybrid calc alkaline magmas.

Calc alkaline magmatism and the MASH process

© Richards(2004)


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C i Di M


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Creating Diverse Magma

CompositionsProcesses Occurring in the Mantle• different degrees of partial melting of the

mantle• mantle melting at different pressures (depth)

• role of volatiles in lowering the melting

temperature

• fractional crystallization in the mantle

•

melting different compositions on mantle(fertile vs. depleted)

THESE ACCOUNT FOR VARIABLE MAFIC COMPOSITIONS (e.g. ALKALIC

– THOLEIITIC), BUT NOT THE WIDE RANGE OF IGNEOUS

COMPOSITIONS OBSERVED IN THE CRUST (e.g., MAFIC – FELSIC).

To explain this diversity, we need to consider other processes that

occur in the crust.


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Processes that change the composition of the magma

A. Fractional crystallization and crystal settling

B. Assimilation

C. Magma Mixing

Factors controlling melting of rocks

A. Temperature

B. Pressure

C. Water content

Partially melt peridotite basalt magma

Partially melt basalt andesite magma

Partially melt andesite rhyolite magma


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Processes that change the composition of the magma.Fractional Crystallization & crystal settling


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Processes that change the composition of the magma.Magma and early forming crystals (minerals)


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acloutier copyright 2011

Crystal size and cooling rate

• the relationship of howlarge a crystal canbecome is determinedby the amount of time

and space allowed for acrystal to form.

• small crystals cooledquickly

• larger crystals cooled

s l o w l y


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IGNEOUS ROCKS

Bowen, N. L., 1928, The evolution of the igneous rocks:

Princeton, New Jersey, PrincetonUniversity Press, 334 p.; second edition,

1956, New York, Dover.


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BOWEN‘S REACTION SERIES (1922)

(Magmatic differentiation)

Chemical Processes

* Continuous Reaction Series

* Discontinuous Reaction Series

Substitution reaction : Mg2+ Ca2+

Ca2+ Na+ K+

Physical Processes

* Decreasing Temperature

(~ 1200 oC 600 oC)

* Decreasing Pressure.

Minerals crystallization.

Evolving of alkaline feldspar (Na- & K-feldspar)

Chemistry substitution reaction :

“ionic substitution”

Evolving of silica increasing of silica.

Evolving of silica increasing of silica.

Sumber presentasi Godang Trapezoid, 2015

Original Document : The Journal of Geology Vol 30 No 3 (Apr-May 1922) pp 177-198


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Original Document : The Journal of Geology, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Apr-May, 1922), pp. 177-198

The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis (N.L. Bowen, 1922) Bowen’s Reaction Series, 1922

Discontinuous Reaction Series

“Ferro-magnesian silicates minerals”

K(Mg,Fe)3 Al Si3O10(OH)2

Continuous Reaction Series

“ Alumina silicates minerals”

Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2

(Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3

(Mg,Fe)SiO3

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

K Al Si3O8

K Al3Si3O10(OH)2

SiO2

Na Al Si3O8

Ca Al2Si2O8

Ca Al2Si2O8 ( > ),Na Al Si3O8 ( ),Ca Al2Si2O8 (


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C a 2 ( M g , F e ) 5 S i 8 O 2 2 ( O H ) 2

( C a , M g , F e ) S i O 3

Sumber presentasi Godang Trapezoid, 2015


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Proses

kristalisasi


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Anhedral plagioclase olivine


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Anhedral plagioclase, olivine

Euhedral plagioclase as inclusion in olivine

Olivine – Orthopyroxene

± Ca-plagioclase


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Orthopyroxene - Clinopyroxene

± Ca-Na plagioclase


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Clinopyroxene – amphibole

± Na – Ca plagioclase


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Amphibole (Hornblenda) -

biotit

± Na plagioclase

Continuous Series


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Continuous Series


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Igneous Rock : Minerals

• Olivine

– Forsterite – Fayalite

• Pyroxene

– Clino : Augite

– Ortho : Hypersthene

• Hornblende

• Biotite

• K-Feldspar

– Orthoclase, Microcline, Sanidine

• Plagioclase

• Muscovite

• Quartz

• Magnetite

• Ilmenite


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https://www.thinglink.com/scene/713167024020258817


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h t t p s :

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. u n d e r g r o u n d . c

o

/

e a t h e r - i n f o g r a p h i c s / v o l c a n o e s


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GUNUNG API (MAGMATIC ARC)


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Pembagian fasies gunung api (Bogie & Mackenzie, 1998 dalam Bronto, S, 2006

( )

Bagaimana asosiasi endapan

epitermal terhadap litologi penyusun

Gunung ApiHS : ?

IS : ?

LS : ?


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Central


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Batuan Gunung api

Koheren

Porfiritik

kristal mineral

(accumulate, euhedral crystal, rim reaction, zoning)

Massa dasarGelas volk. + (spherulite, microlite, kristalit)

Fragmental

klastika (kristal, litik, gelas)

gelas vulkanik (welded, diagenetic)


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(a) Field photograph showing basaltic andesite with

xenocrysts of quartz and feldspar (bottom right) The(b) Thin-section photograph (in cross-polarized light; XPL)

of a xenocrystic basaltic andesite showing a feldspar


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xenocrysts of quartz and feldspar (bottom right). The

basaltic andesite is in contact with a quartz- and feldspar-

phyric dacite (top left).

of a xenocrystic basaltic andesite, showing a feldspar

xenocryst with an outer reaction rim

(c) Thin-section photograph (in XPL) of porphyritic

dacite, showing a large embayed quartz crystal with amainly quartz and feldspar matrix.

(d) Field photograph of phenocrysts within the porphyritic

rhyolite. Noteworthy features are a large, zoned, alkali

feldspar with a plagioclase outer rim (1), smaller quartz

phenocrysts (2), as well as alkali feldspar phenocrystswithout obvious plagioclase rims (3)


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FIG. A.—

Plagioclase in hyalopilitic andesite from Sand Creek.Magnified 30 diameters. Specimen No. 5. The glass inclusions are

mainly confined to a narrow zone near the margin Has undergone


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mainly confined to a narrow zone near the margin. Has undergone

partial resorption and secondary enlargement.

FIG. B.—Plagioclase in hyalopilitic andesite from Anna Creek.

Magnified 60 diameters. Specimen No. 10. Glass inclusions are

uniformly distributed in rather large and irregular patches. Has

undergone resorption and slight secondary enlargement.

FIG. C.—Plagioclase in hypocrystalline andesite from water's edge

under Llao Rock. Magnified 60 diameters. Specimen No. 31. Glass

inclusions uniformly and thickly distributed throughout the originalcrystal. Has undergone secondary enlargement without resorption.

FIG. D.—Plagioclase in hypocrystalline andesite from Grotto Cove.

Magnified 30 diameters. Specimen No. 55. Glass inclusions uniformly

and thickly distributed, original crystal partly resorbed, and a

secondary enlargement pronounced.

FIG. E.—Andesite at water's edge west of Eagle Cove. Magnified 60

diameters. Specimen No. 11. Shows a phenocryst of augite

surrounded in part by a rim of parallel growing hypersthene. See

page 82.

FIG. F.—

A plagioclase phenocryst. From the vitrophyric dacite of LlaoRock. Magnified 60 diameters. Specimen No. 102. Polarized light with

crossed nicols. Shows distinct zonal structure and two directions of

cleavage, the basal parallel to the small face near to the figure 3 and

the prismatic parallel to the longest side. The section is cut nearly

parallel to the brachypinacoid. The intermediate shell 2 is more basic

than is the center.

FIG. G.—A minute feldspar crystal containing a large inclosure of

brown glass with outlines parallel to the sides of the crystal. From

the vitrophyric dacite of Llao Rock. Magnified 400 diameters.

Specimen No. 101. This glass inclusion contains a single gas bubblewhich appears like a broad black ring.

FIG. H.—Corroded hornblende crystal with resorption rim of augite

and magnetite. From the dacite of Grouse Hill..

FIGS. I, J, K.—Crystals found in the cavities of basalt from the base of

Red Cone, No. 156. Figs. I and J are hypersthene and fig. K is

pseudobrookite. FIG. L.—Olivine phenocryst. From the basalt of

Desert Cone. Magnified 65 diameters. Specimen No. 169. Alteration

product

FIG. M.—An olivine phenocryst almost completely altered to an

opaque mass of which magnetite appears to form the bulk.


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02 Principal Reaction BAtuan Beku

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