02 ketels emerging industries_day 2_ecc 2012
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Transcript of 02 ketels emerging industries_day 2_ecc 2012
New Industries and the Process of Regional Diversification – The Role of Clusters
Prof. Christian Ketels Harvard Business School, Stockholm School of Economics, and EBS
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
A New Era for Cluster Policy
26.04.2012 2
• Creating winners? • Backing losers!
Old Industrial Policy
• Enabling new winners to emerge
The Challenge Ahead
FAILURE
• Backing winners!
Current Cluster Policy
PARTIAL SUCCESS
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Sources of Cluster Emergence
POLICY
Location
Natural Resources
Context for competition across regions
Existing Clusters
Entrepreneurs
Business Environment
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Clusters and Entrepreneurship
Source: Porter, The Economic Performance of Regions, Regional Studies, 2003; Delgado/Porter/Stern, Clusters and Entrepreneurship, Journal of Economic Geography, 2010; Delgado/Porter/Stern, Clusters, Convergence, and Economic Performance, mimeo., 2010.
New Industries (+) New Business Formation (+)
Survial Rates of New Businesses (+)
Job Growth In New Businesses (+)
The stronger the cluster, the more likely new industries within the cluster are to emerge
The stronger the cluster, the more dynamic is the process of new business formation
The stronger the cluster, the higher the job growth in new
businesses
The stronger the cluster , the higher the survial rate of
new businesses
CLUSTER
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Textiles
Roller bearings
Vehicles
Vehicle safety
Telematics
1907
1924
1956
2001
Source: Sölvell, Lindqvist,,2011
Transformation of Clusters: Gothenburg Automotive Cluster
Source: Sölvell, 2009
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Related Clusters and Regional Diversification
Note: Clusters with borders or identical colors/shading except gray have at least 20% overlap of industries by number in both directions
Plastics
Oil and Gas
Chemical Products
Pharma-ceuticals
Power Generation
Aerospace Vehicles &
Defense
Lightning & Electrical
Equipment
Financial Services
Publishing and Printing
Entertainment
Hospitality and Tourism
Transportation and Logistics
Information Technology
Communi- cations
Equipment
Medical Devices
Analytical Instruments
Education and
Knowledge Creation
Apparel
Leather and
Sporting Goods
Agricultural Products
Processed Food
Furniture Building Fixtures,
Equipment and
Services
Sporting, Recreation
and Children’s Goods
Business Services
Distribution Services
Fishing & Fishing
Products
Footwear
Forest Products
Heavy Construction
Services
Jewelry & Precious Metals
Construction Materials
Prefabricated Enclosures
Textiles
Tobacco
Heavy Machinery
Aerospace Engines
Automotive
Production Technology
Motor Driven Products
Metal Manufacturing
Source: Porter, The Economic Performance of Regions, Regional Studies, 2003; Delgado/Porter/Stern, Clusters and Entrepreneurship, Journal of Economic Geography, 2010; Delgado/Porter/Stern, Clusters, Convergence, and Economic Performance, mimeo., 2010.
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Transformation of Regional Economies: San Diego, California
U.S. Military
Communications Equipment
Sporting and Leather Goods
Analytical Instruments
Power Generation
Aerospace Vehicles and Defense
Transportation and Logistics
Information Technology
1910 1930 1950 1990 1970
Bioscience Research Centers
Climate and Geography
Hospitality and Tourism
Medical Devices
Biotech / Pharmaceuticals
Education and Knowledge Creation
• Existing cluster
portfolios have a
significant impact on the
evolutionary path of
regional economies
(Neffke et al, 2009;
Boschma et al. 2011)
• Clusters provide a
powerful analytical tool
to understand
diversification and the
emergence of new
economic activities
The San Diego Economy
Source: Porter, Monitor Company, Council on Competitiveness (2003)
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Specialization Patterns and Economic Policy: Two Views
Economic
Complexity
(Hausmann et al.)
Structural
Transformation
(Lin)
“What you do”
• To get rich, do what rich locations do
Clusters
“How you do it”
• To get rich, do what you do best
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
The New (Smart Specialization) Answer:
• Identify your assets, including your existing cluster base
• Actively pursue opportunities in areas adjacent to current strengths and leading towards higher value added
• Longer-term development of sustainable competitive advantages
The Old Answer:
• Identify growing markets and try to enter them (bio, nano, eco, …)
• Failure to succeed in intensely competitive markets without unique assets
Specialization Patterns and Economic Policy: Smart Specialization in the EU
The Challenge: How to support structural change towards higher value-added activities?
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Enabling Emergence: How Cluster Mapping Data can help
26.04.2012 10
In which regions is a new cluster category
likely to emerge?
• Identify regions with growing industries or firms in the emerging clusters
• Identify regions with existing strong clusters in related cluster categories
• Identify regions with relevant business environment strengths
…the EU and national governments
What new clusters are likely to emerge
in our region?
• Identify opportunities within existing regional clusters
• Identify clusters adjacent to existing regional clusters
• Identify growing industries and firms outside of existing regional clusters
• Identify regional business environment strengths not leveraged by current clusters
…regional governments
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
A New Type of Cluster Program
26.04.2012 11
Cluster effort success factors
• Strong cluster
• Strong cluster organization
• Clear strategy
Backing Winners Enabling Emergence
√
√
√
x
~
~
• Require funding for large scale investments
• Moderate risk; evaluation to keep implementation process on plan
• Require seed funding for exploration
• Require technical support for collaboration
• High risk; evaluation to weed out nonperforming efforts
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry
Emerging Industries and Clusters
• This is hard
• Clusters are a powerful diagnostic and policy tool
• Effective policy needs to integrate three dimensions:
26.04.2012 12
Linkages Cluster
Mobilization
Supply Knowledge
Creation
Demand Market
Creation