1.5 Liquid penetrant examination may be useful for verifyingquestionable or doubtful magnetic particle indications.

1.3 Included in this procedure are personnel qualifications, lists oftesting equipment, supplies, indication evaluation criteria, and themethod of reporting information.

1.4 Liquid penetrant testing is preferred on ferromagnetic materialsonly where magnetic particle testing is not allowed or is detrimen­tal to the test object's serviceability.

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Procedure No.8310-101

DateProcedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

Liquid PenetrantExaminationGeneral Procedures

1.2 Liquid penetrant processes are nondestructive testing methodsfor detecting discontinuities open to the surface of engineeringmaterials. They can be used for the inspection of insoluble,metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and nonporous,nonmetallic materials such as ceramics, plastics, and glasses.

3.0 Applicable Documents3.1 ANSI/ ASME Code For Pressure Piping 831 (AmericanNational Standards Institute).

2.0 Summary

2.1 Liquid penetrant inspection is a technique for the detection ofdiscontinuities open to the surface. In general, a penetrating liquidcontaining a visible or fluorescent dye is applied evenly over thesurface of the test part. After sufficient time, the excess penetrantis removed. A developer is then applied that blots the penetrantfrom any discontinuities, and thus stains the developer and formsa contrasting indication. The test part is then visually inspected.

1.0 Scope1.1 This procedure covers the liquid penetrant inspection practicefor Amoco Corporation (Amocol, its affiliates, and its subsidiaries.

3.1.1 831.3: Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

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3.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

3.4 ASTM Standards.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

DateProcedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

3.4.3 E 433-71: Reference Photographs for Liquid PenetrantInspection.

3.4.1 E 165-80: Recommended Practice for Liquid PenetrantInspection Method.

4.0 Responsibilities

4.1 The type, extent, and acceptance/rejection criteria of liquidpenetrant examination will be defined in design documents,applicable codes, standards, or specific inspection procedures foritems being tested.

3.6 Amoco Practice For The Training, Examining, and Certifyingof Nondestructive Testing Inspection Personnel.

3.5.1 Chapter 6, Inspection.

3.5 AWS Structural Welding Code: Steel, 01.1.

3.4.2 E 270-78: Definitions of Terms Relating to LiquidPenetrant Inspection.

3.2.4 Section VIII, Division 11, Article 9-2: Liquid PenetrantExamination.

3.2.1 Section V, Article 6: Liquid Penetrant Examination.

3.2.2 Section V, Article 24: Liquid Penetrant Standards.

3.2:3 Section VIII, Division I: Appendix 8, Methods for LiquidPenetrant Examination (PT).

3.3 ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing.

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4.2 Amoco representative shall be responsible for monitoringadherence to examination procedures.

4.3 Amoco representative shall be responsible for finalacceptance/ rejection.

5.2 Others performing, interpreting, or witnessing liquid penetrantexaminations shall be certified in accordance with a writtenpractice that meets or exceeds ASNT Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A.

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Procedure No.8310-101

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5.4 Personnel certified as Level I may perform, interpret, and reportthe results of liquid penetrant examinations while under directsupervision of certified Level 11 or III personnel or while followingspecific written instructions prepared by Level 1I or III personnel.

5.6 Trainee personnel may assist certified individuals in test partpreparation, the application and removal of penetrant, the applicationof developer, and post cleaning. A trainee shall not independentlyconduct any test, interpret results, or issue a report of test results.

5.5 Personnel certified as Level 11 or III may perform, interpret, andreport the results of liquid penetrant examinations. They shall beable to prepare specific written instructions for Level I individualsin addition to providing guidance for trainee and Level I personnel.

5.3 Personnel performing, interpreting, or witnessing liquidpenetrant examinations shall have vision, corrected if necessary,equivalent to 20/30 for distance and be able to read a Jaeger TypeNo. 2 Standard Chart at a distance not less than 12 inches, orequivalent test. They shall also be capable of distinguishing anddifferentiating contrast between colors used. Vision shall bechecked annually.

5.0 Personnel Qualifications

5.1 Amoco personnel performing, interpreting, or witnessing liquidpenetrant examinations shall be certified in accordance with the"Amoco Practice for the Training, Examining, and Certifying ofNondestructive Testing Inspection Personnel."

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

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NondestructiveTesting Procedure

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5.7 Personnel certified as witnesses are not certified to perform tests.

6.1.1 Cleaner: Magnaflux "Cleaner Remover" or equivalent.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

DateProcedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

7.2 Avoid overheating liquid penetrant materials in pressurizedcans. If heat is required to reach the operating temperature, use ahot water bath with a thermometer immersed in it.

6.2 When testing non-metals, such as plastics, ceramics andglasses, special precaution should be taken to make certain thepenetrant process does not corrode, stain, or in some other waycreate an unsatisfactory condition.

6.1.3 Developer: Magnaflux "Developer" or equivalent.

6.1.2 Penetrant: visible, Magnaflux "Spotcheck" orequivalent; fluorescent, Magnaflux "Zyglo" or equivalent.

6.1.4 Materials by other manufacturers may be used, with

prior AC approval, if they have characteristics and capabilitiesequal to the products named in 6.1.1, 6.1.2, and 6.1.3.

6.1.5 Cleaner, penetrant, and developer must be compatibleand always from the same manufacturer for a specific LiquidPenetrant examination.

6.1.6 Wipers: lint free absorbent material.

7.0 Safety Precautions

7.1 Liquid penetrant materials can be flammable or emit hazardousand toxic vapors. Use them only in well-ventilated areas. Do notheat them above 130°F or expose them to open flames or hotsurfaces. Do not discard the empty aerosol cans into an open fire.Observe all manufacturer's instructions and precautionary statements.

6.0 Test Materials

6.1 Penetrant materials for metal, wrought and casted, will be asfollows:

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Procedure No.8310-101

Date

1/16 in .

Procedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

-1 r- 3/8 in.

3/64 in.

-L1-1T

Fig. 8.4.1

Liquid penetrant comparator(Note: dimensions given are for guidance only and are not critical.)

8.3 For both fluorescent and visible penetrant inspections, thetemperature of the penetrant materials and the area of the part tobe processed should be between 60°F and 125°F.

8.2 Intermediate examinations should be performed as requiredbut they do not substitute for the final acceptance examination asdefined in 8.1.

8.4.1 The liquid penetrant comparator shall be made ofaluminum, Type 2024, 3/8 inch thick, approximately 2 incheswide and 3 inches long (shown in Figure 8.4.1).

8.4 When the temperature falls outside the limits stated in 8.3,qualify penetrant material with a liquid-penetrant comparator (aquench-cracked aluminum block).

8.0 Testing Conditions8.1 Perform the examination for acceptance on a finished itemafter all machining, fabrication, and heat treatment but beforeapplication of surface coating.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

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8.4.2 The comparator block can be purchased or preparedin-house.

8.4.5 Qualifying liquid penetrant materials for use attemperatures above 125°F:

1) Heat and maintain only the comparator block at theproposed temperature.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

Date

8.4.4 Qualifying penetrant materials for use at temperaturesless than 60°F:

1) Cool comparator block and penetrant materials to theproposed test temperature.2) On area "8", perform penetrant procedure at theproposed test temperature.3) Allow block to warm up to a temperature between60°F and 125°F.4) On area A, perform penetrant procedure at atemperature between 60°F and 125°F.5) Compare indications on areas" A" and "8". If visualcrack indications are essentially the same, penetrantprocedure can be performed at the proposedtemperature.

8.4.3 To prepare the comparator in-house:

1) Mark an area approximately 1 inch in diameter at thecenter of each face with a 9500F-temperature-indicatingcrayon or paint.2) Heat the marked prea with a bunsen burner, blowtorch, or similar device to a temperature between 950°Fand 975°F.3) Immediately quench the comparator in cold water toproduce a network of fine cracks on each face.4) Heat the comparator to dry (approximately 300°F).5) Machine a groove 1/16 inch deep by 3/64 inch wideby 2 inches long across the center of both faces.6) Mark one half of each face" A" and the other half"8" for identification when making comparison.

Procedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

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9.2 Surface preparation

8.4.6 Thoroughly clean the comparator block before eachcomparison test is performed.

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Research Depanment

DateProcedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

Procedure No.8310-101

2) On area liB", perform penetrant procedure atproposed temperature.3) Allow the block to cool to a temperature between60°F and 125°F.4) On area" A", perform penetrant procedure attemperatu'res between 60°F and 125°F.5) Compare indications on areas" A" and "B". If thevisual indications are essentially the same, the penetrantprocedure can be performed at the proposed temperature.

Caution: The following processes may decrease the effec­tiveness of the penetrant examination by smearing or peeningover metal surfaces and closing discontinuities open to thesurface: filing, buffing, scraping, mechanical milling, drilling,reaming, grinding, liquid honing, sanding, lathe cutting,tumble or vibratory deburring, and abrasive blasting withsand, glass beads, metallic shot, etc.

9.2.3 Typical cleaning agents that may be used are deter­gents, organic solvents, descaling solutions, and paintremovers. Degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning methods mayalso be used.

9.2.1 Before applying the penetrant, remove slag, mill scale,welding flux, weld spatter, excessive weld ripple, paint,grease, oil, dirt, embedded sand, water or any other materialthat can mask unacceptable discontinuity indications.

9.2.2 Thoroughly clean and dry the test surface and anadjacent area within one (1) inch before testing.

9.0 Inspection Procedure

9.1 Perform the acceptance examination after conditioning,repairs, and any final heat treatment unless otherwise specified.

Amoco Corporation

Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

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9.3.6 Leave remaining penetrant on part for duration of dwelltime.

9.3.5 After applying the penetrant, allow the excess to drainfrom the part.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

Date

9.3.7 The minimum penetration dwell time will be recom­mended by penetrant manufacturer. Table 9.3.7 is a guide forpenetrant dwell times for a variety of materials, forms, andtypes of discontinuities.

Note: The test surface must remain wet with penetrant forthe entire dwell time. This may require re-applying thepenetrant.

9.3.2 Where the temperature limits cannot be achieved, non­standard penetrant tests are permitted provided the procedureis qualified as specified in 8.4.4 for temperatures below 60°For in 8.4.5 for temperatures above 125°F.

9.3.3 Thoroughly agitate penetrant prior to application.

9.3.4 The penetrant may be applied by spraying, brushing, ordipping. If bulk penetrant material is used, take care to pre­vent contamination of the penetrant by oil, water, dirt, orsediment.

Caution: If applying the penetrant by dipping, do not allowthe part to remain submerged in the penetrant bath.

Procedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

9.3 Penetrant application

9.3.1 For the standard penetrant test, the penetrant and thepart to be inspected shall be between 60°F and 125°F. Localheating or cooling is permitted to obtain the 60°F to 125°Frange.

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Type ofDwell time (minutes)Material

FormdiscontinuityPenetrantDeveloper

Aluminum,

Cast-castings Cold shuts, 57magnesium,

welds, andporosity,steel,

weldlack of fusion,brass and

overlayscracks (allbronze,

forms)titanium, and high-temperaturealloys

Wrought-

laps, cracks107extrusions,

(all forms)forgings, plateCarbide-

lack of fusion,57tipped tools

porosity, cracks

Plastic

All formsCracks 57Glass

All formsCracks 57Ceramic

All formsCrack, porosity57

Table 9.3.7Recommended dwell times

Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

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Procedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

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Procedure No.8310-101

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ft~••~'bco,,.NondestructiveTesting Procedure

9.4.2 Drying

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

Date

9.4.2.2 For water-washable or post-emulsifying tech­niques, dry the surface by blotting with clean absorbentmaterials or circulating warm air. Do not let thetemperature of the test surface rise above 125°F.

Caution: Direct spraying or flushing of the test surfacewith cleaning solvent is strictly prohibited.

9.4.2.1 For the solvent removable technique, dry thesurfaces by normal evaporation, blotting, wiping, orforced air.

9.4.1.1 For solvent-removable penetrants, remove asmuch penetrant as possible with clean, dry, lint-freecloths or absorbent, lint-free paper towels. For the finalcleaning, use clean, white, lint-free cloths moistenedwith the penetrant manufacturer's approved cleaningsolvent.

9.4.1.2 For water-washable penetrants, remove theexcess with a coarse water spray. The water pressureshould not exceed 50 psi, and the water temperatureshould not exceed 100°F.

9.4.1.3 For post-emulsifying penetrants, apply theemulsifier by spraying or dipping. Emulsification timeshall not exceed 5 minutes unless longer times have beenqualified by actual tests. After emulsification, removeexcess, emulsified penetrant by a coarse water spray as.in 9.4.1.2.

9.4.1 Excess penetrant shall be removed after the properpenetrant dwell time and before the developer application asfollows:

Procedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

9.4 Removal of excess penetrant

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Caution: Blotting of developer is not permitted.

9.5 Developing

9.5.3 Wet developer shall be applied as thin, even coatingthat covers the entire part or area being inspected.

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Procedure No.8310-101

DateProcedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

9.5.3.3 Apply nonaqueous aerosol developer to only adry surface. Spray it onto the surface except wheresafety or restricted access prevents spraying. Under suchconditions, developer may be applied with a brush. Let itdry by normal evaporation.

9.5.3.1 Aqueous developer may be applied to either awater-wet or a dry surface. Apply it by dipping,brushing, spraying or other means, provided a thincoating is obtained over the entire surface beingexamined. The drying time may be decreased bycirculating warm air around the surface, provided thesurface temperature does not exceed 125°F.

9.5.3.2 Suspension-type wet developer shall bethoroughly agitated prior to application to ensureadequate dispersion of suspended particles.

9.4.3 Allow the surface to dry at least five minutes betweenremoving the excess penetrant a:1d applying dry developerunless other times have been qualified by actual tests.

9.5.1 Apply the developer as soon as possible (immediatelyfor wet developer and after drying for dry and nonaqueousdevelopers) after removing the penetrant. With color contrastpenetrants, use dry or nonaqueous developers. With fluores­cent penetrant, either a wet or dry developer may be used.

9.5.2 Apply dry developer to a dry surface with a soft brush,hand powder bulb, powder gun, or other means. Make surethe powder is dusted evenly over the entire surface beingexamined.

Amoco Corporation

Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

~I••NondestructiveTesting Procedure

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NondestructiveTesting Procedure

9.6.3 Fluorescent penetrants

9.6.2 Color contrast penetrants

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

Date

9.6.3.3 Discontinuities are indications that fluoresce witha green-yellow color when observed under black light.

9.6.2.2 Indications with a light pink color may indicateexcessive penetrant removal.

9.6.2.1 Discontinuities are shown by the deep-redpenetrant staining the white developer coating.

9.6.3.2 Allow the black light to warm up for a minimumof 5 minutes before using it.

9.6.2.4 Provide sufficient natural or artificial whiteillumination to assure correct interpretation.

9.6.1 Monitor the test surface closely during developerapplication and dwell time in order to detect small indicationsthat may release large amounts of penetrant and becomeobliterated before the dwell time is complete.

9.6.3.1 Fluorescent penetrant indications shall be viewedunder black light (filtered ultraviolet light) with a recom­mended minimum intensity of 800 1.1 watts/ cm2 at thetest surface.

9.6.2.3 Inadequate cleaning may leave a pink back­ground color that obscures relevant indications.

9.5.4 Minimum developer dwell time shall be 7 minutes or asrecommended by developer manufacturer. Table 9.3.7 in­cludes developer dwell times for a variety of materials, forms,and types of discontinuities. The maximum developer dwelltime shall be 30 minutes.

Procedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

9.6 Inspection

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11.2 Relevant indications

11.3 Questionable or doubtful indications must be retested toverify the presence of discontinuities.

11.2.2 Rounded indications, either circular or elliptical, withthe length less than three (31 times the width are relevant.

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DateProcedure I Rev. No.Date3/14/86

Procedure No.8310-101

Note: Fluorescent penetrant indications are not visible innatural or artificial white light.

9.6.3.4 Evaluate fluorescent penetrant indications in adarkened area (maximum ambient light, 3 footcandles)under black light as specified in 9.6.3.1. Inspection ofitems classified as non-critical may be made under higherlevel ambient light if darkness is unobtainable.

11.4 Localized surface irregularities from machining marks orrough surface conditions may produce indications that are notrelevant to detecting unacceptable discontinuities.

11.2.1 Linear indications are defined as those indications inwhich the length is more than three (3) times the width. Onlylinear indications with major dimensions greater than 1/16inch are relevant.

10.2 Examination materials shall be removed as specified in awritten or verbal procedure.

11.0 Indication Evaluation

11.1 Surface breaks will be indicated by penetrant bleed-out fromdiscontinuities.

10.0 Post-examination Cleaning10.1 When specified, remove all materials used for theexamination from the surfaces tested.

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NondestructiveTesting Procedure

Amoco Corporation

Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

~~~.~I"Nondestru ctiveTesting Procedure

12.0 Reporting12.1 All relevant linear indications and any four or more roundeddiscontinuities that occur in a line and are separated by 1/16 inchor less (edge to edge) shall be reported.

12.2 It is recommended that data be recorded and reported on theform shown in Figure 12.2.

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Procedure For:Liquid Penetrant

Date

12.3 Fill out all pertinent data. If you want to report additionalinformation that is not specifically included on the form, record itin the space titled sketch/photo/description/remarks.

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Sketc~ / photo / description / remarks

Part identification number

ASME code Yes 0 Other code 0No 0 Code number

DD

Wet

DryAerosol

Date

AcceptedRejected

Developer:

Repair noteprepared: 0

Post cleaning Yes 0 Solvent nameNo 0 Type

1. Water washable

2. Post-emulsifying3. Solvent removable

Type:

Liquid PenetrantExamination Report

Cleaning

Precleaning Yes 0 Solvent nameNo 0 Type

Penetrant A FluorescentMethod B Visible

Part name

Figl)re 12.2

NOT Evaluation

Inspector

Witness

Form 55-00483

Date

Date

SNT-TC-1ALevel I 11 III

Inspection supervisor Date